Neural Control and Coordination

Abhishek sir, the students of level 1 class are very tensed. They are coming for exams and I am writing notes all day and I am not able to sleep at night. I have to concentrate on their content so that they can go for exams. Sir, I am saying something. As long as you are shouting, your mind will get burst. You have to teach these students that you are sitting all day and taking tension. And your neurons will stop working. That doesn't mean anything. What are you teaching? You tell me what you want to teach. Stop talking rubbish. Go away. Hello everyone. Welcome to Next Stoppers. We make the future of our country. My name is Manushri Pachauri. Today we are going to study Biology. Did you see what happened? So you must have understood what you are going to study Yes, so today we are going to study Balji's very important chapter Which is called Neural Control and Coordination So your exams are near and I am also getting stressed You are also getting stressed but you don't have to take it Overall, this is what I understood that we don't have to take stress What we have to do is we have to keep working Okay, according to our body, the way we adapt to our bodies We will get to see the same things So what we have to do with the positive energy Thank you. and take good numbers so here our body is controlled and coordinated like if I am talking to you I am teaching you so it doesn't mean that other things are stopped in my body everything is going simultaneously and because of which my body is working properly so control and coordination chapter you must have studied very well in 10th standard where you must have discussed about hormones where you have discussed about neurons and brain so this chapter which you have already studied from 10th standard those things have been divided into two different chapters we already know a lot about it but once again we will read it maybe something new will come out So let's start. First of all, you see the introduction. If we talk about ourselves as humans, then we have two main things. One is the endocrine system, the other is the neural system. system in which you will get to see nerves etc. brain will get to see and endocrine system where some chemicals are secreted, the name of those chemicals is given, children hormones ok so our system is like we are very complex, we are very complex, our Our body is very complex So here we are talking about ourselves So in our body you will see that you will get to see the nervous system And you will get to see the endocrine system Because what is the need of our body? Whatever activities it is performing in different organs Whatever activities and functions it is performing It is doing it by coordinating with each other Okay? It shouldn't go separately. It should go together. because if things go separately then it gets spoiled so here also same thing is there so here I am talking about neural system that brings about the coordination and integration through an organized network of point to point connections between the neurons so we know about neurons So, they are connected to each other so that everything can be in coordinated form in our body where if I talk about whose If you talk about your endocrine system, then they use a chemical there which is called hormones so that everything can be done in a coordinated form. By the way, we will study this thing in the next chapter. This is not the next chapter, we have to study these things at present. So you must have understood that when ma'am is telling about nervous system that means we have to study about neurons, that means we have to study its whole structure. Then how many types of nervous system are there? We have to discuss those things one by one. Yes, you have to study what you have understood correctly. So let's go first. What are neurons? It is important to know this thing. So neurons are the structural and functional components of the nervous system. Very important. Very important, you should know that the neurons are like cells, basic structural and functional unit of life. Similarly, neurons are the structural and functional components of the nervous system. So what is the use of them? Like you think I will get power, that I will do everything. what is going on in his mind or I know everything, I will find out and tell it to someone else I wish I could be like this I know this sometimes but obviously we are not God so we can't do anything like this but yes, the nervous system inside us has this power what is the power? it transmits information So they have the capability to detect, to receive and to transmit the impulse First they will detect, receive and then they will take it to different places That yes, you have to eat food Or yes, she is your girlfriend and she needs a hug, so you have to hug her This is how your brain works So this is the story, don't take it otherwise But this is the nervous system We read in neurons that what is the main work of neurons It receives the impulse and transmits it from one place to another. Now let's see the classification of the nervous system. One is CNS and the other is PNS. CNS is Central Nervous System and PNS is Peripheral Nervous System. Let's assume that you have a house and your parents are the owners. But nowadays, we think that even if we get money from home, what is wrong with it? We will count it with both hands. But this is very rare. But you think that the room of the house is empty. We give it to the house for rent. So what happens to CNS? That means your parents and their 8th gate, the one who is living in the rent, we call it PNS. Listen carefully. What comes in your central nervous system? Brain and spinal cord. Very important. important Write IMP You should know what comes in the central nervous system Brain and spinal cord I know you have studied in 10th grade so you must know this That comprises the central nervous system What comes in the peripheral nervous system? All of the brain and spinal cord nerves are the part of the peripheral nervous system So whatever nerves you say in the 8th grade of this Say the nerves of brain and spinal What comes in that? Peripheral So the same story is your parents are the owner So, if the rent people are living in their 8th Gate, then we call them Peripheral Nervous System. Now, one more thing, see these are very small things that you already know. You have studied in 10th standard, I feel that right now it is just recall. Some things that we forgot or didn't remember, they are just in the form of revision. Now let's see there are two types of nerve fibers in the PNS. PNS means peripheral nervous system. You guys please don't write PNS. The day the teacher was in a bad mood, if the teacher has come home after fighting with someone and on that day, your copy has to be checked, I am telling you that you will not get the number That's why not PNS but write peripheral nervous system Even if you write PNS in the bracket it will work But don't take the risk So one is your afferent nerve fiber which we call sensory nerve fiber So afferent is A A for Afferent So what does it do? It transports the nerve impulse directly from the organ or tissue to the central nervous system Remember A for afferent and AOT for organ or tissue. It transmits nerve impulse directly to CNS. And what happens in reverse of this? Efferent nerve impulse that carries impulses from CNS It goes from CNS to your targeted organ or tissue. Target organ or in tissue okay did you understand so you should know sometimes you may be asked what is efferent nerve fiber and what is efferent nerve fiber so you should know okay so first note it down then we will move forward okay now PNS is divided into two groups it has two groups one is somatic second is automatic nervous system One is somatic nervous system and the other is automatic nervous system Somatic nervous system transmits impulse from CNS to the Skeletal Skeletal muscles we have already studied from previous chapters Walking, sitting, all these things My will, that's it Same thing in Skeletal So here you will see that somatic nervous system It transmits impulse from CNS to skeletal muscles In automatic, what happens is that the Invertebrates, the automatic nervous system, the Invertebrates, the Cardiac and the smooth muscle of the gland which convey the impulse from the CNS to the involuntary part. Now, it's your wish, even if someone's heart is beating, then it's beating. I mean, it beats obviously. Don't go on this Bollywood stuff. We know that. We are students of BIO. If it doesn't beat, then we'll get caught. but it is not like something is happening it is not like that so here you understand that automatic nervous system what does it do? it transmits the impulse from where? from