Transcript for:
Comprehensive Overview of Human Geography

I hope everyone is doing great today are you excited I'm excited we're going to do this I'm going to share my screen here and get us all set up and ready we have a little welcome question um but it is nice to virtually see you all I'm excited for today it's going to be amazing we are going to get started here together and here we go so if we could start with a little bit of a warm-up question just to see how we are doing what's going on okay so let's all get started here on this question you can scan it or you can enter that code we'll be using this mentimeter link the whole time and it'll always be the same code so if you have it up in another tab or if you have it um pulled up on your phone or something like that it'll always be our same code so this is just a little question to get us started I'm G to get over so what are three words we'd use to describe our mood today someone said dying inside oh no okay and so the larger the word with this word cloud the more people are saying it so our big word right now is nervous but we're going to get some more words in there okay the anxious is getting very big stressed scared tired happy is pretty big I'll take it stressed and nervous and anxious okay keep going there um and the join code is right up top if you just joined us ment.com and use that code and again we will be using that link the whole time um so the if you just have that up you'll be able to answer all of our questions and we're hoping of course by the end of our cram today that we will be less nervous less stressed less scared and maybe that happy will be even larger that's our goal okay I'm G to give everybody another like 30 seconds minute till it's exactly 5 and then we'll get started but again I'm hoping if we were to do this at the end that this will change that our kind of nerves are a little bit satiated and we feel a little bit better uh oh I see excited is kind of big I'll take it tired scared happy okay freaking out I just saw pop up okay so I'm glad exciting is getting bigger and it's okay to feel nervous and stressed it's a lot and this is we have a long session today but again my goal with you guys is to help you feel even less stressed even less nervous even just a little bit but hopefully you walk away from today feeling amazing and feeling even more prepared than you were before okay so we're going to get rolling here so again if you see on top here that ment.com with the code it will be that same code for all of the questions that we do um and everything that we've got going on so I'm going to walk us through here actually I lied to you I forgot we have got one more question so if you are typing in your wordcloud stuff I hate to uh take you away from that but I'm G to go forward I'm sure what you had to say was amazing but I'm G to go forward okay so I want you to rank this one and again rank where you truly feel right now and then I want to see maybe how this changes at the end of our session and hopefully it's going to be just higher than you started that's our main goal we just want to be higher than we started okay again same code if you're on the screen it should just be the next question keep answering there looks like we're hovering around five so pretty average okay all right looks like it jumped down a little bit okay five all right we're hovering in the middle so our goal at the end of the session is to be even just slightly higher than five or 4.9 maybe even in the sevens the eights even anything that's a little bit higher okay not bad so we are going back to our slides here so here we are it's the day we are at the finale it's very exciting we've got a lot to do so we're going to jump right in and I'll give you kind of an overview of our format and how this will look for you guys okay we did that one all right so what we're going to do so for each unit we are going to do what we call a quick hitter so a summary as quick as we can a summary of the essential content from each unit so it will be shorter than what we did in our regular streams in previous units but we want to make sure we still give a quick summary of the most need to know topics within that unit at the end of each unit we're going to have an frq practice and so because of time we're not going to have you do all of the parts of an F frq that would take way too long but we're going to have you do a section of it just so that we can practice did my answers meet the Exemplar answer and did am I on the right track so we're going to try try a section of the frq and then we're going to look at our amazing ta Harrison he gave us a really great Exemplar example so you'll be able to compare your response to his see what I've gotten the points for it we are going to schedule in some breaks I know this is a long one don't you worry uh we'll have breaks between most of our units and and then we'll have some dos and don'ts some general tips um and some things to do on test day at the end there so we are going to just Jump Right In and we are going to start with unit one so for unit one in particular right here we there's not really a lot of F frqs that have questions that are only about unit one because the point of unit one is you are learning skills and you are building your toolkit in order to apply that to the rest of the topics that come up so all of these skills and Concepts that you're learning are going to allow you to answer the rest of the frqs and the rest of the class uh with detail and so we're not going to do an F frq for this section but we are going to practice a multiple choice at the end so to start with our unit one thinking geographically so over on the right hand side there is our five themes of geography so we've got location Place human environment interaction movement and regions so we'll be going into more detail for each of those and all of those Concepts you can apply to the rest of the class okay so let's go through some Basics so here is another activity maps maps maps I'm calling it so what types of maps do geographers use so what are some of the types of maps that come up in this class so it's the same menty code there if you're on that screen let's get a word wall going of all the different types of maps that we use in human geography okay we've got those are all lots and lots of maps so I'm seeing some people putting a projections map projections but hey I suppose you're not wrong that's a type of map you got it but we're also putting the political graduated symbol chlorop thematic isoline cogram do maath they're so many but you guys are definitely on the right track we have them all amazing so many different types of maps you are correct so back to our Maps here so all of these different types of maps so over to the right those are kind of five of the ones that come up the most so we've got our graduated symol or symbol or uh proportional the cogram isoline chloropleth and do map each of these can be used to analyze different Trends different ideas you might use some in one context and then not in another but just remembering what each of the types of maps are and again as we'll see in a moment here with our map distortions and our projections all maps can be distorted to meet whatever end that you would like to meet so I can sort of mold and interpret any map that I want depending on my agenda so it can be used both for pros and cons in um in political geography for population for people studying population I can manipulate the map to mean anything I want it to mean depending on which type of map I use okay so these this is a great chart here of our different types of projections and they're pros and cons so the projection comes from taking a two a 3D Earth and making it 2D so any way that we slice it we're going to have some sort of distortion or it's not going to look particularly accurate because it really is no accurate way to take 3D and make it 2D so looking at this chart here it' be good to remember the pro pros and cons the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three types of maps so for our top one there that one is used a mercader map is used for navigation that's the one you're probably used to seeing mostly especially in science classes and Global classes so those are our latitude and longitudes but then it gets distorted at the poles Peters the land masses are accurate but the shapes are strange especially at the poles and then the last major one that comes up there is our Robinson map no real Distortion it looks a little bit more like a globe but area shape and size are all slightly distorted so that one is usually a good map for everyday use depend on what you're using them for so it's just an overall chart there of the pros and cons of all of the types of projections again remembering that none of them are ideal none are perfect so we have our geographical data what kind of data comes up that I can analyze and use to understand what I'm looking at and maps and layers so I can use GIS or a geographical information system and for this types of data I can layer different data I could layer elevation with housing types with income with ethnicity if I want it and make some crazy map that showed me at what elevation do different ethnicities live you could do anything you can layer tons of different data and this is awesome to interpret a multi-level area or an idea our GPS a global positioning system we use just for General directions for um latitude longitude and absolute location and then lastly our remote sensing is to get larger data um and to to add remote sensing data to a GIS as well you can kind of use all of them in tandem so those are our geographical datas okay and then we've got some spatial Concepts so how can I interpret what I'm looking at what does some of these distance means and how can I uh interpret maps and these larger Concepts so our first one up there is the idea of distance decay which basically means that the farther you get away from a hearth the less something the less you are affected by something or the less it matters to you um so the farther I am away from a central idea or Trend or concept the less influence it has over me and then time space compression is sort of the opposite where it's the idea that with technology we are the ability for us to communicate quickly across the world with different ideas is decreasing so I don't have to wait a super long time to get ideas or Trends or fashion ideas or Foods thanks to technology and the internet and TV it's all coming at me really quick uh and then below there we have our absolute and relative location so two different ways of understanding a space absolute location is going to be giving me an exact Direction telling me exactly what I want one second here and then we have relative location which is going to be telling me relative to something else so I'm going to pause here for a moment we have Amanda uh the founder coming in to discuss the con the contest with you guys what's up AP Human Geo this is like one of my all-time favorite classes don't tell the other subjects I said that um but I used to teach AP human Geo so that was that was my jam uh I want to come through and say hey I know you guys are right in unit one so I don't want to disrupt too much I know you got a lot to cover before your test tomorrow but just a real quick I I'm thinking about y'all today and tomorrow I'm actually going to help a little bit in the discussion threads below any questions that you have while the stream is happening make sure to pop them in the discussion thread and I'll I'm going to be answering a few on my own too to see if I I can if I can remember the facts and so um if you need any Tech help just make sure to use the chat and not the discussion thread and one of our success folks will help you out um but more importantly I have a quick little reminder and announcement maybe if you don't know about this we're going to be actually giving away a $100 on our social media contest um and you as human geography students that are cramming tonight can enter so at some point in these five hours a long time take a little break and post about your experience on Tik Tok Twitter or Instagram you could make a meme you could show what your workspace looks like you could you know post something that is you know poking a little fun at at college board for this nonsense of the year uh whatever it is just make sure to hashtag yes we cram and with fiveable and one of our students one of our student interns that is actually going to be choosing the winner tonight so the more likes you get the the funnier it is the more we just are like that is so accurate on what the AP experience is like then we you could win and that $100 will cover essentially cover your AP exam so um that's our way of of giving you a little bit of I don't know confidence boost in that so we're really excited to see your submission so don't forget to do that before 900 pm tonight because I'm last year some of the we got some really amazing posts and our actual social interns were hired from that so if you're really good at Social this is a really good chance for you so I'm I'm going to leave it at that I'm going to let you get back to human geography and I know you got a whole bunch of units left and maybe for you this is your first AP exam maybe for many of you and so just know that no matter what the first test is always the hardest and then you get through it right like it's you're just learning what this experience is like and you've done all this work up until now and you got this you're here you're caming we got you so take a deep breath and let's get back to the gram Erica back to you I'm going to switch us here all right here we go again we left off with our spatial Concepts so we just talked about absolute and relative location remembering what each of them is and distance Decay and spacetime compression awesome job okay moving on so human environment interaction we have our two kind of theories about how humans interact with environment around them so the main difference between the two is one Theory and the older Theory there believes that the environment determines what humans do so it's the environment that starts it and humans just do their best to adapt it determines how a society will develop where this new Theory says we can actually have a little bit more interaction with our environment we're not necessarily we don't have to just just do one thing depending on where we live so we can adapt with our technology and our culture it doesn't determine exactly what's going to happen there is still a possibility of change so anything is possible so one of them again believes the environment tells you exactly what your Society is going to be like and the other one says well maybe not maybe there's still possibility and flexibility okay and our part here scales of analysis this is a big one and this comes up about what vantage point or what perspective are you viewing the question the concept the map anything like that what are we actually viewing it from and what kind of scale do I want to apply so we've got global scale and this is going to be very important with our F frq's looking at the way the question asks so depending on what the question is asking me to do I probably want to use a different scale so a global scale is for worldwide Global events I might be comparing bigger much larger regions or even continents if I'm looking at a national scale I'm probably looking at one state or one country if I'm looking at a regional scale maybe I'm zooming in a little bit looking at a particular area and then my local scale extra zoomed to look at a city or maybe even a county so so I just want to make sure I keep these in mind when I'm answering F frqs so that I am answering the question appropriately I definitely don't want to be talking about the world when a question is asking me about the local scale or vice versa so I want to make sure I'm answering the question with the way that it's actually asked and paying attention to what scale am I actually looking at okay our read which is a way of us interpreting what we are looking at and so I want to make sure on a regional analysis that I know what I'm looking at so we've got three types of regions we have our formal region functional and perceptual or vernacular depends on who you ask they kind of you could use either one and so I'm going to go to the next one here with some examples so our for Al region is going to be a region with actual formal boundaries so state lines country borders something that can actually be assessed City boundaries something like that a functional region is it has a specific function so that might be uh what electricity company you use or what watershed your water comes from TV markets your local cell prome providers I'm in New York City over over here and our big functional map or functional region is the New York City subway system so each of these Regional Maps functionally per ties back to a service or to a system and then the vernacular or the perceptual one I always think of this one as sort of the madeup one it's not actually real but it's a way that people see where they live so I'm sure you've seen the example of when people say the South and so or the Midwest we all kind of have a different version of what states actually fall in there uh it could also be like a sports team so Milwaukee it's like I don't know Packer country my brother lives in Milwaukee I went to school there so I understand Packer country but that could be vernacular or perceptual those are our regions and again this gives us a different scale of analysis to apply to a different question so if I'm looking at a formal fun function or vernacular region that would change the way that I'm answering a question all right we are going to do some multiple choice practice because like I had mentioned there isn't that many frqs that are specifically unit one so we're going to do about five of them I'm going to go over here one at a time so we are going to get started here once this loads for us whoa all of you guys are playing it assigned cute little characters to you apparently my Internet is slow okay what map would have the smallest scale so look at your phone or look at your uh computer there so what map has the smallest scale okay the results must pop up when the time is done because otherwise it looks like no one answered but I highly doubt that no one's answering so I guess we'll see in 34 seconds what this looks like what map would have the smallest scale so remember with scale if you haven't answered already that the smallest scale is the opposite amount of space so small scale large area large area small scale so if you haven't already answered that might have been a good clue World exactly you guys oh continent I didn't even see it oh my gosh what a sneaky little one it's supposed to be world but continent just snuck up on there well ignore that you guys are right with world I chose the wrong correct answer well 84 of you are correct you are right it's world so the larger the amount of area being covered the smaller the scale so ignore that continent I don't even know why I put that on there all right next question two perceptual region is another term for a probably didn't need a minute for this one because you definitely know the answer but hey you got a lot of time to give us the right answer oh we are right on schedule so we are going to wait those 23 seconds out maybe someone is thinking very hard for this one but it's okay we're good to go so far crossing my fingers I didn't mess this one up I clearly can't be trusted whoa we got about almost 500 answers it's amazing yes all right and I didn't mess that one up pH and 420 of us got that one right awesome job so perceptual and vernacular same idea okay hopefully question three is a good amount of time so which Globe projection is pictured so of the main ones that we talked about perhaps or maybe even a other one that I didn't explicitly explain which one is that we also gave you lots of time for these questions I'm realizing oh well we are figuring out our answers unit two and three are much longer anyway okay 23 seconds what type of projection is that and so you're looking for do I notice any Distortion is there anything on there that might give me a clue about what type of map or projection I am looking at depending on the shape the size the distortion Gail Peters that's a sneaky one there maybe put that one in the comments that one was a little bit tricky because we did not talk about that one it's kind of a trick there an unintentional trick it's because I didn't mention it I just wanted to make sure I did talk about it even one time that would be a good one for the chat if you're having that on the website there we can explain what that one is which of the following is not true about scale okay this one is a good amount of time because we have 53 seconds left which one is not true 30 seconds I see so many answers coming in amazing 10 seconds yes okay okay so again large scale is a small area so this is not true because a large scale map would cover a small amount of space so a city or a county a map that covers a globe or the world would be a small scale all right okay we have two more multiple choice for unit one the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting I meant to say Planet not plant I would imagine you knew that who knows maybe there's a floating plant in outer space Let's ignore that or another longdistance method so what is that called the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or another longdistance method now I'm picturing like a fern or some sort of flower just orbiting the Earth okay 15 seconds remote sensing yes that is the one that we that is using satellite data to then send some of that information back to be used by some of the other services specifically like the gis okay all righty last one here what type of map is shown below what type of map is that we've got dot distribution chloropleth graduated symbol