what we do here just go back back back hi and welcome to mr. Toyama xapi world history this is chapter 14 the resurgence of Empire in East Asia here's our intro after the fall of the Han Dynasty more than 350 years of disruption plagued China toward the end of the sixth century centralized Imperial role returned to China and Paris persisted for almost 700 years under the sway Khan and Song dynasties 589 to 1279 C II this period witness unprecedented economic prosperity for China in addition China as the Middle Kingdom made its influence felt through the surrounding territories creating a larger East Asian society centered on China this period of East Asian history is characterized by the following number one rapid economic development because of more advanced agricultural practices technological and industrial innovations and participation in sophisticated trade networks throughout East Asia and including the revived Silk Roads number two the spread of Buddhism beyond its place of origin in India until it became the most popular religious faith in all of East Asia at number three the profound influence of Chinese social organization economic dynamism of the surrounding cultures of Korea Vietnam Japan in Central Asia alright before we begin if you'd like you can turn your paper sideways and what you can do is draw three big columns kind of we're going to start talking about post-classical Chinese dynasties the first three that come up specifically the sway that's how you say sui the tongue or tongue dynasty and the Song Dynasty I know it sounds kind of weird but that's how it is in China on the back of your paper I'd like you to write the post classical development development of complex societies in East and Southeast Asia we're gonna talk about how Korea was affected Vietnam and Japan specifically the early and medieval stages all right so here is a map showing the sway and tonk dynasties in 589 to 7 907 seee you can see in green we have tong Empire we have overlaid in the lines we have the sway Empire we have the silla kingdom which isn't very prominent here on our map we have defensive walls that are being put up to keep out the we gears in the north and a Grand Canal which we're gonna start off with first we started off with the sway dynasty 589 to 618 C II regional kingdoms follow the collapse of the Han Dynasty so Han falls apart and there's power vacuum that takes his place what follows is the sway dynasty led by a man a young john consolidates control of all of China in initiates the sway dynasty he Institute's massive building projects different walls some city stuff most importantly we're gonna talk about the Grand Canal he uses military labor but also this concept of conscripted labor conscripted labor is basically the idea that pretend you're in a village and one day you're farming and doing your villager thing and a Imperial man comes from the court of the Emperor and says to all the people they need to assemble they assemble and there he reads a scroll that says alright everybody who is a subject of the Emperor which means all y'all what you need to do is you need to give up your farm for a little while and your home and you need to follow me and there's going to be a military escort that comes along in a couple weeks probably and we're going to take you to start building some stuff you're going to do this in support of our great dynasty that we are building and you won't get paid for it but you'll get the reap the benefits of it so just be prepared that you're going to probably go for a year a couple months just depends on what it is and you would be taken care of on the way there and then when you're all done you're released and a new group of people would be brought in to take over the building of that project this starts kind of some resentment if you think about it you would not be very happy if someone came along and said to you hey you need to give up everything you need to go work for two years on a building construction site you would be a little upset so it's not starting off very well for those within the sway dynasty their economic and social prospects however what comes of it is the Grand Canal it's intended to promote trade between North and South China most Chinese rivers flow west to east which allows for some good trade and commerce but it only moves in two directions whereas China has a very large population of farms in the north and needs it to move a lot of those Goods to the south and so having this north-south Grand Canal being built or giant man-made river it's made to facilitate trade that's going to support the swea dynasty it's a linked network of earlier canals smaller canals will build before that and it kind of completes the whole building of that canal through this process at the end it's about 2,000 kilometres 1240 miles and there were roads on either banks so in addition to having some boats that were able to move up north and south you also have the ability to move goods on long roads adjacent to that Grand Canal it's a great work one of the largest man-made canals to this day and it's something that improves the economic prospects of China early on during this period we then get to the Tong dynasty 618 to 1907 see there was wide kin discontent over conscripted labour in this way dynasty if you think about it you can only force people to work for so long before they start to realize that this isn't really benefiting them using your peasants and using your people as a ruler is as slaves is not a really good plan in the long term so people start to kind of push back there are also some military failures in Korea that are prompting some rebellions by the military leaders and the Emperor's eventually assassinated in 618 c e and the Tong dynasty is initiated next we get Tong Taizong he's a second emperor of the Tong dynasty he rolls from 6:27 to 649 C II he murdered his two brothers and then thrust his father aside to take this throne he however being very ruthless was known as a strong ruler he built his capital Chiang which is going to become a very central part of early Chinese dynasties as an imperial city he brings about law and order he's known as