CNS to our involuntary parts involuntary parts means which is not controlled by us which we cannot control there are some things which we cannot control Pay attention to this, don't go anywhere else So, this is what Mavan is talking about, Automatic Nervous System So, first note down this, then we will move forward So, now we will discuss about Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System So, first of all, see that Automatic Nervous System has two categories One is Sympathetic Nervous System and second is Parasympathetic Nervous System So first of all, know that you are not listening to this thing for the first time in my lecture. I have told you this word many times. So sometimes it happens that you don't want to see anything and you get scared of something. So at that time your heart rate increases, sweating starts. So what is that? Your sympathetic nervous system. Okay, what we call that is responsible for the body's fight or flight response. By the way, you saw that Suppose you were not ready for something and you saw that thing. You are understanding and you got scared suddenly. Now your nervous system will be called sympathetic nervous system. But how long will you be scared like this? Sometimes you will have to calm down. You will have to calm down. So to calm down, what is the system in our body? Sympathetic nervous system which makes us calm and relaxed Body gives rest response Digestive system keeps digestion in our body This system has two types of system One is that it increases things so the other person tries to combine that with calm or rest So in our body, both these things are very important. You get scared all of a sudden. You saw your girlfriend with someone else. You will get scared all of a sudden. She was with me a little while ago. Ten minutes ago she was with me. Then she said that her mother called her home. And by saying this to me, that person gets scared with someone else. Then you will get angry. You will not understand what you are doing. What are you not doing in anger. Sometimes you will be calm but sometimes you will be angry Maybe you will also get someone else Right? Let's move on Now we will discuss about the structure of the neuron Neuron is the basic structure and functional unit of nervous system Or you can call it neural system So you see here, this whole nervous system Look at this diagram very carefully We have already studied this diagram in 10th, in fact we have studied it in 9th also. Its structure is so important that teacher always gives this question in 5th number. This question always stays in 5th number, even if something happens. So look carefully at this structure, you can see a branch-shaped structure. Can you see a structure like a branch? Here you can see a branch-shaped structure. This is called dendrites. In the middle there is a nucleus and around it there is a cytoplasm This part is called cell body Then there are granules which we know as nizzle granules Then here are called Schwann cells which are round in the middle of dark colour Then the impulse transmitted from here is called axon Then the covering is called myelin sheet Then the nodes in the middle are called nodes of run wire and here is the exon terminal and this is the last point of the nervous system or neurons which we call synaptic knob and just below this is where the second neuron starts it is arranged in such a way neurons are the largest cell, we have already studied this in previous sessions in fact, we have told you this in last year's 10th and 9th standard okay So, the neuron is made up of the three major parts, cell body, dendrites and axon. Color change. So, it is made up of these three things, axon, dendrites and your cell body, means its cell body, neuron. So, here you see the body contains cytoplasm, cell orglies and the nizzle granules. Short fiber projecting out. From the cells is the dendrites, the branch shaped like structure which I just told you here, what we call dendrites. And what is present near this nucleus? Cytoplasm is present. The exon is the long fiber having the branch structure at the end. Which is termination, terminates means it is getting finished at that place. Neuron from top to bottom, where it is getting finished. What do we call that knob, children? Synaptic knob. is ending now based on the number of exon and dendrites we will tell about ourselves we will come to multipolar so listen carefully according to number of exon and dendrites there are 3 types of neurons we will come to multipolar because we have one exon 2 or more dendrites to see where in cerebral cortex then if we talk about bipolar 2 1 egg zone and one dendrite found in the retina of eyes then in uni what happens is cell body with only one axon which we get to see in the embryonic stage ok so now we have studied it here only now your structure is left further we have studied it here only so that there is no confusion that how many types of neurons we get to see which is completely based on axon and dendrites ok note it down quickly then we will move forward So there are two types of axon, one is myelinated and the other is non-myelinated. You must have seen this in the diagram. Myelin sheath means where there is covering we call it myelin and where there is no covering we call it non-myelinated. So here see myelinated nerve fibers are enveloped with the Schwann cells which forms the myelin sheath. There is a covering near the axon, what we call that? Myelin sheath. And the gap, the gap that you get to see in the myelin sheet, we also know it as nodes of run wire. Like this, the nodes that you see in the middle, we also know it as nodes of run wire. Don't start doing run vir, run vir. Okay? Let's move on. the myelinated nerve fibers are found in the spinal cord or cranial nerves and the non myelinated is enclosed by the Schwann cell that does not form the myelin sheath so if you don't find myelin sheath in the spinal cord then it is called non myelinated and is commonly found in the autonomous antisomatic neural system which is automatic and somatic neural system non-myelinated and where do we see myelinated children? in brain and spinal cord ok now this was the story of nerves structure but now the question arises how is generation or conduction of impulse ok it is very important write the IMP first because the question related to this is asked In 3 number, the question may arise that how our nerves or impulse is transmitted or how to see conduction in it? So, first of all, understand that our nerves, we are talking about our axon, we call it exoplasm, the liquid inside it, we call it exoplasm. We also know it as exoplasm. So whatever is outside the membrane, All of them are positively charged ions. On the inside, you will see that they are negatively charged. On the inside, you will see potassium. Obviously, the outside is... sodium concentration is more so when there is no stimulus or when there is no disturbance in nerves we call it polarized form polarized nerve or we call it that it is in resting phase so look carefully but if there is any stimulus any stimulus comes then what happens is that these sodium ions start coming inside through a channel which we call depolarization so there is an obvious thing that the concentration of positive charge of plus sign increases inside for a while but for a while they go back to the same place so what we call that is repolarization By the way, if we are not doing anything, there is no stimulus in our nerves, children. then we say that it is polarized but when any stimulus or any jitter or any electrical impulse comes then these sodium ones are called 3NA three charges come inside because now I will tell you one by one so if they come inside then inside the sodium means the positive charge matra badh jaati hai, andar ki taraf. And they don't come like this, they come for a while but through a channel. They stay inside through a channel. But the thing is that they come for a while, so at that time, when they come inside, they get depolarization and when they go back, they come in this stage, then we call it repolarization. Now let's first focus on this. Now different types of ion channels are present on the neural membrane which are selectively permeable to different ions. When a neuron is not conducting any impulse that is if it is at resting stage then here you see that for which it is more compatible it is permeable to sodium ions and nearly impermeable to potassium ion and impermeable to sodium ions. which we have seen negatively charged inside which I have told you in diagram Exoplasm Now the exoplasm inside the exon contains high concentration of potassium ion negatively charged I have told you inside negatively charged we have seen the concentration of potassium ion I