isoline and topographic 15 seconds looks like we got up almost 500 people responding that's amazing I don't know what these percentages are I wonder but it's showing us something yes we know our chlorop plet Maps great job that's the one with the different kind of gradients of color awesome okay we are back so we already did unit one we're already on two time is flying uh so so we're not going to have a break for this one because unit one was a little bit shorter but we will have a break in between units 2 and three all right so we are going to be talking about population and migration because both of those topics are technically under unit two so population and migration all right so our first one just because this concept comes up a lot is different types of densities and how I can analyze the population density at different scales at different levels depending on what I'm looking for so we have agricultural ones looking at Farmers we have the idea of aable land and the division of the amount of people divided by the amount of land that's actually available to grow food on so this does connect to the agriculture unit a little bit later on but this is also just kind of a tool for us to analyze different things within population so we've got just the general arithm density that top one is also known as arithmatic or arhythmic density where it's just the number of people divided by the square footage of the country then we have the one where it is the amount of people divided by the arable land and then just the amount of farmers per Farmland so each of these is going to give us different information we can use each of them to analyze different Trends and it can tell us interesting things depending on which one we're looking at so a country might have a high agricultural density but a low um arithmetic density or something like that and those could mean very different things so these are just some scales and some tools that we'll use to go forward all right one of the other main ideas in the beginning of our population unit is the idea of carrying capacity which connects to matys which we'll talk about a little bit later the idea that there might be a Tipping Point for the Earth itself that there might be a time where our natural resources and the way that we use our environment is going to overtake the population and so this idea of caring capacity is how much that we think the Earth can support and how much that our planet can support us so we've got po time with population size and up top there is what they believe our caring capacity is and if our population is growing at the rate it was growing we would have reached this sort of by now but you can still see we're very close Okay so next is our our we know them we love them it's our population pyramids you have seen these a million times and so what we're going to be talking about briefly is knowing what to look for when I look at a population pyramid of course I could just read the actual Little Numbers there and I can look at the data but I want to be able to recognize what is going on with the country just by glancing at the shape of our population pyramid so I want to notice if it's more rectangular shaped what does that mean or if it's kind of like that chart number four there where it's wider on the top versus the bottom what do these things mean and we also want to thinking about um kind of abnormalities I guess you'd call it so what could I understand about a location if it looks like chart six does down there where there's a huge amount of males in a specific age group what could that tell me about what that city is like or what that country is like what might be going on in that area just by glancing at the shape and so we know our population pyramids in a very basic way show us the age structure and sex ratio at a different region depending on what I'm looking at and I can look at it as a country or even as a city and I can also see several years of data like you're seeing in the image there so I can look at how one has changed over time and predict what stage of the GTM model it's in and what just might be coming next in terms of population growth for that country so we're going to look here at the shapes so we can start recognizing what is going on for each shape so we have all the way from growing rapid growth to Growing to slow growth to almost stagnant or no growth um and again you'll see in a second here this links very clearly to the DTM models so stage one population pyramid looks like a traditional pyramid more of a triangle where it's widening on the bottom a very young population growing pretty rapid ly stage two very traditionally triangular still rapid growth stage three the growth is declining a little bit it gets more sort of rectangular I guess you'd say and stage four you can actually start to see it kind of Bend IN along the bottom which is where the younger or youth population is and this could this could be stable growth or even kind of negative growth and if this kept going longer I'd imagine stage five if we believe that is or is not a stage would probably look even more uh narrow at the bottom and wider on the top and those are the general shapes of course there's always a lot of anomaly anomalies especially within the sex ratios but these are the general shapes okay so again here are some examples of what rapid growth slow growth and negative growth could look like we're seeing the Triangular shape versus the kind of rectangle versus the one where it's a little bit wider on the top kind of the in it's starting to somewhat look like an inverted triangle and again just by glancing at that I can sort of tell what the growth rate is going to be for that country regardless of what country it is okay so here is some of our population data this unit has so many acronyms so remembering what is what and how you calculate each one of them is important I'm sure you can figure out all of the acronyms but there is a lot of them so I would say that the we have the nir so the natural increase rate and we're going to look at the DTM model in a second to look at those factors depending on what stage you're in we have the crude birth rate death rate population doubling time our fertility rate infant mortality and the dependency ratio and so all of these variables and indicators can tell us so much about what's going on in the country it can indicate levels of development it can indicate levels of gender and female empowerment um education yeah uh industry job so many things we can figure out by looking at some of these numbers Health Care sanitation these can all tell us something so these are our indicators for population and here is our classic we do we know and we love it we do this is our classic DTM model so again stage five depending on who you talk to might be kind of a maybe or a question mark but you do see it sometimes listed on the chart for the most part on the test I probably unless it explicitly talks about stage five I probably wouldn't put that as an answer because I don't think it's officially recognized by all parts so I would not answer with the stage five unless it's specifically talked about um but it is hypothetical or theoretical at this point uh and so knowing just the major changes in between each stage so we know what is going on at each stage is what you'll kind of want to remember from this chart by no means do you need to memorize all of the data or the countries but what is important is to remember how does one go from one stage to the next so looking at stage one what made countries go from stage one to stage two the Industrial Revolution why did we go from stage two to stage three education of women and so knowing what is going on in each stage but also how did we change stages and lastly we do want to remember that there are no countries in stage one so we're never going to be talking about stage one unless it's hypothetical and we're not really talking about stage five unless it's also hypothetical so knowing where is our natural increase Rising birth rate and death rate those are the three lines on my chart the blue one population we've got the death rate and the birth rate I'm sure you've seen this chart a million times but would be the things I would say to remember and lastly to keep looking at it but slightly different angle is our etm model so this one looks at the diseases and the causes of death that are going on at each stage of the DTM so they're very linked to what's going on in the other model the main difference here is that as people live longer they get different typ types of diseases that only come from when you're older so stage four there where we have a very high life expectancy I have people getting diseases like Alzheimer's and Dementia that we really only have uh if you're older stage one then in the reverse they are getting diseases that come from lack of Sanitation sort of same with stage two stage three people are living a little bit longer so we're getting kind of middle of the road versus delayed degenerative so I always think the etm model has a lot more to do with life expectancy the older you are the different types of diseases your country would have and then again stage five isn't really a thing but if it was could be a super germ who knows all right so uh next is we have our friend matys and his theories about overpopulation um and so if we remember his main idea is that there will reach a time where the population is going to outweigh the speed of food production so if you look at the graph there over there on the right we can see that the population is at some point going to outpace what math thought is the ability to produce food he thought one was algebraic and one was uh geometric and he thought at that critical point which is circle there that that would kind of spell chaos for Humanity and War and famine Etc um but a big thing too to remember is that he did have this Theory a very long time ago so he could not have predicted even fertilizer or agricultural technology or GMOs or the way that we distribute food all of these things he could have never really predicted so the critics of matis say our food production is actually keeping Pace with our population so we're g to be fine um and is the critic say even if we keep amending what we do and we're getting better better at making food it's still never going to catch up to our population growth so who knows I guess time will tell okay so some of our population policies so depending on what a country is looking to achieve uh and this has a lot to do with those population pyramids to some extent so if a country has is a traditional pyramid shape they already have a very high population growth they mo they might want to slow it down so they might be using what we call anti-natalist policies which is to slow population growth if a country wants to encourage more population growth they'd be using pratal policies and these would be some of our aging or our graying countries that are wider on the top that might want to encourage population growth uh and so to do either of these policies you can use economic measures you might either uh penalize population birth or or you could incentivize it money always works um tax breaks even providing either free daycare if you want to encourage population growth make it easier for people to have children uh longer maternity and paternity leave uh and then kind of the reverse if you're trying to slow the growth rate down uh and we know our popular example that does come up a lot in this class is the China uh the China one child policy and we're seeing sort of the long longterm effects of how that policy has kind of came out in action and our last part here for well not last part but the other additional angle for demographic change and population growth is women so long story short the more educated women are with sexual education and birth control and Family Planning resources the less children that they usually have and so that is obvious then when we start to look at population pyramids the growth rate could significantly shrink if the women education is increasing and so we've seen reduced fertility rates in many parts of the world in tandom with increased education and employment and healthare okay so uh our last little part of population here is looking at some of the kind of effects of these aging populations so these would be the pyramids where it is wider on top kind of the reverse triangle situation so these are some of the consequences of an aging population so we have some social consequences economic and political one of the big ones we see economically is a higher dependency ratio meaning the burden Falls even more so on the working age population and it strains the system and the resources of that country uh and so when we think about aging populations the countries that somewhat come to mind we do have the US it's not as aging as others but we have Japan Russia and Germany those usually come up when we're talking about these kind of graying or aging populations okay so now we're going to look at migration which is part of this unit two goes with our population so looking at who is moving why are they moving and how might that also change and influence what these population pyramids are and what the growth rate of a country might be so here are some of our causes of migration and I have it listed there cultural demographic e economic environmental and political lots of reasons why someone might migrate uh and we'll talk here in a second about the idea of the push pole factors and so we know a push factor is a influence that causes someone to leave their country so what is going to push me out of my country and a pull factor is what's going to attract me to another country so push and pull factors and all of these different factors cultural and economic environmental political those can all be both a push and a pull depending on what you're looking at so we can have one economic push that could be another country's economic pull just depends on what they're looking at okay so types of migration we'll look at here so this is a chart of all of the different types of migrations and types of movements that a person can do within countries and also internationally so we have our transnational which is movement across International borders and within that we can see if it's regional or internal or external internal is where I'm moving within a country so I'm not necessarily going to another country but I am moving maybe Urban to rural which you'll see later chain migration when you are kind of following a chain of people that have already moved perhaps so my grandma my grandparents move and then I move because they're already there and then my uncle moves because we're already there and we're all kind of connected uh the step migration kind of just like it sounds people are moving in stages or in steps now we've got rural urban transhumance and we have the guest workers so a person with temporary permission to work in another country and so all of these movements can be reflected in population pyramids and we can see countries for example with a large amount of guest workers their population pyramid can be kind of skewed especially if it's in a specific city as guest workers are normally younger and male so if I'm looking at a population pyramid it might look like there is a very strange amount of male 20s something just in this town and that can usually be a result of guest workers or something like that all right okay next we will look at some of the laws of migration so who moves and why do they move and what are some of the rules that we can use to figure out who is coming and who is going so here are some of our laws Mo the biggest one most migrants only go a short distance so there's this idea that migrants are largely from another country but that's not actually true most migrants migrate internally most migrants are going to larger cities or big cities I'm sorry especially if you've been traveling internationally you're going to end up at a larger City most migrants are adults families it's just more complicated to move and most in international migrants are young males these are just some laws or some kind of characteristics of who is migrating right we will look at some of consequences or effects of migrations and some of the historical causes of migrations so one of the effects of migration right there is the brain drain so the idea that the most educated um and most skilled people and workers are leaving the countries you can see over in that somewhat blurry map there uh kind of the exchange that people are moving and coming and going and where the people are coming from so you can look sort of in the US over there uh on the right and you can see where are people coming from who are our Mo who are our main migrants um and then we are look at the next one here about what are some historical migrations or recent migrations and the waves of immigration in the us as well okay so these are some of our historical and recent migration streams um we have all of those waves of immigration on the second kind of line there and who was coming and where they were coming from and then we can kind of see how that has changed throughout the years from the 1700s to the late 1900s all right okay so we are going to do our first frq here our least first portion of an frq here we go so we are going to be looking at this big long frq question and so we are only going to be answering question D and I'm going to put that up here on my screen in a moment because we certainly don't have time to go through a b c and d however I do have on our slides I am going to have the frq examples and for if you wanted to do the rest of the questions so if you somehow had time and you wanted to try and answer the other ones or if you are watching this on replay and you want to take a minute and try each question we will have a rubric and some sample responses for all of those after we're done here but we are explicitly going to work on D and then you are going to compare your answer to our wonderful ta Harrison's answer an Exemplar answer so you can see am I on the right track did I put the right stuff so I'm going to go to our next slide here um and again that is the code as always and I'm going to set our timer you'll notice you do not have a lot of time um unfortunately we don't have a lot of time in general for these we actually are somewhat ahead of schedules so I might be able to give you a smidge more than 3 minutes but we'll see how our progress is so we have that up on the mometer now I'm going to start our timer I may scoot it back a little bit though as we're working we'll see okay and as people start to answer you'll be able to scroll to see all of the people's answers as they come again there is so many of you that I wish I could give you feedback on every single answer you're writing but we would be here all day possibly forever but we will show you again an example response so that you can see at least for yourself did I answer appropriately you can also see there at the bottom of the slide because we haven't talked about diffusion yet I'm sure you've learned about it in class but we haven't explicitly talked about it right here so I did put the definition right at the bottom of the screen there in case you just didn't remember what that meant so our question explain the degree to which demographic patterns shown in the pyramid may result in relocation diffusion of cultural ideas and practices on mometer I did attach the pyramid itself so you should be able to see it again there are so many answers that I wish I could go through each one of these and tell you how brilliant and amazing you all are but alas we do not have time for that put it back over here so got about 53 seconds I know that felt so short okay about 22 seconds there give it your best answer and then we will look at Harrison's response try and pause it before it makes probably a really really loud sound pause okay I don't want to hear it okay so I see so many answers here so over 200 so I'm going to leave this one up as you are answering so if you really just want to try it again you want to get your answer in there but I am going to go over the results here or the kind of example that Harrison gave us so oops no not a break don't get excited we're almost there though so close Okay so this is an example response from Harrison our wonderful ta I'm sure you've seen him all over Discord and in the other streams so our question again is to explain the degree to which demographic pattern shown in the pyramid may result in relocation diffusion of cultural ideas and practices so he said many new male immigrants May introduce their own culture through relocation diffusion into new restaurants so he's giving an example we see this commonly in places like South Texas where there are many locally owned Mexican style restaurants opened by single immigrants that have moved from Central America to the US to the US in search of more economic opportunities these restaurants would clearly change the cultural practices of the area since there would be since there will they will become the new culinary culture there so he did a great thing here and he included a really specific example examples are always what you want to include that's awesome but again you could have said so many other things that it's hard to give you an exact rubric of what you should and shouldn't have said because there's so many different examples that you could have mentioned but what you definitely wanted to mention was is relocation diffusion and exactly how that happens so we know relocation diffusion is from people moving relocating so you wanted to make that clear that this diffusion is because people have moved from one country to another which Harrison mentioned there when he talked about Central America to the US he also made sure to talk about cultural ideas so in this case he talked about food which is a big part of culture and he connected all of that