possibly ending banditry in one account throughout his reign meaning that people weren't getting robbed and bandits were severely punished taxes and prices were low under his administration and he had more in fact effective implementation of earlier sway policies specifically civil service examinations and civil service administration this is something that gives you some hope if you're a peasant for example if you were born as a peasant and your family had no money but you were able to go off to some schooling maybe learn a little bit and then you were able to be a court recorder or some sort of bureaucrat within the Tong dynasty then what you would be able to do is improve your economic outlook and ass and prospects going forward so that your future generations might have it better and better and better and also your life would have been improved as a result of this this gave you hope didn't make you want to rebel so much because the system was really working for you there are three major achievements of the Tong dynasty its implemented in the sway but applied more effectively in the Tong number one transportation and communications they created an extensive postal and courier services to move information throughout the Empire very quickly and efficiently number two there's this equal field system we're going to kind of look at how in world history people in government distribute and redistribute land to the people that need it the most is it really the job of the government to support those that have need of land or is it the job of the government to support those who have acquired land so for example if you're a rich landowner because we've talked about the past is it your duty to take care of that land administer the land properly and employ peasants or is it the job of the government to make sure that all people have an equal opportunity at receiving land in a way that they can find the most useful and which one would support your government in your philosophy going forward we're going to talk about this multiple times throughout world history so kind of keep an eye out for how government's distribute land well with the equal field system twenty percent of the land is hereditary and ownership meaning that 20 percent of your land that is set up during this time can be moved from father to son or within the family 80% is redistributed according to a formula specifically family size and land fertility if let's say you were a farmer and you were kind of a poor farmer let's say you had six kids and you also had a couple brothers and maybe some wives for one for each of you what would end up happening is you would oftentimes have not enough land to take care of all the people that you need to take care of but through this new equal yield system what's nice is that your family size and the actual fertility of the land itself would be taken into account in whether you would get more land or less land one of the important things that really affects this is that as a peasant you would feel that the government was really watching out for you you would feel that this process would keep those who had acquired land the ability to keep acquiring land because they still would keep 20% of that land and it would also encourage those who are rich to have more children and to really improve the land fertility as it was being used if you were a small poor farmer as an example I gave before you would be given a chance to have a very large land holding maybe that didn't have a lot of fertility to it or you would be given a smaller plot with lots of land fertility that was able to grow lots of food for you yourself and your family and maybe even allow you to do some trade this works well into the eighth century there was corruption and specifically the loss of land to buddhist monasteries as buddhism infiltrates china it starts to change the way that people distribute land and what they do with the land that they hold on to themselves number three bureaucracy of merit imperial service service examinations there was a Confucian educational curriculum again back to those schools if you or somebody who studied well and learned Chinese and how to write you probably also would have learned specifically Confucian ideals and this basically sets up this long term dichotomy how should people really interact with the government how should rulers and administrators interact with the people we talked about in the past some of the schools of Chinese thought specifically like legalism Taoism Confucianism and through the Confucian educational curriculum it kind of supports government overall it says to keep things the same make sure that people are happy make sure that you're a good person respect elders keep know your place in society if you're on bureaucrat do your bureaucrat thing don't really try and rise above your station make sure that you're just doing your job really well there was edrick educational opportunity it was widely available it built loyalty to the dynasty because again if it's working well for you then you're probably going to support it and the system remains strong until the early 20th century even there is next count on military expansion and Foreign Relations and specifically there in Manchuria Korea Vietnam and Tibet were the largest expansions of China in its history they established tributary relationships specifically gifts now tributary relationships we've seen before in the place of Rome where as long as you paid your taxes or you gave gifts to the Empire Rome kind of left you alone let you do your thing let you have your administrators well this tributary relationship works really well because this gift shows a that you are willing to be subservient to the larger Middle Kingdom known as China at this time and it also supports some of the economic outlook of China as it's able to kind of glean off some of the goods and wealth of the nations around it well specifically areas around it now nations China is known as the Middle Kingdom ruling over the kingdom surrounding it and the Institute one of this very specific rituals known as the kowtow ritual that shows subservience to the Emperors of China what you