have told you by making diagram the low concentration is seen outside means this place outside side I have told you Now the fluid outside the axon contains Fluid outside the axon means the outside which is low concentration of sodium Obviously because there is more Na present A high concentration of sodium and thus form the concentration gradient Inside and outside which you are getting to see different charges Then the ionic gradient across the resting membrane are maintained by the active transport of ions by the sodium potassium pump and at that time what will happen? Transport will happen 3 Na outwards for 2K means 2 will remain here 2K these will remain 2 and these 3 molecules remain here ok guys so here if you see and hence the outer surface of the axonal membrane possesses a positive charge ok here you will get to see positive charge you will see negative charge on the outside and inside that's why we call it as polarized form I have already told you this, this is just a theoretical part I have told you through diagram that's why we call it as resting potential but if you have any stimulus from outside or any electrical impulse then you will see action potential So when a stimulus is applied to the site of polarized membrane, you have teared it. It happens, right? A person is sitting comfortably, it's okay. But if you tear it, he will do something. He won't let it go easily. It's the same story. Polarize the membrane at the site of A becomes freely membrane, freely permeable to Na, which leads to the rapid influx of Na followed by the reversal polarity. Now, as I told you in the diagram, As soon as he gets a stimulus or electrical impulse, the sodium starts coming inside. okay or this we have us to cabal to head depolarized take a but show now the electrical potential differences across the plasma membrane of scale world use cut the head action potential the parallel to talk up now we rest potential to have a lot of a action potential head so depolarization is followed by the increase in the permeability of sodium ions to the membrane leading to the changes in the polarization and the process is called what repolarization when we go back to our stage what we will call it? repolarization so during depolarization the outer surface of the membrane becomes negative charge and the inner side slide gets positively charged so this happens that depolarization goes upside down we had studied polarization earlier that what is normal that remains in polarized form but as soon as depolarization happens, the outer membrane will be in negative charge because the Na ions will start coming inwards, the three molecules and the negative charge will go outwards, so it will be upside down and during repolarization, the outer membrane will again become positive and the inner membrane will again become negative which means it will come back in the same phase Let me tell you again what happened in depolarization. When the positive values come inside, I told you that the plus sign will be minus on the outside. But when they come in repolarization again, everything will be plus on the outside and minus on the inside. We call it negatively charged. So note it down quickly. And this is your important diagram. Okay, the same thing that has been said, regain of the resting potential takes place due to the... Na and potassium sodium and potassium ATPase enzyme which transports 3 Na ions inside means 3 molecules are coming inside and 2 molecules are visible going out so this is how you are getting to see this conduction of nerve impulse and this diagram is a channel I didn't say inside but it was a channel The channel is not like this inside When you feel like it, you will come in through the channel. So you note down this quickly and then we will move forward. Now it's time to talk about how the conduction will be. As I told you that when there is a change, things go up and down. But now we will discuss how the transmission of nerves happens. As I told you, neurons are terminal, they are the last point. Suppose this is the last point, this is your neuron. After this, another neuron starts coming. The space between these two is called synapse in the starting days. When we were young, we used to read that the gap between two neurons is called synapse But now we will also read that synapse also has many other things like pre-synaptic, post-synaptic, synaptic cleft So first of all, see this A nerve impulse is transmission from one neuron to another neuron through the junction called synapse If the nerve impulse comes from one neuron, it will go to the other neuron. And if it goes to the other neuron, there is a gap in between. We call it synapse. A synapse is formed by the membrane of the pre-synaptic neuron and the post-synaptic. Pre-synaptic means the first neuron and post-synaptic means the lower one. Now, you see here which may or may not be separated by gap synaptic cleft Now, you see here there are two types of synapses The first one is electrical synapse The second one is chemical synapse So, there are two types of synapse One is electrical and the other is chemical Now, I will tell you about synaptic cleft So how is electrical? Electrical is simple, it is an electrical impulse It will go away quickly There will be no tension in them The electrical impulse will go away quickly But it takes time in chemicals So listen carefully Electrical synapse, the membrane of the pre and post synaptic neurons are very close They are very close and electrical currents can flow directly from the one neuron to the another neuron through these synapses they can easily flow through one to the other neurons but the problem is in the chemical chemical things happen here also so impulse transmission across the electrical synapse is always faster than chemical as I just told you but We have to study about this too, about chemicals. So what do we get to see in chemicals? At chemical synapse, the membrane of the pre and post synaptic neurons are separated by the fluid. That fluid is called synaptic cleft. Now the difference is, they don't get to see that thing in electrical. Electrical neurons don't get to see this thing because the electrical impulse is one neuron and the other neuron is another. But if I talk about chemicals, then what happens in chemicals? A fluid comes in between in chemicals, that fluid is called synaptic cleft. Sorted? Understood? So now first of all, see this, if we talk about impulse, then what you get to see in the presynaptic is that you get to see the vesicles. Neurotransmitters are filled in these vesicles like Acetylcholine and all these we can talk about So what are the neurotransmitters filled in these? So where do these neurotransmitters go while moving? They come directly to them and they leave their neurotransmitters here And then where do they go directly after that? In the cleft and through the cleft, it is seen here in post synaptic overall overview of how they are transmitted if I talk about chemicals here chemicals called neurotransmitter are involved in the transmission of impulse which I just told you these are the vesicles which are like laddus what is inside these laddus? Neurotransmitter so where do these go while moving? where do these go while moving? they come here and here they leave their chemical so the axon terminal contains the vesicle filled with these neurotransmitters as I told you that the vesicles are filled with neurotransmitters with an impulse arrive at the axon terminal it stimulates the movement of the synaptic vesicle towards the membrane where it fuse with the plasma membrane and release their neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft where they left it. Can you see it? Can you see the grains? They left it down there. Now, the release of the neurotransmitter binds to the specific receptor. After that, the receptors present at the bottom bind to the neurotransmitter. So, like this laddu which is called as a vesicle, It is said that in synaptic vesicle there are many neurotransmitters present which are chemicals Now they go there by moving and moving and leave their chemical and they go where? They get bind and go directly to a specific receptor Now present on the post synaptic which is present at this place This is the pre synaptic, the upper one Pre is before, like pre wedding, post wedding Pre wedding shoot is very good, post wedding is different So the pre one is above, the post one is below So all these pre synaptics come out from the pre And bind in the specific receptor Where? At the post synaptic place Okay, so... present on the post synaptic membrane which open ions channels and allows the entry of ions which can generate a new potential where you get to see new potential in post synaptic neuron so this way you