together there so that's an awesome answer Harrison so we do have on the slides uh that if you want to look at later we do have examples of answers for all the parts of those F frqs but we just don't really have time to go over all of them now but they are there if you wanted to read go through the slides and try some of those questions for yourself but we are officially here though to your lovely break we have a 5 minute break it's almost exactly 6 little before so we will see we will come back here at maybe 6:03 and let's get some very calm five minute music maybe get some water get a snack and we will start again for for for for for for for okay we are back hopefully you got a snack some water just moved around moved your legs anything like that so we are back and we're going to jump in here to unit three culture oops oh yeah so these are the other F frqs I'm not going to really pait those but you do have access to the slide so if you go back through that and you want to see if you try the other questions and you want to check your answers you can do that with the attached slides so unit three here so there is a lot going on in culture um but some of our main terms to start um we want to just know what is culture so we've got shared practices attitudes and behavior in society got a cultural trait and a hearth The Hearth comes up a lot so the Hearth is what we call the origin of something so it could be the origin of an idea a trend a practice an innovation so we're going to be looking at how what these hearts are and what kind of diffusions that they've had throughout the world and how do ideas and Trends and religions and languages how do those spread okay so here are some different attitudes towards cultural difference so we have relativism the idea that a person's beliefs should be understood based on their own culture so this would be through your own personal lens and through your own perspective versus where um the evaluation of another person's culture should be based on that person's own culture so all the way around I'm sorry so ethnocentrism is that I might view something through a lens of my own culture relativism is I want to use somebody else's culture to view their habits and customs and ideas so I just want to be aware of my own lens to make sure that I have the appropriate attitude to look at cultural differences okay so here is another handy chart for us to remember the difference between pop and folk culture this does come up up a lot about the different ways they spread the characteristics uh and the origins so we can see for pop culture pop culture is usually large heterogeneous societies they share habits despite lots of differences the origins of pop culture is mostly in mdc's and they diffuse rapidly thanks to technology for our folk culture we've got small homogeneous groups isolated a very shared custom some of the origins of Pop of folk culture are sometimes Anonymous unidentified and usually in ldcs and these diffuse via relocation diffusion so very slowly from one person relocating to another location and taking their culture with them so again pop verse FK culture okay going to look here at the cultural landscapes which is the combination of physical and societal features that Define a location that chart there is of housing types which is one part of the cultural landscape so those are housing types in the US you can see the dates along the bottom and how our housing types have changed that is just an example of what a cultural landscape is it is also often um religious institutions industry agriculture just general architecture spaces so how does uh the physical environment mix with the cultural environment and how does that shape how I view a location okay okay so some of the patterns that we see in culture cult uh is we see that language ethnicity and religion which are all parts of culture can create certain factors that can kind of unite a country or divide the country centripedal centrifugal so we are looking at some of these forces and the way that they mix can create things that unite a country so shared Customs shared ethnicities shared languages it can also then divide the country if you have a multi-ethnic country that can sometimes unite a country it can sometimes divide a country so these factors can unite or push a country apart depending on how that country handles those differences okay so now we'll finally get to types of diffusion so if we didn't know what relocation diffusion was before we will now so here is a good flowchart I made of remembering the differences between the two so under expansion diffusion there are three different types so with expansion diffusion it spreads on its own and it can spread those series of ways with relocation diffusion someone actually has to relocate and to take it with them so for my expansion diffusion I've got three different types I've got contagious where it would spread rapidly an idea um a trait and Innovation spread rapidly over an equal area so everyone would be affected by it it doesn't choose certain cities or certain people everyone could be influenced by an idea or a concept that spread contagiously uh and I know the word contagious makes us think of like actual things that are contagious like illnesses but there's lots of other things that can be spread contagiously so uh trends fashion movements music um even like vocabulary can spread contagiously depending on how quickly we are to adapt it and the way that it spreads um the second one there is a spread of an idea from people or places of power so this is the kind of idea where things can spread Leap Frog style where maybe they go from large city to large city and then maybe from those large cities to medium cities and it's kind of leapfrogging or jumping over other areas so it still spreads rapidly but it's not going to spread to everyone equally so it's different than contagious in that it isn't kind of equal opportunity and then our last one there is stimulus so it's the idea that we take something and it slightly change in order for it to be adapted I kind of um modify it to fit my environment I I think the example that I'm sure you guys always see is the McDonald's one where um the McDonald's in India has veggie burgers because they don't sell beef so it's taking the general idea and changing it to modify it for my population so those are all our types of diffusion and remembering that there are three types of technically expansion diffusion and then just one of relocation all right so we'll look at some of the historical causes of diffusion so why things have diffused historically colonialism imperialism and trade so with colonialism the policy or practice of acquiring political control occupying it and exploiting it so things just naturally diffused this way when you take over another country country and bring it settle is with you and or you occupy it uh imperialism policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy or military action again you're still going to have a lot of interaction if you took over a country and then just general trade so the more that you interact and exchange ideas and goods you end up sharing cultural traits as well and ideas and characteristics end up diffusing over time okay uh so these are historical causes of diffusion some contemporary causes or kind of what is creating diffusion now is much more based in technology and media and social relationships so uh this is all just diffusing way faster and so we are globalizing at a much rapid at a more rapid pace and that's largely thanks to media and technology so that connects back to that time space convergence idea where we're able to exchange ideas and goods way quicker thanks to the internet and to communication Technologies So within culture we know that within culture we have religion and language so we will look at the diffusion of religion and language here is my language tree the that we see in our textbooks a lot looking at the diffusion of different types of languages uh I just have labeled there kind of how to read those language families in this language chart looking at the family versus the branch versus the group versus the language it would be good to remember kind of what some of the larger branches are and the larger families where English Falls where Mandarin Falls Etc um and then looking at how some of these languages are linked to each other and how these languages are connected okay I have a crazy detailed and very small but it would be really great to screenshot I know this is intense even putting this up I bet everyone just heavy side I can feel the heavy sigh from here but it does have everything on one chart so there's that so looking at the diffusion of religion we've got all of our major religions I we have the type is it ethnic or Universal universalizing we have the Hearth so where did it come from and how did it spread we've got our areas of the world so where are the majority of the followers of this religion our major branches the name for their religious centers or sacred spaces is core beliefs as well as holy books so like I said I know it's a lot but again it is just all on one page which does seem nice at the end of the day to have it all on one page okay all right so we have another handy chart coming but I'm going to leave this one up here for a moment again this would be I know you have access to the slides but might be a good one to screenshot or take a picture of and our last part here is effects of diffusion so when people and ideas and languages in particular are diffusing or cultural ideas are diffusing how do they mix with each other so we'll look at the idea of acculturation assimilation multiculturalism Etc okay I'm going to go past this slide this glorious text Heavy slide okay so our last part here is these are the ways that ideas and languages can diffuse and kind of the end result so you'll see in that second column there we have the primary culture and the secondary culture so for example uh in assimilation I have the primary culture mixing with the secondary culture but the end result is still just the primary kind of you're forcing people to adapt to the primary culture the secondary culture is basically lost and then you can see in the other examples there we have the second one down a culturation where we have two cultures being there at the same time we have the third one where both of those cultures mix and you end up with a third one cool one uh and then we have multiculture cism where everybody's culture remains intact freely existing with each other and interacting so all of these can happen when we mix cultures and ideas and religions and all of those things there okay so we are going to work on our next frq here and so this one like all of our frqs is multidisciplinary so you'll see that what it's asking me is technically part of another unit but the portion that you're answering has a lot more to do with culture so if we look at our question here it says in the 1900s 1900s sorry 1990s I can't speak the central business and residential districts of the cities in the United States became the focus of a revitalization process discuss how each of each of the following has contributed to the revitalization process and so we aren answering a b and c because we haven't really reviewed those yet I guess we have B but we are going to be talking about a sense of place which I'm going to put up the definition on the next slide but what you're really thinking about here is how does revitalizing a central B Central business district or a downtown how can that contribute to a sense of place or how does the community and the cultur of an area Aid in this revitalization process of a downtown or a central business district so if you look at the definition there of the a sense of place a sense of place is the identity or the culture of a location and a people who live there so this one feels a little bit like takes a minute to think about how you actually want to answer this so this one will be a little bit of a challenge I might give end up giving you a couple more minutes but let's see if we can figure out how should I even answer this question question what does it kind of want from me so I'm going to start a timer um but then I might add a few more seconds here and there and I'm going to go over to oh says I have to reload hold on I think it was just too many responses all at once so it did not like it over here but I'm going to reload this so I should probably stop my timer okay it's loading I don't think it likes all of our responses it was too much for it okay trying to get down here to the menu it did not like all of the those responses but we here we go okay so discuss how sense of place has contributed to the revitalization process of the Central Business districts and residential districts in the recent decades so now I'm going to kind of restart our timer and again this one might take you a second here to think about how should I start this question how should I even be answering this w we get rolling [Music] for for so again this one is a little hard to know where to start if you're kind of struggling with like what do I even say I I get you this is a hard one start and to give you just a tiny bit more time I'm just going to slide it back give you extra like minute if you're just not sure where exactly you should start and then we will look at some good examples for all right 182 of you though are answering it so you guys knew where to start okay for [Music] yeah we're commenting there's a lot of Sirin here we're we're seeing the central business district over here and I'm noticing my sense of place in New York here it's full of sirens I could write about that look like about 21 seconds whoa 293 of you have figured out a way to answer this one which is very tough question so that's amazing 10 seconds okay I'm going to pause it before we get another siren we already have too many sirens all right so I think this one was particularly challenging if you felt very stumped on kind of where to start the phrasing of this one feels difficult but I think but what they actually want you to say will make sense once you see Harrison's example and some of the other examples uh but it is kind of hard to know where to start and like how to connect all of these ideas so again we're looking at how does a sense of place contribute to the revitalization of a central business district or a downtown and so let's look at Harrison's response here so he said with the revitalization of many decaying Urban CBD areas came improvements in sense of place for many residents in places like Detroit which have been largely old industrial centers new businesses like art galleries and theaters brought way to new emotions associated with people living in or visiting these neighborhoods the lifestyle of residents in these neighborhoods changed greatly with the addition of the new vibe to their neighborhoods so we're connecting parts of culture like he mentioned art galleries and theater to a revitalized area he also did a great example of mentioning a specific example he specifically said Detroit so if I was answering this question I don't want to just talk in generalities I want to actually use an example and Detroit is a great one whose downtown has been revitalized I could use a lot of those major cities in the old R belts like um Cleveland I don't know why I can't think of any other cities in the Rust Belt right now but any of those sort of Midwestern larger cities that used to be a lot more energetic and full of life and have uh in recently kind of of shrunk in people living there and are now trying to be brought back to life so Harrison mentioned a city and he also mentioned specific parts of culture so the art galleries and the theaters in the little bubble down below I also mentioned some other things you could have said so historic character Nostalgia museums you could have mentioned something about food I was thinking maybe local Cuisine bringing back traditional restaurants sports venues Leisure Lifestyle diversity Community Pride anything that really has to do with culture you're mentioning how that could be used to revitalize a decaying downtown doing your best as possible to mention a specific location all right so that was a great answer there we are moving on we are flying you guys and we are going to be after these again these other examples if you wanted to answer the rest of the frq these will be here on the slides for you if you just wanted to give it a whirl uh and see what you'd get those will be on the slides later if you want to try but we are on another break so go take a moment take another lap get some food get a drink and we will see you in five minutes for e [Music] [Music] [Music] so [Music] [Music] [Music] okay and we are back all right we are back from break um just a couple notes for things kind of happening on the outside there for our Q&A I know our Tas are working really hard to answer all of your I'm sure amazing questions um but obviously there are lots of you and lots of questions and only so many of them so if we could really try and keep our questions in the Q&A about the specific thing we're talking about or at least that unit it might help them Focus their answers so that they're getting back to you and answering things that are relevant to what's going on at the moment so if we could just try and keep our comments to specifically within that unit or that topic I think it would help out everybody you could probably get your question answered a little bit quicker as well all right so we are going to jump in here for political geography so our unit four let's do this all right so we are going to be looking at politics and how political and economic and cultural changes can challenge how we view States the structure of a country the structure of States we'll look at political boundaries and the government governmental power structures and how a government might be organized um and then we'll also look at balances of power and conflict within the global political atmosphere as well so now again our Q&A let's try and focus as best we can for with political geography questions so that they're a little bit able to Target your questions to specifically what's being asked and maybe it will be a little bit more relevant to you if we ask about unit four only okay so here's some basic terms that are always kind of Mis jumbled and we use them interchangeably and it gets very confusing um so our first one there is what is a and how is that different than a nation state or a state so a nation is a group of people unified by culture and history usually attached to a Homeland so there can be a nation of people without a specific formal boundary this ties much more to a cultural shared history we also have a nation state which is sort of in the middle of that V diagram there but let's go to State first so state is otherwise known as country so we are of course one of the few places that just chooses to make it more confusing but to the rest of the world a state means a country we of course don't use the term like that but when we're answering questions especially about any International location period an AP Human Geography it's best to just use the word State because that is what is internationally recognized as the term for what you are probably talking about so again state does mean country but the rest of the world uses the term state so we should to so a state a group of people with a sovereign government with boundaries internationally recognized so not only is it a group of people but it's a sovereign and independent government with formal recognized boundaries that are recognized internationally there isn't a debate about where the boundaries start and stop or if it's part of another country everyone agrees this is a state all on its own and then in the middle or kind of the overlap is what we call nation states so this is both a state that is comprised of only one nation so if nation is more about a group of people or a group of shared culture a nation state would be a formal recognized place where they live where where it's everybody of only one type of culture or one type of History um so some of the examples that we always see is Japan and Iceland and they're largely Nation sh States because of isolation so if you don't have a lot of people coming and going or you have a history of isolation who ends up living there usually is a little bit more homogeneous than some of the other countries and then some of the examples we usually see for Nations the Kurds and the cians the Kurds not having an exact Homeland um and cians as well and then for any of the state examples those again are just the internationally recognized states countries of the world okay so power and territoriality so we have how do countries gain and occupy and maintain their power so we have colonialism occupying another country acquiring political control imperialism extending your power and influence through diplomacy or military force and neocolonialism the use of economic political and other pressures to control or influence other countries so these are historically ways that we have been able to maintain power and control over different territories uh the other two terms there these are just things that come up is the idea of a shatter belt and a choke point uh our shatter belts are regions caught in between colliding cultural forces so they're just kind of that probably not chosen buffer zone in between two fighting Nations so eastern and western Europe and the Russian forces everybody kind of just being stuck in the middle North and South Korea caught in between the Chinese and the US forces so these are areas or locations where there is a clash of cultural and political forces with the region kind of caught in the middle and then we have our choke points which is a geographical feature like um the Panama Canal or a straight or a valley that is a critical point for trade or combat so if that is blocked or something happens to it