would do is you would basically get in front of the Emperor bow on your knees and you would place your head to the ground three separate times so you'd do three sets of kneeling x' and nine knockings of the head on the ground and usually it would accompany some sort of mantra or ritual of allegiance to the emperor or worship of the emperor and so this process showed your willingness to be subservient to the emperor and it also recognized hit the Emperor's prominence over your specific country or your specific region or your specific King that ruled your area as subservient to the emperor of China the Tong decline there's governmental neglect the Emperor becomes obsessed with music and his favorite concubine or court prostitute in 775 C either is rebellion under Lu Xiang former military commander he captures Chang but rebellion is crushed by 763 basically what ends up happening is the Tong invite nomadic we Gers mercenaries to suppress the rebellion there in the Northwest region of China and as a result of helping to suppress this rebellion they asked to sack or take whatever they want and he'll rape and pillage all of Chuang and Luoyang the tank decline continues there's rebellions in the 9th century and the Last Emperor abdicate sir gives up the throne in 907 specifically during this time there's a man named Huang Chao he had his campaigns for about 10 years he was a military commander and what's interesting about him is he kind of personifies some of the problems that's wrong with the Tong dynasty he takes land from the rich and gives it back to the poor and this kind of incites a popular support for him in his rebellion that's why I was able to last for so long Huang Chao is a military leader in a long line of military leaders that will study in world history of people who see not only economic prosperity by being able to take from the rich and giving to the poor but also getting a social and a religion not religious up what's the word so a social support structure from the peasantry that engenders in them a love for Huang Chao because he's righting the wrongs he's almost like a Robin Hood character that we would understand from the West and through this process basically the Tong is never able to really recover then we get to the the Song Dynasty in 962 1279 see there's an emphasis on administration industry education in the arts this is a shift away from the previous two dynasties as the military's not emphasized one of the big things that you can kind of start to pick out as a pattern in world history is that when militarism is promoted throughout an empire or region or a country it's very difficult to maintain if you keep forcing the military to grow and grow and expand its territory military leaders oftentimes see themselves as not only invaluable but also in less and less in need of governmental structure governmental bureaucrats as they are the ones doing most of the work through the Song Dynasty however there's an emphasis on the structures of government on how to support the local industry on educating those within these lower social classes and also the arts so this military emphasis being de-emphasized is creating within this culture a like more rounded if you would like to call it support of what is happening within China as a whole it's under the direction of the first emperor Seong Tai zu he reigns from 960 to 976 Te he was a former military leader but he was made of her by his troops and he instituted a policy of Imperial favour for civil servants and expanded the meritocracy being a military leader I feel like he kind of knew what probably a lot of us and historians can kind of understand is that with the military being closely linked with the government it can be very difficult sometimes to rein in the military as they are the ones with the swords the guns the violence and as a former military leader who was made over by his troops he was seen as a very popular figure but at the same time he gains imperial favor specifically from the peasantry and from the middle classes or the other groups outside of the military because of the civil servant emphasis and expansion of meritocracy or the belief that the more you learn the more you go to school the more you are loyal to the government the more support and value you are to the government here's a song dynasty it's in like the outline of purple so it's not it's both what we would cover the Jin Empire and the southern Song Dynasty and the Grand Canal running through it you can see it runs north and south and kind of splits off at one point yeah so the Song Dynasty range from 960 to 1279 seee again and it's it encompasses a large section of what we call today eastern China there were two song weaknesses however number one was a size of bureaucracy with heavy drain on the economy with the size of bureaucracy they were the ones who received more of the support the imperial favor and as a result peasants saw themselves increasingly as being an afterthought in the structure of the government or within the society as a whole there's initial inertia presents the reform of internal nursery prevents the reform of bureaucracy what happens is if you're a bureaucrat working within the government you're not really somebody who wants reform because you're not going to see the system working for you if you're willing to say hey guys I think that we get paid too much or hey guys I think our lives are too easy we need to share some with the peasants so this internal inertia or slowness to move prevents reform of the bureaucracy leading to those peasant rebellions in the twelfth century and number two the civil service leadership of the military as a civil servant you would have had very little training in military affairs but you would have been in charge if you were specific types of bureaucrats in military matters lacking that military training you're unable to contain nomadic attacks on unable to understand military strategy military tactics as those commanders on the field of battle would probably have known and the Gherkin conquer and forced the Song Dynasty to a Hong Zhu which is in southern China forcing them into southern song agricultural