understand what I have told through diagram this way neurons are transmitted, there is no tension of electrical but there is tension of chemical In chemical, there are many things that are chemical only, so it takes time for them to go in that case. Walk slowly. Okay, I hope you understood, quickly note it down, time is up. Come on. So this is about transmission. But we will study the main thing, right? Now it has come in the last, but it has come, right? That is the brain. So it is said that the brain is less, the brain is more, all those things are here only. Right? At least think before you speak. This is my view, don't say anything. So first of all, let's discuss about brain. Brain is the most vital part, means it is the major part. Because everything is there, every organ of our body is controlled by the brain. So all these things that we are talking about, I am telling you, all these things, even speaking, voluntary actions, all these things. control our brain. So what is the brain? It is the central information that is the central information processing organ in our body and act as a command and control system. It will give command and also control. That's why we call it control system. All your voluntary movements, balance of the body or the functioning of involuntary organs like heart, lungs Kidney Who processes and controls all these things? Our brain Thermoregulation, hunger, thirst, hunger, thirst, sleep Everything Who controls everything? Our brain Okay Now the activities of the several endocrine glands and the human behavior Okay So all the endocrine glands that we will study That happened Plus human behavior Who controls all those things? Our brain So the brain is a place where you see, recall, memorize, think Who controls all these things? Who controls all these things? So vision, hearing, speech, memories, intelligence, emotion, thoughts All these things come in the brain Who controls all these things? Our brain does So, the brain is protected from the skull. So, the skull is protected from the skull. And the nerves in the brain are called cranial nerves. And the brain is covered by the cranial meninges. In which you will see three layers. outer layer is called dura matter, middle one is called arcanoid and inner one which is connected with brain tissue is called pya matter very important brain is divided into 3 major parts forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain back part forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain now first we will discuss about forebrain In our front brain, we see three things, cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus so cerebrum is the biggest part in this diagram the biggest part you can see is the cerebrum and this is the cerebral hemisphere and there is a covering inside and we call it corpus callosum so this is the part of the four brain kids this is important and this is thalamus and below this is hypothalamus So here you can see that the largest section of the brain is the cerebrum and the cerebral hemisphere are separated longitudinally. The cerebral hemisphere is longitudinal separated by the corpus callosum. This is called a separation which is called corpus callosum. Here you can see the cerebral cortex. Cerebral cortex is covered by what? Hemispheres means something like this. Kids, you can see the structure of the brain. Now you are also getting to see many folds in it. Now, anything that is sensational, the things that are senseless, or you are catching a ball, you are riding a cycle, so what do we call it? It is called motor and sensory areas. So whatever you think and do, that particular area is called gray matter. That is located in the cerebral cortex. Which you can see where, kids? Cerebral cortex. Means you can see it in the part of the cerebellum. And if the association of the region responsible for many tasks, if you can see a link between these two, then we use the word white matter. that means you can say that motor and sensory areas are located motor and sensory areas are seen in cerebral cortex we call it gray matter Sorted? Okay. The association region is responsible for many tasks. The tasks that are responsible for many tasks. That includes the creating link between the sensory and the motor areas. Because they give the layer of the opaque white. It is called white matter because its color is white opaque. That is why it is called white matter. Okay. Now let's talk about thalamus. Thalamus is the part of the brain that is around the cerebrum The wrap part is called thalamus Thalamus controls motor and sensory communication Then comes hypothalamus Hypothalamus is found at the base of the cerebrum Hypothalamus is found at the base of the thalamus We will see it in more detail We will discuss about this in detail in the next chapter Thalamus, Hypothalamus and all other things So it is the primary control center of the temperature and hunger, thirst What does it do? It controls all these things So it secretes the hypothalamic hormones And when you are hungry or thirsty, all these things happen because of hypothalamus Now we will study about midbrain Mid brain is located between the hypothalamus and the pons of hind brain You must have read about pons, medulla oblongata, we will read about it now Dorsal portion is located between the 4 bumps or lobe called corpora quadrigemia What is important is that it controls our auditory and visual reflexes. Control visual and auditory reflexes. Understand this carefully. It controls it. Now they are involved in relay of impulse back and forth between the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla. Because this is the middle part. So, this is the middle part, so what does it do? It is present in between both of them, so what does it do there? Impulse relay, that is between the back and front, cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla. Okay, did you understand? There is not much rocket science, you will remember. What have we studied in the forebrain? That we have discussed one by one, so your cerebrum comes in the forebrain, thalamus, hypothalamus. mid brain has nothing then in hind brain we are studying pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum ok that's it now in hind brain pons are there with fibers track makes up the hind brain cerebellum very important has a convalated surface that allows for the more neurons and from here your last portion medulla oblongata from here kids listen carefully from there your spinal cord is seen to be continuous so the spinal cord receives impulse from the medulla oblongata and what all these things do I have taught this in respiration respiration, cardio, vascular spaces, reflexes and gastric secretions all are controlled by it the major role of medulla oblongata is played when I was teaching regulation then I told you the major role of medulla oblongata ok So this was about your brain which is not that difficult So read it carefully as such there is no rocket science in it It is a very easy chapter This chapter is like that which you have read before We are just looking at it in revised form There are 1 or 2 points, we have read 1 or 2 extra topics So let's see some questions White and grey matter What do you What do the White and grey matter in the human brain indicates so Abhi man just up to bataya He the cerebral cortex is known as the gray matter as it appear grain color So great at the more grain color care at the head, which is the attributed to the neuron cell bodies imparting the color fibers of the track are covered with the Myelin sheet that forms the inner part of the cerebral hemisphere TK or white voila Q white color because of white opaque color cajota. Hey, TK next Describe the phenomenon of release and transport of the neurotransmitter Very important I told you that neurotransmitter pre synaptic post synaptic All those things about synaptic cleft Telling you happily Who? Neurotransmitters Ok, let's go So this was all about you, I hope you understood this thing I have already told you that the topic or the points which are very important I am already telling you about IMP, IMP everywhere Like about neurons, that tell the structure of neurons Tell one thing, differences can be asked in myelin and non-myelin Or you can ask the very important question in 5 number So I am just telling you that these questions are fine But the questions which I always ask you in one shot or in sessions Please pay attention to them Because I know that teachers take up a whole topic to make a question in 5 number So you guys keep on reading No problem, keep on studying As you saw, I was taking stress Don't take stress like that Otherwise, you will be in a mess Okay, see you in the next class My work is done See you in the next class Bye