it's going to hold up trade um just general movement and possibly even military action okay so let's look at some boundaries and how they are drawn and kind of the history of the different types of boundaries so we can see here we have lots of different boundaries some reflect the culture of an area some are much more geometric some are because of the physical landscape there might just be a mountain and so your country's boundaries just go around the mountain um others are drawn particularly to try and divide up a religion or a language so like what happened in India and Pakistan and then we have the superimposed boundaries down at the bottom there that usually comes up in relation to Africa and how those boundaries of those countries were drawn in the Berlin Conference without any real input from any of the African countries and they were drawn in a way that did not attend to the cultural needs of the country and has resulted in a lot of conflict and then we have Relic boundaries for example like the Berlin Wall it's not really used anymore but it is an example of what used to be there okay those are our different types of boundaries [Music] so some International boundaries and some topics that come up with International boundaries the main one is Jerry mandering and redlining is another one so the idea of how we can manipulate and interpret our own internal boundaries to kind of affect voting results and candidacy and electoral results and Congress seats and all of the above um and so in the issues with J mandering are redlining are all a result of a certain group trying to influence the way that either housing is done or voting results uh how those results are done based on how we manipulate these lines in these boundaries so um gerrymandering and redistricting and voting districts that often comes with um local elections and then we have redlining which has to more to do with housing okay so we have another chart coming up of some of the state shapes and things that come up with the different types of states and their shapes so here are all of our different state shapes and they're pros and cons and also some examples so especially for the perforated ones and the fragmented it usually seems to be the same examples that come up so knowing perhaps those examples might be helpful and then somewhat of the pros and the cons of each type of State shape and so we have everything from compact to landlocked and everything in between so this might be again another good chart to take a snapshot of Okay so next we're going to look at the governmental systems that a country can have whether they're set up unitary or federal so here is a handy flowchart to tell which is which so these are two different forms of government so you can ask yourself in the beginning does this country or state probably should say state but does it have subunits so is it divided into other regions or into what we call States um if it is do those subunits have power on their own so in our case our each of our states have power and then if that's a yes and it would be Federal which like we are or you could follow the no line to lead you to the other type so these two types of governments really just divide along the lines of whether the power is centralized and it's kept within this main power structure or it's dispersed to local governments and local power centers all right okay we are going to look at De Evolution and some things that can lead factors that can lead to the de evolution of States as well as some of the Central and centrifugal forces so some factors that Canad lead to De Evolution including the division of groups by physical geography ethnic separatism ethnic cleansing terrorism genocide so these are things that can happen when a state devolves so we have again ethnic cleansings ethnic separatism genocides also terrorism and um social problems and economic problems as well that can divide a country all right and lastly we will look at here another one of our charts about what are some factors in terms of political geography that might cause a country to unite or a country to divide Central pedal forces pull a country together and Unite a country and centrifugal forces pull apart a country it can lead to uneven development and all these kind of issues so politically a strong national identity is going to unite a country and pull them together politically failed States conflicts and balkanization which is these countries breaking down into smaller countries can definitely um lead to conflict and a country not feel feeling very United pushing it apart economically equal development leads to uniting a country each part of the country feels supported sorry I should be saying State I gotta catch myself every time sorry um and then economically some forces that might push a state apart is uneven development so our examples in North and South Korea they have very different levels of development and resources quality of life that is not going to make the people in those countries or States sorry feel very United and together it's going to really highlight the Stark differences between where they live and where other people in their State live and then some cultural forces that could bring your state together we have cohesion trust respect and just having a shared linguistic religious and ethnic similar so all of these common bonds can unite a country things that can push a country apart stateless Nations or people who do not feel like they have a home country and feel sort of like foreigners within the place that they are they don't have their own Sovereign recognized area um and also just general ethnic movements can cause conflict and push a state apart all righty so let's look here at one of our frqs okay um and so for this one before we get started just as a reminder I've been mentioning the examples that we want to be including um so we definitely want to include an example with an explain verb and with a describe verb if I have time but if the question so for example if it does not specif specifically tell me to include an example or if it is an identify or an analyze verb I don't always have to add an example if I have time it certainly can't hurt um but I only really have to make sure that I have an example if an if if it is an explain question or a describe question so in this case we are going to be looking at C in particular and so our prompt here is the modern State system is engaged in a struggle between the forces of super nationalism and de Evolution so we're only be looking at C with reference to the political and economic geography of Europe briefly briefly discuss one change resulting from De Evolution okay and let me see if I can change this one without it freak freaking out on me Yep looks like it's good oh NOP there we go so this is our question here with reference to political and economic geography of Europe so not surprisingly make sure you mention Europe briefly discuss one change resulting from De Evolution we are going to start our timer okay for oops I think we were like halfway through oh great lots of great answers are coming in for okay looks like about a minute so you're only discussing one change so we should be able to do this one pretty quickly for okay about 10 seconds oops I keep going back well about the timer was probably done all right so let's wrap up our answers here and then we will look at Harrison's example and see what we like some of the things we could have mentioned all right okay so again our question is with reference to the political and economic geography of Europe briefly discuss one change resulting from De Evolution so he said a change resulting from De evolution in Europe in terms of politics has been Regional terrorist groups looking for autonomy in The Basque region of Spain the terrorist group ETA uses fear to scare residents and try to convince government leaders to fight for regional autonomy this Liberation movement has been seen around Europe and encourage deol de evolutionary forces across the continent and even just in the state of Spain since it began in the late 1990s okay so he is definitely talking about Europe he even was more specific and gave us an exact example looking at the Basque region of Spain he named the group that caused the change which is another amazing use of an example um and he made sure to mention how this terrorist group changed the geography of Europe so this terrorist group that seemed to have cropped up since some de evolutionary forces in the 90s it seems to have shaped current day Spain and the Basque region of Spain by scaring residents pushing for autonomy and this kind of Liberation movement so he included lots of great things in his answer uh so once again you could have included so many other things I can't even have imagined I'm sure they're all equally wonderful and fantastic but if you included at least a mention of a few examples and you connected the two then I think that'll be a great answer but Harrison is super amazing because it's just an Exemplar so if yours was anywhere near it I'm sure it is incredible okay so political geography that's a wrap on that here again is the some of the other example questions and their rubrics and their examples if you wanted to try these at a later date to see if you could answer these correctly more power to you so that is for a b and c and we have another five minute break and we are actually going to trade off people so I will be switching presenters here in a moment after your five minute break uh I did not put a timer here for some reason but I'm going to start it on my end so once you hear the lovely music stop you'll know it's time to come back 5 minutes so here we go let me play it on mine just kidding it hasn't started it's coming or hasn't okay sorry it's taking forever it's going to start here but you know we have five minutes [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] okay can you guys hear me out there awesome I think that means the timer's up if you see the new teacher here um me get my slide ready here so I just want to say thank you to Erica restum she took the first half of this of this um oh she says I need to give you guys a couple minutes longer I tend to rush things so she'll give me the go ahead when the five minute timer's up and then we'll get started again so Eric I'll just be waiting for your for your go ahead for for for for okay guys uh my name is Mr Mayfield I might be popping my face onto the screen off and on but we're going to be taking you I guess I'm going to be taking you through the last three units um unit five agriculture unit six which is urbanization and then we'll close up with Unit Seven which is industry and development so hopefully you guys have been able to get through most of this at least partially in your classes and your teachers have been preparing you but but miss restum and I we got your back just in case um you haven't covered some of those things so I'm going to use the same format as as Erica just did where we kind of give some quick hitter um summaries and hopefully just give you some visuals and talk you through some of the most um talk you through some of the most essential Concepts um and then we'll do some multi Choice practice and frq practice on mometer and I'm going to be available maybe a little later tonight on Discord I I do have a meeting I think at 7:15 but uh if people are interested I'll definitely pop on there for a little while just to answer any questions you might have that didn't get answered in the chat I know that the chat is like blowing up right now and Harrison's just doing a great job so um anyways here we go yeah so we're going to start with again Agriculture and on each of these intro slides I'm going to go over the Big Ideas here on the left um one strategy if you're taking the test tomorrow one strategy that I would strongly suggest don't cram too much but look at these big idea questions and either like either tonight or tomorrow morning um ask yourself these questions and see if you can answer them either maybe like brainstorm out and some binder paper how do a people's culture and the resources available to them influence how they grow food can you answer that in your head you think you could write a you a brief summary paragraph or maybe some bullet points because if you can you're going to be good because these are like these again the Big Ideas the big questions where pretty much all the test comes back to these big Ideas so don't try to reread your textbook um or watch all the AP daily videos or all the fiveable videos you just don't have enough time for that you need to get some rest but maybe consider that strategy so the second big idea how does what people produce and consume vary in different locations it's a big one and we'll talk about climate how that factors in as well and then the third big idea for the a unit what kind of cultural changes and technological advances have impacted the way people grow and consume food and as always we have this cram chart which is the fiveable cram chart created by our very own um super ta Harrison Burnside so if you click on this and this will also be in the resources after the the live stream you got everything you need like on one page that would be another great um day of or day before uh the exam review because it's got all the units and all the essentials on there without having to read through a bunch of pages all right here we go so the first thing and and you'll notice that every slide just like um Erica had we have the course exam description whoops we have the course course exam exam description like I told yesterday in my APG chat or stream the course exam description is pretty much how the College Board makes the test they take the Essential Knowledge which is what you see in these little blue boxes here and they create all the multiple choice and all the frq questions from that Essential Knowledge so if it's not in the Essential Knowledge if it's not in these blue boxes they literally cannot include it on the test so another thing you could do is scroll through the CED and I'm going to share a link with you for that or Harrison might post it in the uh in the chat as well um and just scroll through it tonight or tomorrow morning and and again how many of those do you know and maybe you ask questions with a friend or on Discord tonight um if you don't know some of these so that's our our structure so let's get into the content um I might read through some of these but I'll also give you some some extra notes if you're taking notes at home but this first one says patterns of diffusion such as the Colombian Exchange and the agricultural revolutions resulted in the global spread of ious plants and animals um Columbus you guys know Christopher Columbus he came across the ocean and he basically interacted with a bunch of Natives and they exchang things and that was like one of the first reasons why we had like that was like one of the first examples of globalization or maybe like one of the starting points of early globalization because you had people from one part of the world coming and interacting with people in a different part of the world and then it kind of just ballooned from there and although most of the tests probably won't focus on a whole lot of historical Concepts the Colombian Exchange is something you should be at least somewhat familiar with so this slide is all about the Agricultural Revolution so if you look at that second Point new technology and increased food production in the second Agricultural Revolution led to better diets longer life expectancies and more people available for work in factories so the common theme whether we're talking about the first second or third Agricultural Revolution the common theme is they all led to more food being produced and better or more improved agricultural advancements now those advancements in the first Agricultural Revolution were just like literally eliminate or like going away from like the hunter gatherer approach to producing food where the people were just going out and like killing whatever animals they could find on their hunt and picking wild berries so the first Agricultural Revolution was like the first time we see domesticated um plants and animals being produced um to where people like were intentional and actually using some kind of formal structured way to produce food the second Agricultural Revolution is highlighted in that picture on the bottom right where you see like these guys you only see like three guys there and then you see a whole bunch of animals and you see this like machine um this is the kind of a technology that you would likely see in the second Agricultural Revolution and it increased Food Supplies and it decreased the need for Farmers to do hard labor on the farms um so so the third Agricultural Revolution which we'll get to just continues these themes you're going to have different ways to produce more food and better newer Technologies to produce food um and then on the upper right it just shows like the chemicals being dumped on some kind of crop or maybe that's a weed but the weed's growing so that wouldn't be that wouldn't make sense and that highlights the you know one of the elements of the the Green Revolution you know where like chemical fertilizers and hybrid seeds were introduced so you want to be able to compare all three ultural revolutions and make sure you have like pictures in your mind um between like the different types of machinery and technologies that would be used and maybe matched up with each of those three um revolutions all right so in the blue box this one says agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices monocropping or monoculture monocropping just means one right one crop one um something being planted so you got a lot of images here that first image is a great example of commercial agriculture large scale commercial agriculture commercial agriculture simply um if we're defining it is just agriculture where the primary purpose is to make a profit and you can see they're using this massive machine they're harvesting tons of crops um this machine would actually be more reminiscent of something that you would see more in modern agricultural days this is not like something you would have seen in the second Agricultural Revolution this is like the the more Advanced Machinery we're talking like hundreds of thousands of dollars for these machines but yet it led to more food supply um and definitely like other issues that we'll get into later but but again make sure you compare this machine with the one we saw on the previous slide and be able to attach them to the appropriate Industrial Revolution now that second picture it's a little tricky because it looks like oh this a small scale little tiny Market this has got to be subsistence right because those people probably grew those crops on their you know on small farms or maybe in their yards but this is actually another example of commercial agriculture because the primary purpose even if it's a small scale like Farmers Market type situ situation like you see in that picture they're still trying to make money right these aren't like this isn't one big family you know who are producing crops and just like exchanging them with each other um these are vendors most likely small farmers who are selling their local produce but they're still selling it for a profit so make sure you know that um commercial and subsistence agriculture but mainly commercial agriculture can come in different like sizes and that third picture you see on the right side where you got this Smiley guy with that kind of like dirty looking t-shirt or polo shirt um that's a great example of subsistence farming you can compare it with the first P picture with the gift there where you got like a lot of scattered crops you can see they're kind of like mixed in with the Rocks there um and if I didn't say it yet subsistence agriculture is simply agricultural practices that are they're primarily focused on um consumption by the grower by the farmer sometimes subsistence Farmers might have a little bit of extra crops that they could sell like in a local market but usually they're just trying to survive and provide food for their families and you can see even in that picture that looks like a less developed region in a less developed country it doesn't you don't have all the rows you don't see any machines you got this guy who probably planted those crops by hand um and who's going to harvest them most likely to feed his children and maybe his local Village so subsistence versus commercial agriculture then we got these two these These are tough um students always get intensive and extensive agricultural methods mixed up and so do I so does teachers uh because you can have intensive commercial and subsistence Agriculture and you can also have extensive um subsistence and Commercial agriculture so it can be kind of tricky so make sure you write down some of these examples um so it says intensive and extensive farming practices are determined in part by land cost bid rent Theory we'll get into the bid rent Theory when we talk about the Von tunin model um but I put some of these examples if you want to screenshot it or just jot notes down extensive uh agricultural methods or farming practices the big thing to remember is if if it's extensive you're generally looking at less capital and labor inputs so you have fewer capital and labor inputs what does that mean well you you're putting less money is being invested um less Machinery is being invested or used um capital is just a fancy word for like wealth or money um so extensive methods don't require as much money to be invested into heavy machinery and just like the agricultural practice in general and then extensive also is involves like a lower amount of Labor inputs so you don't require as many people to do these types of agricultural practices if you look at the picture of the the GIF of the cows hopping this is essentially what I would call a ranch you