economies of the Tang and Song Dynasty they developed a Vietnamese fast ripening rice they developed two crops per year this goes back to one of our big truths of world history the more food you have or the more calories you're able to create the more likely you are to increase your size of your people's but if you are only able to grow rice once a year you're only going to be able to make so much food per year however developing this Vietnamese fast ripening rice and having two crops per year you're basically doubling your crop output meaning that you're going to increase your calorie intake increasing your people as a whole there also is a emphasis on technology they get iron plows and the use of draft animals to help to cultivate the land there are soil fertilization and improved irrigation we've talked about in the past how soil can be exhausted through a process of over use of farmland but soil fertilization puts nutrients back into the soil and improved irrigation allows for water to not be wasted as it is moved into fields water wheels for example canals are being used and eventually the idea of terraced farming I found this little video on Wikipedia which I find to be very interesting it's a two people in modern day China still doing terraced farming now what's interesting here is you can try to see that these people are farming on the side of a hill if you think about rain and how rain works or even how water works it's not going to be very beneficial if you are farming on the side of a hill trying to being a very hilly country you're going to need to find a new way of interacting with land thus Terrace farming Terrace farming looks like this being able to create steps within the land itself allows for water to pool and pooling water when it comes down through rivers or diverted through canals or through rain is able to pool within certain areas allowing the water to stand or stop moving down the hill it does a couple things number one it stops the washing away of crops and it also allows the water to actually soak down into the soil to the roots where the plants will drink up the water this invention of terraced farming allows for better crop yields allows for crops to be planted in places that traditionally could not be used as farmland specifically flat land but now hillsides are even used for farming population growth is going back to that big truth of world history result of increased agricultural production means increase in people effective food distribution system they're able to spread the food out effectively and efficiently allowing through the transportation networks built under the tank tong and Song dynasties the ability to move food to people where it's needed the most as you can see from 600 CE there was about 30 to 40 million Chinese by about 1200 CE there's close to 120 million Chinese urbanization Chong becomes the world's most populous city at 2 million residents this is from economic prosperity but also from agricultural prosperity that is being able to efficiently move through the country southern song capital and hang swing was over 1 million people at this time there were patriarchal social structures increased emphasis on ancestor worship during this time there's a shift to more of veneration of ancestors before in the past you would basically worship or venerate your ancestors in your home in small rituals maybe even private rituals this transitions into elaborate grave rituals with extended and larger families going out to even trace back farther and farther their ancestors and venerating them at grave sites and in cemeteries extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors again going back to some of the older traditions of the Chinese that was emphasized under Confucius as veneration of ancestors just because they're dead does not mean we should not venerate them foot-binding also gains popularity foot-binding is a very strange thing to me what you do basically is you take young girls when they're born and you basically start to wrap their feet with silk it's it's something that doesn't hurt the foot necessarily but over time it deforms the foot and you're able to actually fold the feet into basically like a point think like a ballet shoe and the toes are able to fold under and basically if the foot becomes deformed through this forcing of tying of the foot it went as it grows the bones kind of our miss shapen at certain points women are not even able to walk without the assistance of canes and in some cases women were having to actually be carried by servants this is an increased control by male family members if sadly a woman cannot move on her own or run on her own she has no choice in a lot of matters so this foot binding popularity is an effort to kind of control women and control how women are moving throughout the society at large at this time however there is one kind of standout we have you Jiao from 626 to 706 EE she is the only woman in Chinese history to claim the imperial title and rule as an emperor without the support of a male emperor in front of her she ran afoul of Confucian scholars she patronized the Buddhist monks who wrote texts legitimizing her rule saying that women were valuable and just as able to rule she fought rebellions she had secret police to crush uprisings and she strengthened the civil service system to prevent aristocratic challenges to her authority if you think about it one of the things that you Jiao has by using the civil service system you again go back to this idea that you are supporting a structure within the society to not repel if you were somebody who was outside of the system of the upper class you would see the civil service system as something that you could climb something you could be a part of rather than you're stuck being where you're born woo emphasis on strengthening the civil service system basically legitimizes her reign among the people allowing them to kind of support her rule and it keeps the aristocratic challenges or the others who are within her social class from taking her throne she only eventually gives up the throne at the age of eighty to her son but she is one she is still to this day