You have to teach these students that you are sitting all day and taking tension. And your neurons will stop working. That doesn't mean anything.

What are you teaching? You tell me what you want to teach. Stop talking rubbish. Go away.

Hello everyone. Welcome to Next Stoppers. We make the future of our country.

My name is Manushri Pachauri. Today we are going to study Biology. Did you see what happened?

So you must have understood what you are going to study Yes, so today we are going to study Balji's very important chapter Which is called Neural Control and Coordination So your exams are near and I am also getting stressed You are also getting stressed but you don't have to take it Overall, this is what I understood that we don't have to take stress What we have to do is we have to keep working Okay, according to our body, the way we adapt to our bodies We will get to see the same things So what we have to do with the positive energy Thank you. and take good numbers so here our body is controlled and coordinated like if I am talking to you I am teaching you so it doesn't mean that other things are stopped in my body everything is going simultaneously and because of which my body is working properly so control and coordination chapter you must have studied very well in 10th standard where you must have discussed about hormones where you have discussed about neurons and brain so this chapter which you have already studied from 10th standard those things have been divided into two different chapters we already know a lot about it but once again we will read it maybe something new will come out So let's start. First of all, you see the introduction. If we talk about ourselves as humans, then we have two main things.

One is the endocrine system, the other is the neural system. system in which you will get to see nerves etc. brain will get to see and endocrine system where some chemicals are secreted, the name of those chemicals is given, children hormones ok so our system is like we are very complex, we are very complex, our Our body is very complex So here we are talking about ourselves So in our body you will see that you will get to see the nervous system And you will get to see the endocrine system Because what is the need of our body? Whatever activities it is performing in different organs Whatever activities and functions it is performing It is doing it by coordinating with each other Okay? It shouldn't go separately.

It should go together. because if things go separately then it gets spoiled so here also same thing is there so here I am talking about neural system that brings about the coordination and integration through an organized network of point to point connections between the neurons so we know about neurons So, they are connected to each other so that everything can be in coordinated form in our body where if I talk about whose If you talk about your endocrine system, then they use a chemical there which is called hormones so that everything can be done in a coordinated form. By the way, we will study this thing in the next chapter. This is not the next chapter, we have to study these things at present. So you must have understood that when ma'am is telling about nervous system that means we have to study about neurons, that means we have to study its whole structure.

Then how many types of nervous system are there? We have to discuss those things one by one. Yes, you have to study what you have understood correctly.

So let's go first. What are neurons? It is important to know this thing.

So neurons are the structural and functional components of the nervous system. Very important. Very important, you should know that the neurons are like cells, basic structural and functional unit of life. Similarly, neurons are the structural and functional components of the nervous system.

So what is the use of them? Like you think I will get power, that I will do everything. what is going on in his mind or I know everything, I will find out and tell it to someone else I wish I could be like this I know this sometimes but obviously we are not God so we can't do anything like this but yes, the nervous system inside us has this power what is the power? it transmits information So they have the capability to detect, to receive and to transmit the impulse First they will detect, receive and then they will take it to different places That yes, you have to eat food Or yes, she is your girlfriend and she needs a hug, so you have to hug her This is how your brain works So this is the story, don't take it otherwise But this is the nervous system We read in neurons that what is the main work of neurons It receives the impulse and transmits it from one place to another.

Now let's see the classification of the nervous system. One is CNS and the other is PNS. CNS is Central Nervous System and PNS is Peripheral Nervous System.

Let's assume that you have a house and your parents are the owners. But nowadays, we think that even if we get money from home, what is wrong with it? We will count it with both hands.

But this is very rare. But you think that the room of the house is empty. We give it to the house for rent.

So what happens to CNS? That means your parents and their 8th gate, the one who is living in the rent, we call it PNS. Listen carefully.

What comes in your central nervous system? Brain and spinal cord. Very important.

important Write IMP You should know what comes in the central nervous system Brain and spinal cord I know you have studied in 10th grade so you must know this That comprises the central nervous system What comes in the peripheral nervous system? All of the brain and spinal cord nerves are the part of the peripheral nervous system So whatever nerves you say in the 8th grade of this Say the nerves of brain and spinal What comes in that? Peripheral So the same story is your parents are the owner So, if the rent people are living in their 8th Gate, then we call them Peripheral Nervous System.

Now, one more thing, see these are very small things that you already know. You have studied in 10th standard, I feel that right now it is just recall. Some things that we forgot or didn't remember, they are just in the form of revision. Now let's see there are two types of nerve fibers in the PNS.

PNS means peripheral nervous system. You guys please don't write PNS. The day the teacher was in a bad mood, if the teacher has come home after fighting with someone and on that day, your copy has to be checked, I am telling you that you will not get the number That's why not PNS but write peripheral nervous system Even if you write PNS in the bracket it will work But don't take the risk So one is your afferent nerve fiber which we call sensory nerve fiber So afferent is A A for Afferent So what does it do?

It transports the nerve impulse directly from the organ or tissue to the central nervous system Remember A for afferent and AOT for organ or tissue. It transmits nerve impulse directly to CNS. And what happens in reverse of this? Efferent nerve impulse that carries impulses from CNS It goes from CNS to your targeted organ or tissue.

Target organ or in tissue okay did you understand so you should know sometimes you may be asked what is efferent nerve fiber and what is efferent nerve fiber so you should know okay so first note it down then we will move forward okay now PNS is divided into two groups it has two groups one is somatic second is automatic nervous system One is somatic nervous system and the other is automatic nervous system Somatic nervous system transmits impulse from CNS to the Skeletal Skeletal muscles we have already studied from previous chapters Walking, sitting, all these things My will, that's it Same thing in Skeletal So here you will see that somatic nervous system It transmits impulse from CNS to skeletal muscles In automatic, what happens is that the Invertebrates, the automatic nervous system, the Invertebrates, the Cardiac and the smooth muscle of the gland which convey the impulse from the CNS to the involuntary part. Now, it's your wish, even if someone's heart is beating, then it's beating. I mean, it beats obviously.

Don't go on this Bollywood stuff. We know that. We are students of BIO. If it doesn't beat, then we'll get caught. but it is not like something is happening it is not like that so here you understand that automatic nervous system what does it do?

it transmits the impulse from where? from CNS to our involuntary parts involuntary parts means which is not controlled by us which we cannot control there are some things which we cannot control Pay attention to this, don't go anywhere else So, this is what Mavan is talking about, Automatic Nervous System So, first note down this, then we will move forward So, now we will discuss about Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System So, first of all, see that Automatic Nervous System has two categories One is Sympathetic Nervous System and second is Parasympathetic Nervous System So first of all, know that you are not listening to this thing for the first time in my lecture. I have told you this word many times.