see a lot of cows roaming around looks like they're kind of happy looks like they had an energy drink maybe before they they went out into the ranch um but you don't see any Farmers you don't see guys walking around with like feed you know feeding them in troughs these cows are you know are roaming around you don't see any machines right you just got the cow and the open field and and maybe sometimes you got a dog that goes out there to like you know move them around or like the Rancher will come out and try to move them around or the the guy from The Slaughterhouse will come um to to take them on a fi trip to the meat packing Factory but but again very few Capital inputs very few labor inputs extensive and the second picture is a like a sub subsistence example of extensive agriculture you got a couple pastoral nomads remember pastoral nomadism is is kind of almost like a less developed example of ranching where you got small tribes small groups of people who are hurting right they're they're they're pastoral nomads so they're they're moving nomadic just means moving and they're they're moving animals usually like goats sometimes camels um there's a few animals that are I'm blanking on right now but you can see some of them even in the background of that picture and the reason why they have to do this is because if you look at that dirt you cannot plant crops in that in that in that soil it's not aable like Erica said earlier when she was talking about physiological density countries and regions like Northern Africa like Southwest Asia aka the Middle East like Central Asia these really dry regions of the world they don't they can't produce crops like more fertile regions of the world so they have to resort to these extensive um subsistence methods and it's really important to note for for pastoral nomads they don't generally eat the meat right they they milk these animals especially like goat milk sometimes they'll trade The Furs and then sometimes they'll they'll Slaughter an animal um you know for for consumption or for trade but that's not typical the other one I have on there is shifting cultivation I don't have a picture for that but shifting cultivation is that slash and burn agriculture um you know they often you know were you primarily see this in very dense like rainforest regions just like in the Amazonian rainforest and some regions of central Africa where there's lots of rainfall where you have groups cutting and clearing and burning areas of land and then planting crops on that land temporarily and then shifting or rotating to another piece of land when they've exhausted the soil so there we go that's extensive uh let's see here slides aren't moving there we go okay intensive not sure what happened there with my slides but um so the same same blue box right we're just going to look at intensive now so intensive farming is high capital and high labor inputs so lots of money or lots of Labor it doesn't have to be both to be considered intensive you see that picture on the left you have like some very intensive subsistence rice Farmers somewhere in Asia right so lots of Labor that's like back breaking work um another great example like in the United States if you ever go like near the coast Central Coast over here in monter you'll often see like um agricultural laborers and like the strawberry fields it's kind of like a almost the same exact example just with a different crop where you have lots of people doing lots of Labor uh because they can't put you know it's they don't have in some cases they don't have the Machinery they can't afford it or you know strawberries are not easy to pick on you know using heavy machinery but the point here lots of Labor and then you got the picture of the cow getting milk that poor cow um Dairy farming is a great example of intensive uh usually commercial farming it doesn't have to be commercial but it usually is to where whether you're milking that cow by hand like you see in the image there or if you have some fancy machine that that does like that that automates the milking it's intensive either way because you got lots of Labor and if you have the machine you have really expensive Capital Investments um so that's again Dairy farming rice farming Market gardening that's like the strawberry example I gave you earlier and then Plantation farming as well would be considered intensive agriculture because plantations require a lot of Labor okay I think uh I think we're good on that one let's move on let's keep rolling all right this is tricky uh I remember the first year I taught this class I screwed this up and I think one of the AP daily videos even talked about this so I don't have a chance I can't like interact with you right now and I don't have this on mentimeter but would you consider just think to yourself would you consider this intensive or extensive agriculture so you got this machine you don't see a lot of humans you got a big field this is kind of like some kind of grain crop um and if you want to pause this you can if you're watching it on demand uh but I'm going to give the like what I would answer it as and I would say this is super tricky and you probably wouldn't get this question on the AP exam because they're not trying to trick you they just want to test your knowledge I would say it's both a little bit of both and here's why if you're taking notes it could be considered intensive because that machine's expensive so you got a high capital investment you're talking like I maybe more than several hundred thousand dollar um so intensive in that sense but then you could also say that there's at least some extensive elements to it because it doesn't require a lot of human labor there's like one guy running that machine right you don't see people out there picking the Grain and like the crops you just got a guy basically mowing this large field and that's all that's required so it's a little bit of a mixture of both of those so be careful um if you see a picture like this on the AP exam make sure that you keep in mind that it's a little bit of both okay hope that makes sense let's keep rolling and if I'm going too fast or something make sure you like message Harrison uh on the fiveable site and he can message me uh to say hey Mayfield chill out you're going too fast um we wish we had a pause button but I want to make sure we get through this and have plenty of time for practice but if we don't we'll hit up Discord afterwards so fear not all right large scale versus um Family Farms this is huge so the first point there says large- scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small Family Farms that's the big theme Here the big guys are slowly but surely replacing the little guys the little Farmers um and this is especially happening in more developed countries we have a lot of Agriculture but we don't have a lot of agricultural workers right we don't have a lot of primary sector workers but we want to get to like the why why do we have fewer like small Family Farms um as we you know as we progress uh sorry I had a brain fart there so if you look at the commodity chain there because that's in the second point it says complex commodity chains link production and consumption of agricultural products so the commodity chain and you can have Supply chains for all sorts of things but this is an example of a agricultural commodity change says farmers in the left and then I'm not going to go over this in great detail but you should be able to like kind of draw this out in your mind have like a little mental map I guess of what a commodity chain is but you think of the farmer planting the crop and then once those crops are harvested um they have to be processed um if it's part of this food supply chain or this agricultural commodity chain and by processing we're talking about putting the crops whether it's you know like a tomato crop um some kind of fruit or veget vegetable whether it's like wheat bushels of wheat or corn um those usually go straight to a processing facility it's not like you take them straight to the supermarket to be sold um and then they get processed what does that mean sometimes there's stuff that's added to it um like preservative sometimes they're frozen all sorts of things can be you know can happen to the agricultural Goods um in this processing phase and then you you get and then it gets shipped somewhere else it gets packaged and distributed to a variety of different like retailers and this is why you get fruits and vegetables you have a produce section but but again it didn't come straight from the farmer it came from the farmer to the processing facility to the shipping company and then eventually to your local grocery store um that's a commodity chain now how does that relate to this concept well commodity chains are hurting the little guys why commodity chains decrease like the like the price of business for large um large like agricultural companies there's this concept and I think it's actually in the third point there called economies of scale what happens is when these massive Agri business companies when they when they purchase like the Machinery um and the new technologies they can produce crops like in large quantities and then by doing that they're able to we call that like scaling up production um that's what we're trying to do at fiveable we want more and more kids to participate in in these streams so we can help them and so we're trying to scale up at fiveable by getting more people to participate well big farming companies they want to scale up as well they they want they want to sell their product as many places as they can because that's going to make them more money and as they're more successful doing that it lowers the prices of their goods so you have consumers that have to choose between okay do I want to pay I I don't know the prices of of vegetables let's say like do I want to pay $2 for a bushel of wheat from the Agra business company or do I want to go and pay double you know from like Farmer John at the farmers market around the corner you know just because it makes me feel better most people are choosing the $2 bushel of wheat right because farmer JN has not achieved economies of scale Farmer John is is selling like primarily like to local like local community and Farmer John is probably lose his job as sad as that is so hopefully Farmer John doesn't Lo lose his job but he probably is and he's probably going to end up working at the grocery store because of the big agricultural companies um and them being able to achieve economies of scale I got a picture down there that creepy one on the bottom left I just put that in there because I thought it was funny you got these guys goofing around on that machine looks dangerous but and then that first circular picture there is just like representative of the small family f Farm that's what's going away you got the little small tractor right there that's farmer this is like Farmer John I keep using Farmer John um and then you like look what looks like a little church in the background or maybe like a little country home these are the people that are being targeted by the larger agricultural companies look at the second picture right this is like a massive um chicken cpop all right these um these these facilities are are not owned by small farmers in most they're owned by like Tyson chicken right the big guys and you can see they're crammed in there those poor chickens I hope you know you know what happens to these chickens right this is like what they would call factory farming let's pack as many animals as we can into a small space fatten them up right and then unfortunately ship them to the chicken processing facility for them to be sliced up and then eventually end up on our Chick-fil-A chicken sandwich um so but didn't ruin your dinner so the opposite of this would be Freer range chickens right if you go to like a small farm you're going to see like chickens roaming around uh you know probably happy thinking their Life's good until again they eventually get slaughtered too but but um the point is the reason why those Freer range chickens cost more is because they again it's coming they have to charge more because they can't compete with with the chickens that are being produced on this picture in the bottom right because by producing more chickens again you're able to sell more and when you sell more you're able to decrease the price so all of that is leading to the like basically the destruction or the the decreasing like relevance of smaller Family Farms okay Von tunin right so here we go Von tonin's model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of Transportation cost highlight or write that down that's essentially what Von tuna's model is all about Transportation cost associated with distance from the market and then it says however regions of specialty farming do not always conform to vanon tun's concentric Rings all right I got a few things so you definitely want to I won't read all of these but you want to be able to like you should be able to draw out Von tuna's model and label it you see the city in the middle horiculture and dairying um close to the center because remember horiculture is basically fruits and veggies they spoiled quickly if you don't eat those bananas real quickly they turn like nasty and black sometimes you accidentally bite into a strawberry that's got all bunch of mold on it because it's been sitting too long so those types of crops and milk if you ever like accidentally took a swig of sour milk um you know what I'm talking about so they had to be closer to the market they had to be closer to where they were going to be sold because they were going to be they're more perishable and they still are um the next ring is forestry right trees because they needed the trees they need to cut them down and use them for fuel um then you got like various crop rotation happening outside there and then as you get further out you just get more extensive I think that's what I would write down that's what I always tell my students make sure you know that closer to the market you have intensive farming practices horiculture dairying farther from the market you have more extensive agricultural practices um like grain farming uh you see Grazing In the orange circle there the orange ring that's what we're talking about when we talk about like cows roaming around and all happy right um and so make sure you make those connections now there are some limits to the vuna model and you got to know right so there are assumptions that he made and there are things you got to keep in mind so I'm just going to Rattle off a few assumptions one thing to keep in mind is he created this model before the Industrial Revolution right right so we he there we didn't have a lot of the technological advancements like we do now so he couldn't have anticipated some of these like awesome changes we have in food production he assumed that land was flat or at least his model does and we all know that that's almost never true he assumed that there was going to be a presence of uninhabited Wilderness you know like the forest section there ain't no trees like that where I live I mean a lot of places do not have um big trees around the city he assumed like the all the soil quality was going to be good that's never true right like the soil is going to just be the same all the way across and and obviously it's not true um he assumed that farmers were going to actually I'm sorry that farmers actually transported their own Goods so there there were like no roads right so a lot of farmers did transport their own Goods that's one way that they could save transport like you know again Transportation was not what it is today so a lot of like the animals and the crops that were being transported were being transported either just by a human walking it into the the market um or maybe like having some kind of like willbo type uh you know like something to carry it in I don't know what it's called but and then the other big assumption is he assumed that farmers only cared about maximizing profit and that's not always necessarily the case um it's important but not always now the big thing to add is if you got like an F frq on this or a multiple choice question they're not just going to ask you some basic definition they want you to know how is like modern advancements in agriculture maybe like invalidated at least part of this model and you would talk about well Refrigeration it pretty much didn't exist back in Bon tuna's days so now we can grow things like fruits and veggies and some dairy products a little further away from the market than and during Bon tuna's time because you can put it in a refrigerated truck you can freeze some of this stuff I buy like Frozen um fruits and veggies from Costco like every two or three weeks I love it um and and you don't have to worry about perishability as much so and then the second thing is just make sure you keep in mind Transportation has improved greatly so we can not only prevent things from perishing as quickly but we can we can transport Goods much quick and that's how we get um some of these tropical fruits to the United States like year round and not even like dried fruits like fresh fruits like we don't grow bananas in the United States not not at like large scale they get flown here or brought here on a you know a massive containership um and that that those are technologies that weren't around back in Von tun's days so keep all of that in mind oh I'm sorry whoops the picture on the right there it was just from an F frq A released F frq from college board if you have questions about that it basically asks you um and you probably have seen this in class to name the Zone um that each of these agricultural activities would be taking place in and this would be the center or the first Zone the fresh produce example there and the second one picture with the letter Y would be the outer rings so again inner rings are more intensive agricultural practices the further out you get the more extensive it becomes remember that if you're going to remember anything about Bon tun's model all right contemporary agriculture this is our last slide for the unit five this a big one it's got all kinds of stuff packed into here so um contemporary basically means nowadays modern agriculture so a lot of people have changed their food preferences and their eating habits because of some of the um agricultural practices that have happened in the past especially the recent past so it says agricultural Innovation such as biotechnology and um biotechnology is basically like the use of like living organisms like genes to modify products like got the picture of the GMO corn right there um so that's what that is genetically modified organisms and aquaculture aquaculture is essentially fish farming so it could be referred to as aquaculture or aquafarming um some people think that we're going to like that that raising cattle and other meat products the way we are is unsustainable and that we're going to have to shift more towards a more sustainable practice of raising fish you know in these aquaculture farms and there's all kinds of like issues we're not going to go into a lot of detail about aquaculture I can barely say that but U if you have more questions about that it's never been the subject of a an frq and I don't want to like start predicting stuff but if I was going to predict something that could be one of them um and it's some one of those Concepts that I think students Overlook sometimes so make sure you write that on your study list so all these things have been accompanied by debates over sustainability soil and water usage reductions in biodiversity you know like we're we're we have fewer plants and fewer animals because of these modern agricultural practices and extensive fertilized and P pesticide use so what that means is we spray a lot of chicals on crops more so than ever before um you know pesticides and herbicides and insecticides and and we use a lot of chemical fertilizers and people are concerned that over time that's going to be bad for the environment that's going to be bad for people so the second part here is what have people done in response to all this stuff and here we go patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by movements relating to individual food choice such as Urban farming you can see the urban farming picture here kind of in the Middle where you got the skyscrapers in the back and this kind of hip Urban Farm it's it's kind pretty cool looks like they've integrated some kind of metal structures in there and um it looks nothing like what you would find like in a more rural region Urban farming has been like at least one like response to some of like the food insecurity issues in urban areas like with food deserts which we'll talk about a little later um community supported AG gulture community supported agriculture is basically like when when people like you and I intentionally like enter into an agreement with local farmers to purchase their agricultural Goods at like the local scale like under some kind of contract and people like that because they they can develop a relationship with the farmer there's like more trust involved there they know where their food's coming from they feel good about helping out Farmer John because remember Farmer John's the guy who's being targeted by the evil um Agri bus companies and by evil I'm I'm I'm partially joking right because those aggro bus companies do a lot of good they produce a lot of the food that you probably even ate today um so that's Community Support at agriculture organic farming remember organic farming is simply farming that does not use pesticides um and think about how how much organic farming has increased there aren't like huge organic Farms all across the us we still primarily have agricultural spaces that are used for non-organic farming like large extensive nonorganic farming but there's a high demand for organic agricultural Goods like people