the only woman in Chinese ancestry to rule as the Emperor very strange kind of one-off within this time period in world history of a woman being a Seoul regional ruler next we have technology and industry porcelain or China where as we call it today China has an increase in iron production due to the use of coke not cocaine it is a specific chemical here on the left it burns at a lot higher temperature and it's used in furnaces it burns longer it's able to help make agricultural tools and weaponry and the Chinese are actually able to invent gunpowder which is going to be used in different methods specifically the eventual use in the creation of guns earlier printing techniques are refined it's not a hundred percent sure when a printed text starts to show up in world history but we know they have movable type by the mid 11th century yet complex Chinese idea graphs make woodblock technique easier because you don't need as many symbols in language within Chinese you don't need to have as many movable type if you think about the word for example Apple in English ap PE le that oftentimes takes five letters to explain or spell out within movable type eventually when we get to the printing press whereas in Chinese idea graphs because the Chinese can use symbols specifically one specific symbol with couple strokes on one specific block the word like Apple can be represented by one specific block in one specific symbol this is 1vs5 meaning that dissemination of information is faster and the ability to effectively and efficiently move type is increase they also have naval technology they invent what's known as the south-pointing needle or a compass they waterproof their ships with some oil they have rudders and they used canvas sales during this time all amazing techniques that naval technology would not be able to advance without next we have the emergence of a market economy letters of credit developed as a way to deal with copper coin shortages copper being a metal that's found in the ground is not always easily refined and created and as copper was being created and used for coins eventually there's a shortage and they eventually move on to what is known as the letters of credit to deal with paper coin what that would mean is a piece of paper would be given out by banks or by the Imperial government saying that we owe you 100 coins of copper bring this back in like six months and we'll give you the cups the coins of copper we just don't have it right now promissory notes that same specifically IOUs and checks were also used meaning you could take for example receiving of goods as an imperial power and write a check to someone for their goods and then they could take that to another place and get the coins in exchange for that paper money or excuse me that check development of independently produced paper money it's one of the rare times in world history where people outside of the government basically produced their own paper money it's it's kind of strange as you think about money money is basically just an IOU for goods when you go to the store and you buy cheeseburger at McDonald's and you give them five dollars for your cheeseburger what you're basically saying is I have done labor and now I have this piece of paper that says that I am entitled to five dollars worth of my labor in goods or services that you may be offering and so I'm going to give you five dollars worth of that labor and in exchange you're going to give me a good or a service and specifically in this example McDonald's cheeseburgers but as people independently produces paper money outside of the government many times people don't always recognize this paper money so let's say you went to one trader with your rice and you trade him under pounds of rice and he gives you a credit of independently produce paper money saying that yes you gave me 100 pounds of rice here's like 20 paper money symbols and then you go to try and buy some oxen or something from your neighbor well he might not recognize that paper money and then basically you have worthless pieces of paper this process leads to a non stable economy and riots ensue and it's not honored the government finally claims a monopoly on the money production in the 11th century outlawing all independently produced paper money meaning that the money that can be traded can only come from the government it has to be standardized we'll talk about that a little more as we move on to economic theory in later chapters China and the hemispheric economy we talked about hemispheric trading zones and how basically one group was able to dominate a certain area of the hemisphere and kind of support the structures of a hemispheric economy increasingly the cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities kind of lead to a need to increase larger economic trading zones Chinese silk opens up trade routes but increases for local demands for imported luxury goods the Chinese trade away the silk and the porcelain and some of the other goods that China is known for and as the local population demand imported luxury goods outside of China this improves the routes of what eventually be the reestablished Silk Roads that kind of fell into disrepair a little bit before this time there is cultural change in the Tong and some China declining confidence in Confucianism after the collapse of the Han Dynasty again going back to Confucianism if you're one of those people who saw the Emperor excuse me the philosopher Confucius his ideas is being a little outdated because if you're trying to stay with an assult culture and a society that tells you to know your place but everyone else is doing whatever they feel like and you're not getting ahead you're gonna kind of fall away from some of those ideas because you're going to say that's not working for you philosophies only work if they make sense to you and they work for you increasingly there's popularity of Buddhism again going back to the idea that this life does not matter and it doesn't really matter who's in charge but there is an emphasis eventually on salvation personal salvation you can get out of this life death or three cycle of your trying to work