So sometimes it happens that you don't want to see anything and you get scared of something. So at that time your heart rate increases, sweating starts. So what is that? Your sympathetic nervous system.

Okay, what we call that is responsible for the body's fight or flight response. By the way, you saw that Suppose you were not ready for something and you saw that thing. You are understanding and you got scared suddenly. Now your nervous system will be called sympathetic nervous system. But how long will you be scared like this?

Sometimes you will have to calm down. You will have to calm down. So to calm down, what is the system in our body? Sympathetic nervous system which makes us calm and relaxed Body gives rest response Digestive system keeps digestion in our body This system has two types of system One is that it increases things so the other person tries to combine that with calm or rest So in our body, both these things are very important.

You get scared all of a sudden. You saw your girlfriend with someone else. You will get scared all of a sudden.

She was with me a little while ago. Ten minutes ago she was with me. Then she said that her mother called her home.

And by saying this to me, that person gets scared with someone else. Then you will get angry. You will not understand what you are doing.

What are you not doing in anger. Sometimes you will be calm but sometimes you will be angry Maybe you will also get someone else Right? Let's move on Now we will discuss about the structure of the neuron Neuron is the basic structure and functional unit of nervous system Or you can call it neural system So you see here, this whole nervous system Look at this diagram very carefully We have already studied this diagram in 10th, in fact we have studied it in 9th also.

Its structure is so important that teacher always gives this question in 5th number. This question always stays in 5th number, even if something happens. So look carefully at this structure, you can see a branch-shaped structure. Can you see a structure like a branch?

Here you can see a branch-shaped structure. This is called dendrites. In the middle there is a nucleus and around it there is a cytoplasm This part is called cell body Then there are granules which we know as nizzle granules Then here are called Schwann cells which are round in the middle of dark colour Then the impulse transmitted from here is called axon Then the covering is called myelin sheet Then the nodes in the middle are called nodes of run wire and here is the exon terminal and this is the last point of the nervous system or neurons which we call synaptic knob and just below this is where the second neuron starts it is arranged in such a way neurons are the largest cell, we have already studied this in previous sessions in fact, we have told you this in last year's 10th and 9th standard okay So, the neuron is made up of the three major parts, cell body, dendrites and axon.

Color change. So, it is made up of these three things, axon, dendrites and your cell body, means its cell body, neuron. So, here you see the body contains cytoplasm, cell orglies and the nizzle granules.

Short fiber projecting out. From the cells is the dendrites, the branch shaped like structure which I just told you here, what we call dendrites. And what is present near this nucleus? Cytoplasm is present.

The exon is the long fiber having the branch structure at the end. Which is termination, terminates means it is getting finished at that place. Neuron from top to bottom, where it is getting finished.

What do we call that knob, children? Synaptic knob. is ending now based on the number of exon and dendrites we will tell about ourselves we will come to multipolar so listen carefully according to number of exon and dendrites there are 3 types of neurons we will come to multipolar because we have one exon 2 or more dendrites to see where in cerebral cortex then if we talk about bipolar 2 1 egg zone and one dendrite found in the retina of eyes then in uni what happens is cell body with only one axon which we get to see in the embryonic stage ok so now we have studied it here only now your structure is left further we have studied it here only so that there is no confusion that how many types of neurons we get to see which is completely based on axon and dendrites ok note it down quickly then we will move forward So there are two types of axon, one is myelinated and the other is non-myelinated. You must have seen this in the diagram. Myelin sheath means where there is covering we call it myelin and where there is no covering we call it non-myelinated.

So here see myelinated nerve fibers are enveloped with the Schwann cells which forms the myelin sheath. There is a covering near the axon, what we call that? Myelin sheath. And the gap, the gap that you get to see in the myelin sheet, we also know it as nodes of run wire. Like this, the nodes that you see in the middle, we also know it as nodes of run wire.

Don't start doing run vir, run vir. Okay? Let's move on.

the myelinated nerve fibers are found in the spinal cord or cranial nerves and the non myelinated is enclosed by the Schwann cell that does not form the myelin sheath so if you don't find myelin sheath in the spinal cord then it is called non myelinated and is commonly found in the autonomous antisomatic neural system which is automatic and somatic neural system non-myelinated and where do we see myelinated children? in brain and spinal cord ok now this was the story of nerves structure but now the question arises how is generation or conduction of impulse ok it is very important write the IMP first because the question related to this is asked In 3 number, the question may arise that how our nerves or impulse is transmitted or how to see conduction in it? So, first of all, understand that our nerves, we are talking about our axon, we call it exoplasm, the liquid inside it, we call it exoplasm. We also know it as exoplasm.

So whatever is outside the membrane, All of them are positively charged ions. On the inside, you will see that they are negatively charged. On the inside, you will see potassium.

Obviously, the outside is... sodium concentration is more so when there is no stimulus or when there is no disturbance in nerves we call it polarized form polarized nerve or we call it that it is in resting phase so look carefully but if there is any stimulus any stimulus comes then what happens is that these sodium ions start coming inside through a channel which we call depolarization so there is an obvious thing that the concentration of positive charge of plus sign increases inside for a while but for a while they go back to the same place so what we call that is repolarization By the way, if we are not doing anything, there is no stimulus in our nerves, children. then we say that it is polarized but when any stimulus or any jitter or any electrical impulse comes then these sodium ones are called 3NA three charges come inside because now I will tell you one by one so if they come inside then inside the sodium means the positive charge matra badh jaati hai, andar ki taraf. And they don't come like this, they come for a while but through a channel.

They stay inside through a channel. But the thing is that they come for a while, so at that time, when they come inside, they get depolarization and when they go back, they come in this stage, then we call it repolarization. Now let's first focus on this. Now different types of ion channels are present on the neural membrane which are selectively permeable to different ions.