are consuming these more than ever I always tell my students man go look at Costco if you have Costco in your neighborhoods they've had like such an increase in organic foods like no longer do you have to go to like Sprouts or Whole Foods to get organic foods you can go to some some of these other like larger Stores um even like Target and Walmart I think has have have like a limited amount of organic farming Goods because people are demanding them more because they're afraid of GMOs they're afraid of crops that have weird funky things sprayed all over them and they think it's healthy um and they may or may not be right we don't really care whether they're right or not we just want to know like why value added specialty crops I'm going to turn my camera on for a second here on this one hopefully I can do this screwing it up stop sharing hey there I am um I literally went and bought probably because I knew I was going to be teaching on this I bought a value added product yesterday value added agriculture is simply when when a farmer or really anybody does something that adds value to the product so like within the last month I bought a huge like Costco jar of like strawberry jam or preserves or whatever it's called because I like to eat those like almond butter and jelly sandwiches on that Dave's organic bread so good um but that's not value added I mean maybe the organic side of it is because people will spend more because it's organic but then I got this little guy um at this little Urban Farm cell um and if you can see it this is not something that you would generally see in like savart or in Costco I actually got to talk to the people that made this they were sitting right there at their little booth um and they even got a little cute Cow and Chicken look at those Freer range animals how happy they are on that label remember until they go to the slaughter house but they added like these fancy decorations which isn't really my thing but I appreciate it right that you know look at this I mean my wife loves this stuff she's an artist oh and the ingredients are what got me peaches jalapenos Habaneros sugar doesn't like sugar pectin and lemon juice I can pronounce all those right so this is like a healthy option um and then if I go over here you know you got spicy Peach it even came what does it say there made in a home kitchen you talk about like eating local right organic foods um value added agriculture that like checks all those boxes like literally um and I felt good about supporting them and it was five dollars the one at Costco I think was four bucks and was about three times this size so I pay more for the value added product um compared to the one that I got from from Costco but people are willing to do that all right I'm G to switch back okay and then you got the the eat local movement or the eat local uh challenge as the picture says one of the main things to remember about to remember about the eat local movement is is that yes just like I said people like to support local agriculture right and local businesses but the other side of this is like the environmental impact that eating local has uh if you're eating locally produced foods that means that there are fewer like trucks on the road transporting that carrot across the country or across the world on a container ship um and so you're decreasing the use of fossil fuel so definitely jot that down like there are multiple benefits of eating local and people probably feel a little more hip yeah I ate locally sourced you know like lamb you know and carrots and I mean how cool does that sound they probably ate it at brunch um and then what else we got here I think that's it for this one you got some people at the farmers market there too um that's kind of like my picture that maybe represents community supported agriculture where you get the talk to the people that grew the crops all right so like Erica I'm going to have you guys hop on to m I actually put some multiple choice questions just like she did for unit one and you know we'll see how we do a time I think we're I think we still have a few hours though I think I don't think we're off until I think s o'clock my time which is 10 o'clock Eastern so we have well over two hours so I think we'll be good um I'm gonna switch over to mentimeter all right some of you already answered it and these are all questions in case College Board is listening these are all questions that are publicly available I didn't use the ones that the teachers are only supposed to use in their classroom but they're all like super legit questions I tried to pick ones that maybe challenge you a little bit looks I look like I failed on this one because as you can see everybody and you guys hopefully you didn't Google it um picked Central Mexico except for a few of you and let me uh click on the correct answer how do I click on the correct answer oh show correct de there you go you got it perfect here's another one green revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modern agriculture I would definitely read through all the answer choices a lot of times the students that know them know the most information often speed through questions too too quickly and they they miss it the development of high yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas and again I'm going to go through these quickly just so we don't run out of time at the end um but anytime you see green revolution technology you got to think more food more food more food higher yields of crops right Green Revolution is just another another word another way of saying like the third Agricultural Revolution where India and other like less developed countries gained some access to Green Revolution Technologies and if you've never heard of that the Green Revolution was essentially chemical fertilizers hybrid seeds that were like more resistant to Pest and weeds um and then I'm forgetting one chemical fertilizers hybrid seeds and something else that I can't think of right now uh pesticides like chemicals like these spray on um on the crops so let's go to the next one I think you guys got this show up all right very good you got it and again you can go back and pause these if you want I'm actually going I have a quizzes that I'm going to share with you guys later that will'll have all these questions on it just in case we and I'll have some questions that covered um Erica's units as well like units one through four just so you can have some extra practice tonight or tomorrow morning as a refresher all right here's the next question land Parcels in the American Midwest tend to be rectilinear because of which of the following rectilinear [Music] give you a few moments to answer oh I could hide results how do you like that for all you people out there that are just watching who selects first I guess you already know this one so I'll leave this one up don't be a follower be your own person all right some of you are saying there were no mountains or rivers to use as boundaries I think there are rivers almost in every single state but that's not a bad guess but I think we got it the federal system the federal Survey System adopted in the late 18th century imposed a geometric pattern on the landscape so this would be like that gridlike pattern right um township and range that's one of the most boring things in this class for me to teach like the land use patterns but you you definitely got to know them township and range and then you got the French long lot system right where they literally had like these long lots that connected to rivers or roadways and you got that random one um the meets and Bounds Survey System to where they use rocks or other like trees um to determine property lines so if you if you've never heard of those before go check them out Google it or ask me when we go into Discord later I'm GNA hide the results let's see how you do now huh why is the traditional classification of Agriculture as a primary economic economic activity a problem thought I hid the results when considering the geographic the geography of Agriculture I'll give you some time so you can read that [Music] we have 139 people that have answered remember I'm not sending these results to college board it will not affect your score so just take your best educated guess that's another thing to think about as you're doing this make sure you don't you get you get one minute per question on the multiple choice section of the exam right 60 Questions 60 minutes I'm good at math make sure you don't eat up like three or four or five minutes on any question if you give it like one or two read throughs and you don't know Circle it or put a star next to it or a DOT next to it and go back later because it'll just give you more anxiety if you just like obsess over a question and let it fester and then seven minutes later you still haven't answered it all right I'm going to put the results up let's see how we did woohoo I could barely see that answer but it says modern farmers are engaged in production research marketing and some manufacturing of their products So Gone are the days where you're carrying your seed out there just dropping in the rows and then planting and harvesting um by hand modern Farmers um especially in the United States are are doing a lot more than that and we have a lot I live in a kind of agricultural um community and I can see that there's so many jobs in the a industry and very few of them involve a tonon of um you know like hard labor there's still some of that involved but not not as much as in the in the past all right which of the following statements best describes the impact of improvements in transportation systems on agriculture and again I hid the answer choices so do your best after you read it we got 39 answers I could see like the Jeopardy theme song I should have had some music queued up guess I could [Music] [Music] we got 244 I'm gonna show it now just so we can keep the ball rolling here boom uh why isn't it showing there it is Corporate Farms have gained a greater advantage over Farm Family Farms again that's what we were talking about earlier um those commodity chains how um you know large Agra business firms they can afford like big Ma Bigger machines and in some cases they they actually own like the big rigs and some of the transportation methods as well little guy can't can't stay ahead if you're doing it that way that's why some Farmers have resorted to Comm community service U community supported agriculture or or or small scale AG organic farming because they can't compete with the big guys for our like the more traditional um crops that we use okay here's let's go to the next one Bon tunin emphasized which of the following factors in his Mo model of agricultural land use I said this earlier I hope you remember I told you to highlight it so let's see I'm not going to sing Jeopardy this time because this one's going to be a little quicker I think all right we already got 170 who 194 answers 209 uh let's show the results come on who chose number all right that's okay it happened your your finger probably slipped if you didn't get this one all right here we go next one hide results oh actually we're done don't do that one yet all right I'm gonna go back to sharing my screen here so now we're gonna do just like Erica did earlier we're going to do a little miniq so I'll leave this up here for a second um and then I'll have some sample responses from from Harrison I'll just flash the the rubric answers up but the one we're going to focus on here hopefully your teacher hasn't used this one I tried to find again frqs that were publicly available um you know that I wouldn't get in trouble sharing online here that that hopefully your teachers maybe didn't use so but if it's something you've already seen you can still practice explain how the process of globalization like the increasing connectedness of the world how has globalization contributed to the diffusion the spreading of sugar cane from its Hearth of domestication okay there's your timer all right's see here [Music] oh [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] oh [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] he [Music] [Music] okay 40 seconds 20 seconds and then we'll look at a few of these responses 5 4 3 2 1 BL let's switch over to mentimeter oh shoot did you were you not able to my bad I forgot to move it so I'm a newbie I'm I'm a rookie I hope the CEO is not watching um tell you what instead of writing out the full answer why don't you guys just give me two to three word answers that we can then expand upon um like we did get some answers here sugar cane is wanted all over the world globalization contributed to the cause of diffusion of sugar cane by transporting it through trade okay let's see here okay I'm having trouble scrolling through these um but one thing I tell my students even if I can't give a ton of feedback right now on some of these responses it is a really good practice like a best practice just to go through the process of writing out a full frq or even a partial F frq like we're doing um right now in a Time scenario just so you're not freaking out and you you practice your pacing um because again this is publicly available and you can find the answers and whatnot but um so let's move on let's look at let's go and look at Harrison's response over on Google slide and then I'll talk about that one a little bit all right so Harrison explain how the process of globalization contributed to the diffuse of sugar canane from its Hearth remember Hearth is starting point or origin of domestication globalization as long ago as the early 1500s has caused sugarcane to travel around the world and be consumed by new cultures we definitely know that's true in the United States right we're like one of the um I think we consume more sugar than probably any other developed country in the world my nine-year-old like lives on sugar since it's Hearth of domestication in early agriculture sugar can was commonly farmed by black slaves in the new world largely controlled by Europeans as an export for its cash crop value I love that Harrison mentioned cash crop anytime you get a question um about crops that are grown on a large scale um I'm blanking Plantation uh you should try to drop the word cash crop you know and knowing that those are crops that are made for um profit right large scale production sugar coffee beans a lot of the tropical fruits that we consume um so and and this gives you credibility I don't think he had to put cash crop but it tells the AP reader that you know what you're talking about so finishing up his response here after it was grown in the new world the Caribbean and anytime you can you can give specific Place based examples like he just specifically reference new world and even more so Caribbean that's even better it was transported to Europe another place to be traded across the continent and even to places in East Asia via the Silk Road so he took like more of a historical route which is totally fine let's take a look at some of the other answer choices as well so this is letter A I'm not going to read through this but you can pause this if you want to like on the on the replay when it's on demand and look at this you can even like ask me questions about this on Discord later but we're going to go to to letter B here so this is what Harrison just responded to so the globalization of culture EG food preferences because remember you can have globalization like economics um a political culture and so this is specifically asking about the globalization of culture in the context of food because food as Erica mentioned earlier is a huge part of culture so the globalization of culture has led to an increasing consumer demand for sugar like I said we love sugar to a diffusion of sugar cane and that consumers have eagerly accepted and bought these products like I said Mayfield's nine-year-old loves sugar I love sugar the best part of my childhood was going down to the corner store and buying a two liter of Pepsi and a bunch of like sour candies I got tons of cavities because of that but what what this is saying is as sugar has spread more throughout the world just like Harrison mentioned in his response more people who previously didn't consume lots of sugar have become exposed to it I don't care if you're from North America South America Africa Asia Europe anywhere people like sugar it's something we all have in common uh the second possible answer you could have taken because remember you only needed one you only need like one part of these the development of Global Supply chains has incentivized or accelerated the diffusion of sugar cane from its Hearth of domestication so remember supply chain you see all this like interweaving of Concepts here in this F frq knowing that not just a supply chain not just a commodity chain but a global supply chain has has has increased the amount of sugar cane being traded away from its harf in the Caribbean the global movement of people through exploration and immigration have contributed to the relocation diffusion of sugar cane so this is kind of like what partly what Harrison was getting at earlier like Columbus literally if you didn't know like he relocated he moved and when he moved he found sugar one you know among other things and then he eventually moved again back to Europe like Harrison's response said and sugar cane diffused and Europeans liked it and some of them got fat right and then it spread eventually to the United States because we were a British colony before but this isn't a history class so don't Focus too much on that the uh fourth bullet point the development of Transportation technologies that has increased global trade leading to the spread to the spread of I think should be of sugar products to all parts of the world okay so again the fact that we have airplanes and more important like containerization like those massive container ships um most of what they're carrying in many cases is just like food processed food fresh food okay and then last one Colonial or neocolonial if you forgot what neocolonial means that just means modernday colonialism so Colonial or neocolonial economic systems have expanded the production and consumption of sugar to most parts of the world through trade and Manufacturing so again this is sort of like what what Harrison was saying as well you know the idea you got European relocating and colonizing other parts of the world they're taking over countries and this doesn't happen so much um in our modern world but it happened quite a bit as Erica mentioned earlier in the 15 16 especially like 17 1800s when you know you had the whole Scramble for Africa and and you know Britain used to control India and other parts of the world and they brought they eventually brought sugar with them so it originally was brought over you know as a result of the Colombian Exchange but then as European countries continued to to gain colonies in in like future centuries part um part part of that process was spreading sugar and other crops and other uh manufacturer Goods to those parts of the world as well and then again I'm not going to talk much about this you can just pause this and read it on your own or ask me in Discord so there you go letter c letter D we're going to talk a lot about women and and how like gender plays a role in the course exam description and what to look out for and you could see that it was incorporated in this one as well letter e let you just take a quick glance at that pause it and all right I'm going to pause for a second I got an announcement from the Harrison Burnside he said um the TA apologize if every question is not getting answered there are too many he said there are too many um pending questions and not enough time to get to everyone we're working hard to get to the most though all right so they're doing their best we got a ton of people on here what I would recommend guys um not Harrison but the you know all you AP Huggers out there um is that you make sure you try to read through the questions that have already been answered and before like posting your question question because more often than not you probably have um other AP Huggers that have already asked that question and that may have already been answered by some of the Tas so so let's try to help out Harrison and his team as we progress here all right um I'll give you guys a break at the end if you want but I think we're going to keep rolling here we got two more units we got a little just under two hours I think we're going to do fine and here we go uh the office by far one of my favorite shows ever that's why you'll see a lot of like gifs or gifs or however you pronounce it but here's Michael Scott when he was on one of his trips to corporate visiting his favorite pizza joint in New York City and the reason it's funny is because it's one of these commercial chains right it's not some like pizza place that's unique to New York that makes it like fun to go to nothing against sabaro you know you can but I can get that pizza at the mall you know 10 minutes down the Road here in here in riing California so he just he likes that pizza so here are our big ideas for cities for urbanization you know and these last two units might be especially important for some of you guys because you didn't have as much time this year if you've been learning online and maybe have some kind of hybrid schedule so I'll do my best to explain this stuff as clearly as possible and maybe you have questions for stuff that I that I like Overlook or go too quickly on a little later all right it says it seems like people want a couple minute break if possible I'll give you two minutes okay all right I don't have a timer but I will play the Jeopardy song again 2 minutes [Music] [Music] right [Music] [Music] [Music] I [Music] you got about 30 seconds [Music] [Music] [Music] all right there's our break I know some of you out there I know I'm G to give a shout out to one of my students um Spencer radula he's probably like