out your salvation and what you need to do is follow the Noble Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths and what you'll eventually do is reach Nirvana or enlightenment away from this life these tenants also are something that appeals in other religions to the Chinese specifically Christianity Manichaean isms or astron ISM and Islam all of which emphasize a personal salvation a salvation that allows you after this life to live a happier life separate from this world the Cline tale is primarily a foreign merchant class because they are bringing in these ideas again going back to the big truths of world history that not everything is traded on trade routes is just Goods Dunhuang is something we're gonna talk about next or excuse me a place that we gonna talk about next Mahayana Buddhism is especially popular in western China in the Gansu Province from 600 to 1000 CE II basically Mahayana is known as the greater vehicle it's separate from older forms of Buddhism because if you think about Buddhism the story basically goes that the buddha discontent with his life decides to try and find enlightenment so he travels around and learns to find the middle path or the path of least extremes he focuses on meditation he focuses on silence and one of his big ideas is that you don't really need a lot you need a bowl you need a robe and you need to kind of meditate and just kind of try and empty yourself of desire well Mahayana argues that there are some things that you might need to do maybe some chanting maybe some ritual to your Buddhism maybe you need to teach others and kind of practice what you preach in the original school of Buddhism the Buddha really doesn't teach very many people and really doesn't interact with anyone until after reaching enlightenment and then he begins to try and bring others into the enlightenment in the Mahayana school the belief is that we all know the goal in Buddhism that we want to reach enlightenment so your job as a Mahayana Buddhist is to try and teach others which will actually get you some credit in the ending of suffering because what you're doing is you're trying to alleviate your personal suffering by promulgating or promoting the ideas of the Buddha and you're supporting your long term enlightenment because you're trying to enlighten others and that's like good karma as you go forward you're giving out good vibes and good information to try and help others and by doing that what you're doing is basically freeing yourself from this life and from this world economic success as converts donate landholdings one of the big things in Buddhism is if you're trying to eliminate desire and desire only comes from want of stuff well you don't need to get as much land so maybe if you were a recent convert to Buddhism and you were very rich what you might do is become a monk and give up all your land to a monastery this would do a couple things number one would get you some good spiritual credit because you're getting rid of that desire and that's suffering like chained you also are being able to help your community as a whole and you're able to help others because the monks can then distribute the food to the peasants who are starving and basically you can get some good vibes going through the community because now there's more food and land for the people as they all hopefully start to practice more of what the Buddha was teaching it is increasingly popular through donations of agricultural produce to the poor if you were a poor peasant and you heard about the rich guy who lived in your town as giving up everything and living as a monk and shaving his head and having a bowl in a robe and giving up all his possessions you would think okay that's that's weird but one of the things you would kind of focus on is that now that all his land is given to the monastery the monk seemed to farm a lot and then give out the food for free and then they just want to talk to us about the life death rebirth thing and it would start to sound kind of appealing because it was sort of sound kind of appealing because it would seem like what you need is to follow the path of the rich guy if the rich guy is doing it and the monks seem to be pretty happy and everything seems to be vibing pretty well maybe I need to join this cool religion that's helping out me and my family next we have conflicts within Chinese culture if you think about the core of Buddhism versus the core of Confucianism there's a couple problems number one in Buddhism it's text based it's based on the Buddhist teachings from India in Confucianism it's also text based but it's canoe it is purely Chinese coming from Confucius within its teaching in Buddhism there's an emphasis on metaphysics meaning the spiritual around the life-after-death realm the dying well the living well process and how you get spiritual strength or spiritual value from your actions there's also Taoism on the other side that's not text based and on the Confucian aside there's an emphasis on ethics and politics they don't really focus so much on the afterlife they don't really focus on good karma they don't focus on anything that has to do with really good spirituality what it focuses on is what's the right action what is the right action for our society what is the right way to act within a society and how should a government govern in Buddhism they have the aesthetic ideal which means celibacy or living alone and not having sex with anyone not even your wives and even if you're married you might not even be married after this and also isolation going off meditating being by yourself doing your rituals maybe chanting but you're separate you're kind of by yourself you can go times without even talking whereas in Confucianism it's very family centered it's focused on procreation you have to continue the lineage you have to respect the elders and the way to respect the elders is to create youngers who will then respect the elders and then eventually you'll be the elders and then they will respect you and so on and so forth and then also filial piety allegiance to your family in Buddhism your family is kind of not a thing it's just the group of people who