When a neuron is not conducting any impulse that is if it is at resting stage then here you see that for which it is more compatible it is permeable to sodium ions and nearly impermeable to potassium ion and impermeable to sodium ions. which we have seen negatively charged inside which I have told you in diagram Exoplasm Now the exoplasm inside the exon contains high concentration of potassium ion negatively charged I have told you inside negatively charged we have seen the concentration of potassium ion I have told you by making diagram the low concentration is seen outside means this place outside side I have told you Now the fluid outside the axon contains Fluid outside the axon means the outside which is low concentration of sodium Obviously because there is more Na present A high concentration of sodium and thus form the concentration gradient Inside and outside which you are getting to see different charges Then the ionic gradient across the resting membrane are maintained by the active transport of ions by the sodium potassium pump and at that time what will happen? Transport will happen 3 Na outwards for 2K means 2 will remain here 2K these will remain 2 and these 3 molecules remain here ok guys so here if you see and hence the outer surface of the axonal membrane possesses a positive charge ok here you will get to see positive charge you will see negative charge on the outside and inside that's why we call it as polarized form I have already told you this, this is just a theoretical part I have told you through diagram that's why we call it as resting potential but if you have any stimulus from outside or any electrical impulse then you will see action potential So when a stimulus is applied to the site of polarized membrane, you have teared it.

It happens, right? A person is sitting comfortably, it's okay. But if you tear it, he will do something.

He won't let it go easily. It's the same story. Polarize the membrane at the site of A becomes freely membrane, freely permeable to Na, which leads to the rapid influx of Na followed by the reversal polarity.

Now, as I told you in the diagram, As soon as he gets a stimulus or electrical impulse, the sodium starts coming inside. okay or this we have us to cabal to head depolarized take a but show now the electrical potential differences across the plasma membrane of scale world use cut the head action potential the parallel to talk up now we rest potential to have a lot of a action potential head so depolarization is followed by the increase in the permeability of sodium ions to the membrane leading to the changes in the polarization and the process is called what repolarization when we go back to our stage what we will call it? repolarization so during depolarization the outer surface of the membrane becomes negative charge and the inner side slide gets positively charged so this happens that depolarization goes upside down we had studied polarization earlier that what is normal that remains in polarized form but as soon as depolarization happens, the outer membrane will be in negative charge because the Na ions will start coming inwards, the three molecules and the negative charge will go outwards, so it will be upside down and during repolarization, the outer membrane will again become positive and the inner membrane will again become negative which means it will come back in the same phase Let me tell you again what happened in depolarization.

When the positive values come inside, I told you that the plus sign will be minus on the outside. But when they come in repolarization again, everything will be plus on the outside and minus on the inside. We call it negatively charged. So note it down quickly.

And this is your important diagram. Okay, the same thing that has been said, regain of the resting potential takes place due to the... Na and potassium sodium and potassium ATPase enzyme which transports 3 Na ions inside means 3 molecules are coming inside and 2 molecules are visible going out so this is how you are getting to see this conduction of nerve impulse and this diagram is a channel I didn't say inside but it was a channel The channel is not like this inside When you feel like it, you will come in through the channel.

So you note down this quickly and then we will move forward. Now it's time to talk about how the conduction will be. As I told you that when there is a change, things go up and down. But now we will discuss how the transmission of nerves happens.

As I told you, neurons are terminal, they are the last point. Suppose this is the last point, this is your neuron. After this, another neuron starts coming. The space between these two is called synapse in the starting days.

When we were young, we used to read that the gap between two neurons is called synapse But now we will also read that synapse also has many other things like pre-synaptic, post-synaptic, synaptic cleft So first of all, see this A nerve impulse is transmission from one neuron to another neuron through the junction called synapse If the nerve impulse comes from one neuron, it will go to the other neuron. And if it goes to the other neuron, there is a gap in between. We call it synapse. A synapse is formed by the membrane of the pre-synaptic neuron and the post-synaptic. Pre-synaptic means the first neuron and post-synaptic means the lower one.

Now, you see here which may or may not be separated by gap synaptic cleft Now, you see here there are two types of synapses The first one is electrical synapse The second one is chemical synapse So, there are two types of synapse One is electrical and the other is chemical Now, I will tell you about synaptic cleft So how is electrical? Electrical is simple, it is an electrical impulse It will go away quickly There will be no tension in them The electrical impulse will go away quickly But it takes time in chemicals So listen carefully Electrical synapse, the membrane of the pre and post synaptic neurons are very close They are very close and electrical currents can flow directly from the one neuron to the another neuron through these synapses they can easily flow through one to the other neurons but the problem is in the chemical chemical things happen here also so impulse transmission across the electrical synapse is always faster than chemical as I just told you but We have to study about this too, about chemicals. So what do we get to see in chemicals? At chemical synapse, the membrane of the pre and post synaptic neurons are separated by the fluid. That fluid is called synaptic cleft.

Now the difference is, they don't get to see that thing in electrical. Electrical neurons don't get to see this thing because the electrical impulse is one neuron and the other neuron is another. But if I talk about chemicals, then what happens in chemicals?

A fluid comes in between in chemicals, that fluid is called synaptic cleft. Sorted? Understood? So now first of all, see this, if we talk about impulse, then what you get to see in the presynaptic is that you get to see the vesicles.

Neurotransmitters are filled in these vesicles like Acetylcholine and all these we can talk about So what are the neurotransmitters filled in these? So where do these neurotransmitters go while moving? They come directly to them and they leave their neurotransmitters here And then where do they go directly after that? In the cleft and through the cleft, it is seen here in post synaptic overall overview of how they are transmitted if I talk about chemicals here chemicals called neurotransmitter are involved in the transmission of impulse which I just told you these are the vesicles which are like laddus what is inside these laddus?

Neurotransmitter so where do these go while moving? where do these go while moving? they come here and here they leave their chemical so the axon terminal contains the vesicle filled with these neurotransmitters as I told you that the vesicles are filled with neurotransmitters with an impulse arrive at the axon terminal it stimulates the movement of the synaptic vesicle towards the membrane where it fuse with the plasma membrane and release their neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft where they left it. Can you see it?

Can you see the grains? They left it down there. Now, the release of the neurotransmitter binds to the specific receptor.

After that, the receptors present at the bottom bind to the neurotransmitter. So, like this laddu which is called as a vesicle, It is said that in synaptic vesicle there are many neurotransmitters present which are chemicals Now they go there by moving and moving and leave their chemical and they go where? They get bind and go directly to a specific receptor Now present on the post synaptic which is present at this place This is the pre synaptic, the upper one Pre is before, like pre wedding, post wedding Pre wedding shoot is very good, post wedding is different So the pre one is above, the post one is below So all these pre synaptics come out from the pre And bind in the specific receptor Where?

At the post synaptic place Okay, so... present on the post synaptic membrane which open ions channels and allows the entry of ions which can generate a new potential where you get to see new potential in post synaptic neuron so this way you understand what I have told through diagram this way neurons are transmitted, there is no tension of electrical but there is tension of chemical In chemical, there are many things that are chemical only, so it takes time for them to go in that case. Walk slowly.