just so angry right now that we took a break this is the kid I'm sure some of you guys were like break breaks are for the week we got to study um or maybe some of you didn't study and you're thinking we don't have time for a break I procrastinated uh but either way it is good to take a break and sometimes we forget to do that and I think this is a good time to kind of plug a little uh SE um a little mental health a little rest um make sure you go to bed at a decent hour tonight I know a lot of you will like completely ignore that advice but make sure you get some sleep doesn't matter how hard you studied this year if you get a bad night of sleep you're gonna have a harder time concentrating tomorrow on that test um it's literally Gonna Make You Dumber even though you're really smart so make sure you get sleep make sure you eat some food um don't pull in all nighter uh people that say that that works they they don't they don't know science I'm not even a scientist and I know that so make sure you take care of yourself but we'll give some breaks just let Harrison know if you need a break a little later and I can say on a little later too if we have to okay so I'm sure you're tired of looking at my bald shiny head so back to here so let's go over the Big Ideas um oh wait a second I need to share my screen again all right big idea number one how do physical geography and resources impact the presence and growth of cities H big idea number two how are the attitudes values and balance of power of a population reflected in the built landscape yeah cultural landscape is huge to understand that concept so we we'll look at some Urban cultural landscapes here in these next few slides and then the last big idea how are urban areas affected by unique economic political cultural and environmental challenges I'm gon to say that's one of the most important because there are so many challenges and we'll kind of hit that I think more towards the end of the slid so here we go I I want to start this section with a couple Maps so it said and notice remember anytime you get a stimulus um whether it's multiple choice or frq make sure you read it duh right but some people don't it's really important to understand that this exam is more than just a Content based exam doesn't matter how many times you read the Amsco book even if you memorized it like my like Spencer did um you got to know some of the skills too and being able to like spatially analyze a map or to you know analyze data in a chart or a graph or a photo when we talk about cultural landscapes is equally as important as just memorizing all of the stuff in the textbook so you got a map of people living in urban or rural rural areas that's a hard one for me to say in 1950 and what you'll notice uh a whole lot of a whole lot of people living like majority living in rural areas in the 1950 again I'm not I'm no matician but this wasn't that long ago what 70 or so years ago and most of the world was living in the countryside right Country Roads Take Me Home you got the US and Canada and Western Europe um Chile Argentina some of the countries in South America Australia Japan a few countries in Southwest Asia but for the most part it's a lot of blue here what does that tell us the countries that industrialize first the were the countries that that um that had more people living in cities so you got to like Spiral and connect a lot of these Concepts that America covered earlier and that I'm covering now and I'll try to like maybe illustrate some of those examples as we go so we're going to have the same map we're going to fast forward to 2050 100 years later boom so again we're only in 2021 but we're not that far from 2050 so you can see that almost every country in the world is going to have more people at least 50% of its population living in urban regions Urban zones either like in the city or right outside of a city by 2050 and so we want to know like why they're doing that right this whole class is about the why of where why are things where they are why is there more red coming to us in the future and then also oh why why are why are some of these like countries in like Central and Eastern Africa subsaharan Africa why are they still blue even in 2015 50 they're getting left out um and even some countries scattered throughout you know various regions in Asia so I'd argue you need to be able to to L link Concepts to like these types of maps um some Concepts that I wrote down to my notes what role has globalization played in what we see on this map big time I'm not going to get into it right now but um how does this affect culture right remember we have like economic globalization like you know where you have McDonald's and Nike all over the world where you have clothing factories in like middle and low developed countries but then you have cultural globalization as well the fact that people that don't even speak English are watching movies and listening to music that are in English like in other parts of the world and they want to learn English because of that um population what does this mean for population if more people are living in the cities what's going on in like rural regions like the the Farms disappear like entirely do how do we get food um migration did did this result in a lot of people moving uh probably I mean we know that there's a lot of rural to Urban migration happening BEC as we see on this map um what are they doing though and how's this going to affect the cities how's this going to like put pressure on the cities agriculture how are we going to feed people can't grow crops in the city or maybe can you are we gonna have like Skyscraper Farms um in urban areas in the future we don't really know it's because it's kind of like I said earlier with Von tunin he couldn't have imagined refrigerated trucks and airplanes flying stuff around um even crops in some cases we might have like vertical farms and we already have some of that in some parts of the world but it might be more of like a norm in the future to to adapt to what we see on this map and then Economic Development this basically means that more communities throughout the world more countries are becoming more developed uh because we know from like the demographic transition and our our discussions on economic development that people move to cities as they develop as countries develop more they leave their farms and go to cities so keep all that in mind that was kind of a mouthful um but here we go all right so mega cities and meta cities definitely want to make sure you know the difference between the two mega cities 10 or more million so 10 million or more people if we're talking about mega cities you can see the numbers in this really nice map here um and if you're looking at okay where are most of the mega cities in the world and you can see there's a few in the United States you got LA and New York but that's it Mexico City you got a few in South America but they're mainly clustered in Asia what the heck's going on here why are there so many mega cities there um you don't see any in Europe this might surprise you why don't you see any in Africa weird don't they have lots of babies there don't they have high fertility rates okay so we'll talk about like some Trends going off of that as well and then you got to know what meta cities are they almost they're almost the same word right it's literally like one letter different meta cities are cities that have 20 or more million people and they not there are not a lot of those in the world I you got a few on this map um but when we talk about them in the context of the AP exam you're basically going to have the same challenges whether it's Mega City or meta City they all have challenges and they're going to be similar and then you got to be able to answer the question why are most of these cities these massive cities in less developed regions you got to be able to ask that why the why of where if you can do that you're gonna kill this unit all right here we go suburb sprawl and Edge cities you got this HIIT uh guy with a polo having a good time on a Saturday in the suburb he's probably got his Trigger or his Green Mountain Grill out smoking some like pork ribs and he's happy he's feeling it um so up in the blue box it says the process of suburbanization sprawl and decentralization and what we mean by decentralization is like people leaving the center of the city and living outside of the city so those things have created new land use forms including Edge cities exurbs and boom BBS and most importantly new challenges you can memorize the definitions to Edge cities xbgs X BBS X herbs and boom BBS you got to know like what challenges they present more so than anything all right so here we go I'll I'll Define those three first Edge city is basically a suburb like a suburban community with services that used to be concentrated in the central business district right so as people moved out of the original Central business district and they started Living in the communities like you see in the background picture that's like a suburban community and these cookie cutter houses perfect Lawns and swimming pools and some cases so as people moved out into these Suburban communities eventually businesses realiz realized hey we can relocate our businesses we can stop paying the high rent prices in the central business district and we can move out to the suburbs because there's lots of people there there's lots of guys like the guy that's dancing in this picture this guy's got money he's probably like some tech worker right or some like dorky teacher like Mayfield and Erica um but they got some money so why why are we paying like really higher rent in the city when we can go and like purchase office space near these Suburban communities and still survive economically as a business and eventually enough of that happened to where you had these Edge cities developed where you had suburbs and businesses um closely located to these suburbs and they're usually located near like major highways um and X herb is basically a high income Community just beyond the Suburban communities I don't think you would really consider this like a rural region but it's people that want to get away from the Suburban lifestyle and have even more open space and they got the money to do it and then a boomber is basically a Gass growing suburb very similar so all three of those are very similar what I want you to know what are the challenges that they present okay and we're going to get into those challenges a little later but real quickly I'll tell you that you got to build more roads which leads to more traffic which leads to more congestion more pollution um you have to like extend infrastructure like you got to bring like electrical grids to these communities um Plumbing um other kinds of like communication infrastructure internet services and all that stuff costs money um and sometimes damages the environment and then we'll go back to Suburban challenges later on you also got this galactic city model guys there was a whole frq on on this model not too long ago why is it called the galactic city model well if you look at it it's kind of like a Galaxy right you got the original CBD in the middle but then you have all these other like planets essentially surrounding the original CBT CBD you have little pockets um of edge cities and smaller CBDs and you got like airports um and all of these things you got universities are like surrounding the CBD so everything used to be concentrated in the CBD or near it and what happened over time like I said earlier is businesses moved out and then and that eventually led to more people moving out some people were already in the suburbs but it it led to more people moving out of the the center of the city and so they they developed this model in like the 19 I think it was 50s or 1960s to kind of reflect how people had moved away from the CBD and we'll talk more about all the other models later but I just wanted to give a little plug there so the galactic city model if you're going to relate remember it by one thing remember that it it like it happened as the subbs were growing that's what caused um I forget the guy's name but it's what caused this model to be like created okay world cities all right so world cities are also known as Global cities okay and I want to make sure oh I got that's kind of like Blurry my bad I want to make sure that you know that world cities are not always mega cities they're not not interchangeable now there are some mega cities you know mega cities remember 10 million or more people that also are considered Global cities but that's they're not automatic so make sure you can differentiate between the difference between Global cities and mega cities one thing that I'd say is most Global cities are located in more developed countries New York City's a global city um London is a global City okay and there are a handful of others you can like Google Global City examples and it'll give you a big list mega cities like I said earlier are mainly in like semi periphery those middle developed countries um or sometimes in periphery countries you know where like you have a lot of people leaving their farms and going working in like low wage factory jobs to where they're just pouring into cities as they leave the agricultural labor because it pays like little to nothing and then you got a picture of the United Nations building here you can see like the different flags this is in New York City right so you got to make sure you know characteristics of world cities so here are some other things you should jot down if you've never heard of this or if you forgot um what else would you find in world cities uh major stock exchanges major Banking and financial institutions there's a lot of money being exchanged in these urban areas and so the banks got to be there that's what banks do they give out money the uh the headquarters of supra National organizations like the United Nations are located in world cities Global cities where you have lots of representatives from all over the world coming and meeting together you're not going to do that in Oklahoma nothing against like my hick ailly relatives that live in Oklahoma I love Oklahoma people are like the nicest in the world but it's not a good location for a world city um international airports would be another big one you'd find in global cities right the global City International City Connection all right all right now we're going to move to Central place theory this is another thing like aquaculture that if I had to like take an educated guess as to what I thought would be on the frq it would be this one because it's never been on the frq section um so maybe maybe man you're gonna love me if I'm right but uh maybe this will be on on the FR frq this year but it probably won't be because I'm always wrong but why in the heck is there a guy there spraying gas pass out of the out of his tank there so it says the principles that are useful for explaining the distribution and size of cities that's what we're doing here why are cities spread out the way that they are and why are they the size that they are so we want to know about rank size Rule and the primate primate city um rank size rule excuse me I took a little mini break there rank size rule is basically characteristic of the distribution you find in in more developed countries like to where you have you don't really have a lot of like real large cities right next to each other like I'm in California and you have San Francisco on in the Bay Area right like on the on the coast and Los Angeles is all the way on the other side of the the state right there's like hundreds of miles in between those two our two largest cities um but then you got like if you if you took a road trip from San Francisco to Los Angeles you'd run into all sorts of like middle like like um like mediumsized and small siiz like cities and towns and that would be most representative of rank size distribution and it's it's usually indicative of countries that are more economically developed um now the primate cities countries that have a primate City like Mexico is a great example Mexico City it's like a medium developed country right it's like stage three country in the demographic transition um meico City that's where everything is like clustered all the like top um educational institutions are are clustered there most of the best jobs are clustered in Mexico City and most of the people live there um so primate City if you forgot it basically means like if a country's like most populated city is at least double the size of the second largest city that's considered a primate City now why is that why is that bad well if you don't live in or near Mexico City and maybe you live like in northern Mexico like in some rural Town rural Village out like in the countryside maybe you're like a corn farmer or something and if you start to have a heart attack you're in trouble because you got like a six seven eight nine 10 hour drive to get to Mexico City where the good doctors are you don't want somebody cutting into your chest right if they like stayed at a holiday in the night before you want somebody that actually knows what they're doing and unfortunately all like the high level services are clustered in primate cities so keep that in mind and again we can go in more detail later um I won't talk about the gravity model on this slide but central place theory I have no idea why I put Tik tock on here there was a reason I promise but um I forgot central place theory is the um theory that tries to explain why cities are distributed the way that they are and they use hexagons the the two concepts that you need to burn into your brain for this one is is range and threshold right so if you forgot what these mean that's why I put the gas station here range is the distance a person is willing to travel to obtain a service a gas station does not have a like a large range I can go to the gas station we got like eight gas stations in my town we only have like 20,000 people in small little agricultural town I'm not going to go to San Francisco to fill up my tank that's stupid I would like burn all my gas gas on the way there on the way back I can just go down the road and fill up at my local gas station um now if I want to go watch the San Francisco Giants especially because they're in first place right now I hope I just made a bunch of Dodgers fans angry um then I would definitely drive like professional sporting events have way longer ranges because I don't want to go to some minor league game in Modesto down the road here I don't care about the minor leagues I want to see the the real I want to see the professionals I want to go like to the U the ballpark like I used to go with my dad and I'm willing to pay money and pay $45 to park every once in a while to do that so so that that has a larger range people are willing to travel further now threshold is the the amount of population required to keep a um to keep a business like viable again going back to our gas station example gas stations have very low thresholds you do not need to have a large population to survive as a gas station why even if you only have like 500 people in your town those people are driving most more likely than not and they're driving right on a regular basis and they need gas um so they're going to do business with you over and over and over again um a lot of small towns have like dental offices because people need to keep their teeth clean um and you don't usually have to go like to San you know you usually don't have to like travel hundreds of miles to to go to the dentist um but if we talk about specialized Medical Services like a brain surgeon or a heart surgeon like I mentioned a minute ago those have much higher threshold because most of us aren't getting heart surgery in the next few minutes or even the next few days hopefully but when you do you're willing to travel even to the Bay Area if it's in my case again I don't want to go to the local like family care physician and watch him get his scalpel out and cut my chest open that's not safe uh I want him to stay away from me I want to go to like the Stanford um heart physician the guy that cut my brother's brain open when he had a tumor um and he's still alive we want to go to those Specialists those kind of services have much um higher threshold so basically what that means is you you need more people you need to like be in Market areas where there are larger populations because you have fewer people accessing your services on a regular basis compared to like the gas station example so central place theory essentially argues that you know there are a whole bunch of Central places every one of those hexagons no matter what size you can see they they overlap have have their own Market areas and people are willing to go out of their market area for certain services like the examples that I gave but for a lot of services like the gas station and the dentist example people are going to stay in their market area remember the market area is just the white area surrounding that pink dot it's also called the hinterland right and this is kind of a Trippy image because it keeps like overlapping and overlapping but if you understand what those hexagons mean um then then you got it and if you're if you're confused on this one ask me in Discord later or if we have extra time at the end I could have Harrison post some questions but I think we're good on that one for now all right so here's the gravity model this is like a tough one for me to teach so I'll do my best for some reason I I don't feel like I I do a great job on on this in my classroom but I'm trying I'm take a quick drink of water all right so what I did I I found a released frq I think it's the only fq that's ever covered um the gravity model at least like in part and I only put one part of it so it says explain the processes and that contribute to the general patterns of migration within the US shown on the map in the