you got sent to be with for this lifetime in the next lifetime you won't have them so you don't really need to worry about them but in Confucianism your family is everything because that is the way the structure works you need to respect those who are in your family because they're the ones who brought you about they're the ones who fed you when you were like a baby and couldn't feed yourself and you need to respect them and take care of them as they get older and as you get older because that's just the way Confucius taught it there are schools of Buddhism the Buddhist adapt ideology to Chinese climate the Dharma gets translated as Dao we talked about that before Nirvana is translated as way you watch some videos on that in previous lectures it accommodated to the family lifestyle what ends up happening is there's a saying that develops amongst Buddhists in China and says one son in the monastery for 10 generations of salvation meaning that we don't want everybody to just give up everything and destroy our society and just become monks instead here's what we'll do the Buddhists encourage families to give one son he's gonna be like the religious monk person and his job is to go and do the Enlightenment thing and he'll come back and teach you guys stuff and he'll kind of be doing the so the spiritual work for your family and he's you guys are like good for 10 generations meaning that you get some like residual karma as a result of what he's doing this is eventually used in the Chand school and Zen Buddhism they're really focused on kind of having this belief that the the Buddha was awesome and he was great but there's also some other Bodhisattvas or saints that we need to look to and let's look at their paths and how they got in linemen and we need to kind of follow that and some of them didn't do it the same way the Buddha did which was sitting under a Bodhi tree instead some of them did some chanting so maybe we need to do some chanting and some of them did some like ritual things and so maybe we need to do some ritual things so it's kind of like find your own path Buddhism then there's also the pearland school of Buddhism this was promoted by the Empress that we talked about a little bit earlier she really focuses on the emphasis that like sometimes there's like this like flash of enlightenment there's a flash of understanding that kind of comes to you like thunder and what's great about it is it doesn't really rely on like tons and tons of time of meditation it can sometimes just come to you in your process of doing your rituals or in the process of doing your religious stuff and it really seems to kind of blend this Chinese culture of like work and duty but also of there is some persecution of Buddhists the Taoist and Confucian persecution is supported in late Tong dynasty in the 88 40s there begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples and explosions of Buddhist people zoroastrians Christians and Manicheans as well there's an economic motive to this process basically the seizure of large monastic land holdings the the Buddhist monasteries and the Buddhist monks become a very powerful force within Chinese culture because they are able to hold large swathes of land this is a time when land means everything because agriculture it means food food means not dying and not dying means you have lots of power over people to help them not die and so by having the persecution of the Buddhists and kicking expulsion of the Buddhist monks and destruction of Buddhist temples you're basically taking back the land for the government and reasserting power as a governmental structure next we get neo-confucianism under the Song Dynasty it refrains from persecuting Buddhists but it just convey it favors some Confucian is there is then a neo-confucian thought that is influenced by Buddhist thought Confucianism is interesting because what it does is it emphasizes a structure of ethics and politics but the Confucian is specifically the neo-confucian is see a value in the other aspects that it doesn't have in Buddhism the spiritual and the metaphysical and so there's this kind of syncretism or blending of some ideas from Buddhism and this is basically promulgated by Zhu XI who lives between 1130 to 1200 CE pictured here China and Korea now we're on the back side of your paper the Silla dynasty tonk armies withdraw and Korea recognizes the Tong as Emperor doing that whole vassal state system technically a vassal state but highly independent they would give their gifts but they kind of did their own thing the Chinese however do influence culture to Korean culture in the ways like they are very used to Chinese stories Chinese sort of language Chinese religious influences in the form of Confucianism and Buddhism and it starts to basically look like Korea is just like a mini China during this time China and Vietnam the Vietnamese adaption to Chinese culture and technology they see what China's doing as the Middle Kingdom and they believe that they can get on the bandwagon of Chinese awesomeness but ongoing resentment at political domination the Vietnamese basically slowly start to see the Chinese as owners rather than a middle kingdom of support like a vassal state they assert independence when the Tong dynasty Falls in the 10th century we'll come back to Vietnam a little later China in early Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan yet Chinese culture is pervasive they imitate the tank administration or the tongue administration there's establishment of a new capital at Nara in the city of Nara hence Nara Japan which is around from 7/10 to 794 C II they adopt Confucian Buddhist teachings yet they also retain Shinto religion which has aspects of ancestor veneration and also some spirits and deities kind of running around in the forests Shintoism is a holy Japanese religion in that it has to do with some of the Chinese ideas of ancestor veneration but it also adds the aspect of like commie like divine like winds living in the forests that are like tricksters and might hurt you they're kind of like gods here is the borderlands of post-classical China Korea Vietnam and Japan we can see in pink we