Okay, I hope you understood, quickly note it down, time is up. Come on. So this is about transmission. But we will study the main thing, right?

Now it has come in the last, but it has come, right? That is the brain. So it is said that the brain is less, the brain is more, all those things are here only.

Right? At least think before you speak. This is my view, don't say anything.

So first of all, let's discuss about brain. Brain is the most vital part, means it is the major part. Because everything is there, every organ of our body is controlled by the brain. So all these things that we are talking about, I am telling you, all these things, even speaking, voluntary actions, all these things.

control our brain. So what is the brain? It is the central information that is the central information processing organ in our body and act as a command and control system.

It will give command and also control. That's why we call it control system. All your voluntary movements, balance of the body or the functioning of involuntary organs like heart, lungs Kidney Who processes and controls all these things? Our brain Thermoregulation, hunger, thirst, hunger, thirst, sleep Everything Who controls everything? Our brain Okay Now the activities of the several endocrine glands and the human behavior Okay So all the endocrine glands that we will study That happened Plus human behavior Who controls all those things?

Our brain So the brain is a place where you see, recall, memorize, think Who controls all these things? Who controls all these things? So vision, hearing, speech, memories, intelligence, emotion, thoughts All these things come in the brain Who controls all these things? Our brain does So, the brain is protected from the skull.

So, the skull is protected from the skull. And the nerves in the brain are called cranial nerves. And the brain is covered by the cranial meninges.

In which you will see three layers. outer layer is called dura matter, middle one is called arcanoid and inner one which is connected with brain tissue is called pya matter very important brain is divided into 3 major parts forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain back part forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain now first we will discuss about forebrain In our front brain, we see three things, cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus so cerebrum is the biggest part in this diagram the biggest part you can see is the cerebrum and this is the cerebral hemisphere and there is a covering inside and we call it corpus callosum so this is the part of the four brain kids this is important and this is thalamus and below this is hypothalamus So here you can see that the largest section of the brain is the cerebrum and the cerebral hemisphere are separated longitudinally. The cerebral hemisphere is longitudinal separated by the corpus callosum.

This is called a separation which is called corpus callosum. Here you can see the cerebral cortex. Cerebral cortex is covered by what? Hemispheres means something like this.

Kids, you can see the structure of the brain. Now you are also getting to see many folds in it. Now, anything that is sensational, the things that are senseless, or you are catching a ball, you are riding a cycle, so what do we call it?

It is called motor and sensory areas. So whatever you think and do, that particular area is called gray matter. That is located in the cerebral cortex. Which you can see where, kids? Cerebral cortex.

Means you can see it in the part of the cerebellum. And if the association of the region responsible for many tasks, if you can see a link between these two, then we use the word white matter. that means you can say that motor and sensory areas are located motor and sensory areas are seen in cerebral cortex we call it gray matter Sorted? Okay.

The association region is responsible for many tasks. The tasks that are responsible for many tasks. That includes the creating link between the sensory and the motor areas.

Because they give the layer of the opaque white. It is called white matter because its color is white opaque. That is why it is called white matter. Okay. Now let's talk about thalamus.

Thalamus is the part of the brain that is around the cerebrum The wrap part is called thalamus Thalamus controls motor and sensory communication Then comes hypothalamus Hypothalamus is found at the base of the cerebrum Hypothalamus is found at the base of the thalamus We will see it in more detail We will discuss about this in detail in the next chapter Thalamus, Hypothalamus and all other things So it is the primary control center of the temperature and hunger, thirst What does it do? It controls all these things So it secretes the hypothalamic hormones And when you are hungry or thirsty, all these things happen because of hypothalamus Now we will study about midbrain Mid brain is located between the hypothalamus and the pons of hind brain You must have read about pons, medulla oblongata, we will read about it now Dorsal portion is located between the 4 bumps or lobe called corpora quadrigemia What is important is that it controls our auditory and visual reflexes. Control visual and auditory reflexes. Understand this carefully.

It controls it. Now they are involved in relay of impulse back and forth between the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla. Because this is the middle part. So, this is the middle part, so what does it do?

It is present in between both of them, so what does it do there? Impulse relay, that is between the back and front, cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla. Okay, did you understand?

There is not much rocket science, you will remember. What have we studied in the forebrain? That we have discussed one by one, so your cerebrum comes in the forebrain, thalamus, hypothalamus. mid brain has nothing then in hind brain we are studying pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum ok that's it now in hind brain pons are there with fibers track makes up the hind brain cerebellum very important has a convalated surface that allows for the more neurons and from here your last portion medulla oblongata from here kids listen carefully from there your spinal cord is seen to be continuous so the spinal cord receives impulse from the medulla oblongata and what all these things do I have taught this in respiration respiration, cardio, vascular spaces, reflexes and gastric secretions all are controlled by it the major role of medulla oblongata is played when I was teaching regulation then I told you the major role of medulla oblongata ok So this was about your brain which is not that difficult So read it carefully as such there is no rocket science in it It is a very easy chapter This chapter is like that which you have read before We are just looking at it in revised form There are 1 or 2 points, we have read 1 or 2 extra topics So let's see some questions White and grey matter What do you What do the White and grey matter in the human brain indicates so Abhi man just up to bataya He the cerebral cortex is known as the gray matter as it appear grain color So great at the more grain color care at the head, which is the attributed to the neuron cell bodies imparting the color fibers of the track are covered with the Myelin sheet that forms the inner part of the cerebral hemisphere TK or white voila Q white color because of white opaque color cajota.

Hey, TK next Describe the phenomenon of release and transport of the neurotransmitter Very important I told you that neurotransmitter pre synaptic post synaptic All those things about synaptic cleft Telling you happily Who? Neurotransmitters Ok, let's go So this was all about you, I hope you understood this thing I have already told you that the topic or the points which are very important I am already telling you about IMP, IMP everywhere Like about neurons, that tell the structure of neurons Tell one thing, differences can be asked in myelin and non-myelin Or you can ask the very important question in 5 number So I am just telling you that these questions are fine But the questions which I always ask you in one shot or in sessions Please pay attention to them Because I know that teachers take up a whole topic to make a question in 5 number So you guys keep on reading No problem, keep on studying As you saw, I was taking stress Don't take stress like that Otherwise, you will be in a mess Okay, see you in the next class My work is done See you in the next class Bye

Transcript for:Neural Control and Coordination

Transcript for:
Neural Control and Coordination