have the silla kingdom and in green we have the nara state which only occupies the south part of japan during this time with his capital at nara moving it to he engine or sorry high on japanese emperor moves the court to hayoung or kyoto yet the emperor is just a figurehead the real power is in the hands of the Fujiwara clan this is the start of a Japanese tradition of having the Emperor just being some dude that sits on a throne far away from all the real decisions are being made the real power in the government is in the Fujiwara clan there's a weak emperor power behind the throne that's the pattern in Japanese history it helps explain the longevity of the institution if you were an emperor you don't really pose a lot of influence or threat to what's going on in the government the Emperor was basically just a guy who sat on a throne did his royal duties but he wasn't making decisions wasn't passing laws wasn't collecting taxes lived in a big palace maid the maid his servants do some stuff for him but if you were somebody who really was into ruling stuff you might kind of like the idea of the emperor just being the Emperor because you always kind of have that legitimacy thing that the people kind of respect yes the Emperor is in charge but in reality the Fujiwara clan during the Heian period is really running the show and as long as you can kind of deal with the fact the emperor is supposed to be a god and just doing his thing far away you get to be in charge and do whatever you want next we have Japanese literature there's an influence of Chinese kanji characters basically that Japanese style of writing the characters comes from the Chinese symbol structures of the Chinese that we have studied in the past the Crescent classic curriculum dominated by Chinese and we also have this thing called The Tale of Genji Genji is a very long story written by a woman in the court of Japanese Emperor and it tells the fake story of Genji who's a fake Prince what happens in the story is Genji and his friends basically live their lives doing normal court things they have like affairs and they do lots of different strange things and over time the point of the story is that there's kind of like a sadness to the whole process that as they grow older they start to reminisce about times in the past they really wish that they had said things in in certain situations they wish they hadn't said things in certain situations they also really emphasize the loss of friends the loss of relationship and it's kind of like a melancholy story that kind of is something that a lot of us think about what if and oh if only they were still around and so the Tale of Genji becomes one of the most kind of well-respected early Japanese texts in literature in history institution of the Shogun there is a civil war between the tiara and Minamoto clans in the 12th century Minamoto leader is named the Shogun or military general leader in 1185 seee he ruled from the city of Kamakura allowed in the imperial throne to continue in kyoto again leaving the emperor all to do his thing and basically the Shogun is in charge as a military and political leader then we get to medieval japan known as medieval japan because it's kind of this weird time that kind of mirrors some of what we studied in europeans or we're about to study in european history they call it because it's a time between the chinese influence and court domination but also the late Tokugawa dynasty in the 16th century and so we have the Kamakura and Muromachi periods there is decentralized power in the hand of warlords again when the centralized government is not doing the things that it needs or when regional leaders decide that they can take on the imperial government without much strength what they will do is decentralize the power and rule as regional kingdoms military authority is in the hands of the samurai professional warriors that basically sit around all day hang out meditate and stab people when they need to stab people they are really interesting class of people as time goes on the samurai gain lots of power within their specific regions but over time they slowly lose it in the late 16th and in the late 19th century they slowly kind of go away what's interesting is they do their own police they do their own military and the samurai kind of rules smaller parts of the regions all pledging allegiance back to the Shogun Emperor so we made it you and your Finnish thing this chapter should be able to do the following compare and contrast key features of the sway tongue and Song dynasties identify features of agricultural development in tongue and song china identify and discuss key technological and institutional developments during the Tang and Song dynasties explain and discuss the emergence of the Chinese market economy outline and discuss these of Buddhism and neo-confucianism in post-classical China compare and contrast the scope of Chinese influence in Japan Vietnam and Korea during the post Classical period and identify and discuss important features of early and medieval Japan here's your writing assignment number one the Booker first China by the Byzantine and abassin empires as political and economic anchors of the post classical world what does this phrase mean what did all three powers have in common how do these factors contribute to their political and economic effectiveness number two the Chinese population underwent rapid growth from 600 to 1200 what developments during this period promoted the growth what were the economic advantages of having such a large population what are the potential disadvantages number three there were many foreign relations in China at this time but Buddhism excuse me religions foreign religious in China at this time but Buddhism is the one that caught on why is that what about Buddhism made it particularly appealing how did it influence and blend with other belief systems at that time how did its influence spread from China as always it has been great talking to you it's time to go ahead and pick up your chapter reread chapter 14 I will see you all back here again soon thanks for listening bye what we do here just go back back back [Music]