terms of each of the following that's one thing to keep in mind just like this question this is a migration question but it ties in Concepts from other chapters Economic Development population friction of distance right this kind of this is related to like what Erica covered back in unit one with um the distance Decay the concept of distance Decay like the more distance there is between people or places the more friction it creates that's why you should usually stay away from long-term relationships because they almost never work out but I hope I didn't break anybody's heart just now so how does the gravity model um relate to this question so you notice I highlighted friction of distance because the other two don't really relate to it but um you can see like it has net in migration and net out migration so all that means net in migration just means there are more people U migrating into some of these areas than migrating out um and I don't want to confuse you and get too deep into this I mainly want you to know what the gravity model is and here it is down here this is like just a brief summary hopefully it helps the gravity model essentially argues that large the larger the cities there are um the more interaction they're going to have there's more interaction between larger cities if there the greater distance between cities the less interaction so I'll say that slightly different and I'll say it slowly in case you're taking notes the size and distance between cities determines the level of interaction the size and distance between cities determines the level of interactions between those cities now this can also be applied to migration if you look at this map um like the gravity model can be applied to a lot of different things so it says people will migrate to the darker shaded areas because the degree of interaction is higher so mainly what you need to try to remember um is that size of cities and the distance between them are what determines the level of interactions between people and businesses um and hopefully that makes a little bit of sense if it doesn't we'll talk more later all right moving on Urban models and yes those are Urban models look at them look at them like so serious you can see the urban area in the background right and you got these super hit models right this has literally like almost nothing to do with the slide but I thought you guys needed a little comic relief right and guys I'm sure you appreciate Rihanna looking right into your eyes right she likes you boom um the urban models are what freak a lot of students out because there's like I think seven of them and what I wanted to do and this is what I tell my students I wanted to try to simplify this like if you're just a if you're just want to geek out um memorize them if you can read if you can like sketch them out and label them that's super legit but if you can't do that or if it's too late in the game for that um I don't I would argue you usually would not have to to know that much about every single Urban model to do well on the multiple choice and the F frq in case they end up so look at this models and theories that are useful for explaining internal structures of cities include the Burgess concentric zone model one the Holt sector model two the Harris andman multiple nuclei model three the galactic city model four the bid rent Theory which is not a model it's just a theory and urban models drawn from Latin America southeast Asia and Africa seven models plus bid rent all right here we go so what I think you should be able to do be able to compare and contrast these categories and I'm going to break these down a little bit so get your pencil out so when you're thinking about all the models I want you to think about the peripheries of these models right periphery just means like the outer edges of the models and you need to think well three um four of these models are from mdc's Burgess model the Hoy model the Harrison Olman model and the galactic city model and in every single one of those models as you get further away from the city the income levels of the people living outside the cities is higher you have suburbs eventually develop when we're talking about like the multiple nuclei model and the galactic city model but if you look at ldcs the opposite is the case as you get further and further away from the center of the city you see like squatter settlements you see the what they call dis amenity zones where like maybe you have running water maybe you don't maybe you got to go and like take a go number two in a in a hole that you dug out with some shovel because you don't have any indoor plumbing um so compare those make sure you know that okay the the models in the mdcs have like nicer housing and higher income individuals living outside the on the out Outer edges in the suburbs but in the ldcs it's the opposite you get some sketchiness happening in the peripheries of ldcs and then the second one the Central Business districts um know where they are and know how many there are if we're talking about the Buress model there's only one CBD because the there really was there weren't any like suburbs that even existed um when that model was created back in the 1920s so you had one CBD and it was in the center remember this is the one that kind of looks like the Bon tuna model it's just like an urban model the white sector model which is the one that I have on this slide you see that again you have one CBD this is like the most boring image this is the only one that was copyright free that I could find um but one CBD it's in the middle and again you got these wedges right the the sector model these are sectors um and then when you get into some of these other ones we start seeing with the suburbs develop you start seeing like the central business district become less relevant the central business district um remember how I talked about how they they like services like businesses left and they formed in the these Edge cities um that reflects like the moving away from the CBDs and so you had like smaller CBDs develop around the original CBD and then when you get to the like the the the models for Latin America southeast Asia and Africa most of those have like more than one CBD and that connects with like the this fourth bullet point why do they have more than one CBD well remember when like we talked about colonialism and when Erica talked about colonialism uh you had like Britain and France and all kinds of other powerful European countries literally go and colonize or take over land in these parts of the world and they weren't doing it out of the best interest of the Africans or the Asians that they were conquering um and so what developed were like cities uh that were more reflective of European culture and European like economic interest and even though those Europeans no longer have control of these these countries you can still see them by looking at the the CBD so you have like a European CBD in Latin America many of the Latin American cities but definitely on the Latin American city model um you see that in all these models and and that simply reflects like the role that colonialism plays okay I hope that helped a little bit again if you got specific spefic questions about the models come on down later and we'll we'll talk more about the models but oh one more thing if you're writing this down you generally don't need to know about like specific years on this exam but I think it's helpful to know like the general like decade than that these models were created like for the four models that are part of the CBD my slack is looking kind of weird I hope everything's okay yes am I still here I hope you guys can still hear me internet still good good um sorry guys okay so what I was saying is um make sure you know that the Burgess model was developed in the 1920s and then the hoit sector model was developed in the 1930s and what you're going to see here is as as people move the urban models of the United States they they change to reflect the movement of the people and where you really see a big is when you get to the multiple nuclei model which was created in the 1940s what was happening in the 1940s we had like early suburbanization happening where people leaving the center of the cities and and living further away in like these Suburban communities again that was the 1940s and then we got the galactic city model 20 years later in 1960 and that was just like an extension of the multiple nuclei model um as more and more primarily white people moved out of the cities and into the suburbs um they created a model to reflect those changes and those movements all right Urban sustainability this is a big one I'm going to read these up top on the top right and then explain these pictures we're almost done with unit six and I think we're doing pretty good on time so this slide is all about like the reactions of some of the negative things that we see in cities the first picture up here is a layout of a new urban community and you can see that you have different like sections different zones you got Urban zones General Urban zones but then you got the Suburban zones over here and even what they would call a rural Zone um but this is where people are living and the big thing to remember about new urbanism is walkability like we have that silly little GIF on the bottom there um the idea that we want to get more cars off the roads and increase the amount of like walking space and increase the amount of people maybe using public transportation because there's so many problems that become associated with Urban growth but if we can get more people walking around they'll be healthier they'll be happier they'll talk to each other when they're walking outside as opposed to just like driving their cars into their garages you know and waving or maybe maybe like doing something you know like flipping off their neighbor that they don't like hopefully nobody does that um so walkability is a big part make sure you know that there was an entire frq a few years back just on new urbanism and a lot of people got surprised by it myself included on the bottom left we have what we have um kind of one of the drawbacks of new urbanism most of you would probably say this is a pretty boring looking Community or really boring looking building it's got like really Bland colors um Erica talked about a sense of place earlier on like one of the frqs and this is a great way to like connect it to that so some of these new urban communities are being built they're good in a lot of ways they they create more walkability um you have like mixed use buildings like you see on that bottom right picture to where you have people living like upstairs in some of these buildings and they have businesses in the bottom U maybe you go get an enchilada at the you know local takaria and you hang out people and then you go back and you just have to walk upstairs to your apartment but if you look at the picture on the bottom left sometimes the way they rebuild these buildings um or modify them it loses all the character instead of having a sense of place like what what draws so many people to the city because cities are unique and awesome and they're diverse this is like anything from that's like this is like the opposite of diverse this is boring you know unless you like earthy tones and really boring architecture um this probably isn't for you so people uh feel like it it takes away from that concept of sense of place uh in some of these new urban communities so you lose the character um that so many people love about cities okay hope that makes sense yeah Urban challenges so important okay so I'm going to highlight three of them here on the left side you got like this old like I think it was a newspaper magazine clipping looks like a newspaper the Saturday evening post and it says a Chicago real estate agent who Moved who moves negro families into allwhite blocks reveals how he reaps enormous profits from racial Prejudice so the why of where right why are the inner cities heavily populated by pe persons of color well this is part of it we tend to forget this or ignore it or just ignorant of it but this whole class is the why of where why are people living where they are this has got to be part of that answer if you don't know what blockbusting is it's not a movie rental business there's only one of those left and Netflix has replaced it but blockbusting is literally when real estate agents use like racial tension and fears of PE persons of color to to like initiate what we would call white flight from urban communities and here's what happened and this is totally illegal but they did it anyways um you'd have a real estate agent that would basically tell the white memb of a community in a city that hey you need to sell you need to sell your home and get out of here quickly because if you don't you're going to be living with a bunch of African-Americans and I know you don't want to do that because you know why it's going to drop the property value of your home and then you're gonna get stuck in this home and you won't be able to afford to live here and then you'll be stuck with a a bunch of people that you don't like you know because it was like rampant racism I know we still have some issues with racism to this day we've made some progress but racism definitely played a role in forcing a lot of these white people out of the cities and into the Suburban communities this is like one of those things that helps us understand why so many suburbs were originally made up primarily of white persons so they busted up the block the picture in the background is a map of a of that shows red lining red lining is in like the same category but this is when you had like banks that would draw lines like literally draw red lines on areas of a city like neighborhood within a city that they would refuse to provide loans to why do you need a loan whether you're black white or anything any other color uh to to purchase a house or if you live in a house that's kind of run down to like renovate a house um so banks sometimes were worried that lowincome individuals and they especially targeted persons of color wouldn't be able to pay these these loans back um and they wanted to prevent they also wanted to prevent persons of color from being able to get a loan that would allow them to move into other neighborhoods that were maybe um more diverse or more you know were like more middle to Upper income families which were usually white at that time where they lived and then another challenge and this is listed as my dad would say Tupac Tupac Shakur right and correct pronunciation is Tupac and I know you guys are laughing at me at home but that's okay I'm an adult now you can laugh at me all you want but you don't want to run into this guy and his boys you know at night in the periphery of a FAA right or a squatter settlement you don't want to be found in the in the inner city of an American city in the wrong Hood right because these guys as you can see in his facial expression they're not happy that you're on their territory and what I'm trying to get out here is that crime is rampant in cities but why is it because people like this are bad no it's because there's lower income levels right and we can't get into the history behind all of this but when you have a concentration of people regardless of their skin color who are lowincome all clustered together in the same neighborhoods that often leads to Crime because they get desperate right they feel like they've been cheated they feel like they've gotten the short end of things and sometimes they have to steal and sometimes they have broken families and that leads to all sorts of problems and people dropping out of school and getting into gangs because they're sometimes like their their mom or dad left the family and they they need they need support so all that these are all challenges in urban areas all right and then the last slide for this one I'm just continuing on the urban challenge theme gentrification right so I got a great picture up here in the upper left a side by side where you see a kind of rundown um set of buildings here in an urban area and then the second side you see a renovated you get to look closely but it's painted the windows are repaired it's been gentrified gentrification is essentially is when yuppies these young urban professionals fresh out of college they don't have any kids but they got tons of money when they um when they go and invest money into communities like you see on the left and they they like basically renovate buildings because they like that brick they like that those buildings that have a lot of architectural character they don't want to go live in a new Urban neighborhood that looks like a suburb in the city they want what you see on the right what's the problem with that though that's good because there are pros and cons here but I'm GNA argue that way worse than than good because one argument could beb gentrification actually helps people but who does it help it raises the property value of those buildings because they're putting money into these buildings and they're making them more value Val so cities can tax can like you know increase the property taxes and whoever owns those buildings they're going to have to Jack the rent up right because they just spent a ton of money making it look nice so that's where we get into the negative like the dark side of gentrification and you see on the upper right you see the rent going up the taxes going up and you got this sad family who's got a newborn little Johnny in there maybe or little suie um walking out of the city because what happened they can't afford the rent anymore because their their their building got gentrified and now their rent went from like maybe 800 a month to maybe like 1,600 a month or more okay and so they get priced out so this is like the dark negative side of gentrification so and then you just see in the bottom there we need social housing we need the government to provide housing not yepy Apartments like the one we see in that that first picture up top okay so that's gentrification all right this is truly the last slide and then I'm going to give you a little bit of a breather okay you got Greta there screaming at the world because of how polluted the world has become and she's putting it on us and she's partially right guys right so some just kind of finishing up this concept of urban challenges um we talked about the challenges of suburban sprawl like what are the negatives what are the drawbacks when we have quickly spreading Suburban communities we got to build more roads we got to build more power lines we got to build more everything more pollution more traffic remember think about the social effects I hate traffic I don't know about you guys but people that commute and are stuck in traffic every single day they're not seeing their families they're not seeing their kids um they're probably cursing at the people um you know in front of them and that could do a lot to your mental health too so there's economic and social cost and then the last thing I want to cover um especially because this is on this was on part of an frq recently was this concept of brownfields a Brownfield is what you see on the left here it's basically and you see these a lot like in the Upper Midwest kind of Rust Belt region where a lot of factory jobs have been like outsourced to Middle to low developed countries um and sorry I just got a notification so I had to had to pause there they're basically were factories used to be located that are no longer in operation and in some cases like the the they've either like destroyed the factory and just a big pile of dirt and weeds or the factor is just sitting there rotting away sometimes like the soil is like toxic and has to be cleaned up um but what the what the frq a few years ago asked about was like how can brownfields be repurposed like what are cities doing to revitalize Landscapes like that you see on the left and boom you see like this renewed same exact space um and I found this like on a some company website and they gave me permission to share this but this is kind of like their vision for like this Brownfield space on the left is to create like this vibrant walkable like open space that people living in these urban communities can go and you know go out go out and get some frozen yogurt some some Froyo right or maybe go to the arcade or do some shopping or whatever else is over here um all right I'm going to pause there I'll give you you know two or three minute break and then we'll do some questions because Harrison said it seems like people want to break around the unit 6 frq ask and you shall receive and you know I'm gonna play my favorite song for you guys I don't even know if my students know this we didn't have time to play music in class this year here we go this will this will Jack you up for the last the last unit [Music] [Laughter] I'm going to let this play through just so you guys can have a little bit of a breather and I love the song [Music] [Music] [Music] Glory [Music] I [Music] the all right the Tiger [Music] and [Music] got 90 seconds so we're going to start [Music] again the T [Music] am [Music] okay 22 seconds left so finish the last bite of that banana or swallow that whatever you're drinking here we go I hope that pumped you up as much as it did me I love the Rocky movies I don't know if you guys like Rocky but you got to kind of act like that guy right because he was the underdog and a lot of you freshman especially freshman I know it's not just a freshman courts but if you're a freshman taking this class you feel like an underdog right now you feel like you're gonna lose this fight um and you know if you do so what Rocky lost a lot of fights but he came back did his best and he solved communism if you saw part four he beat that big Russian dude and all the Russians that hated him ended up liking him we're GNA like you no matter what because the test results are not going to Define you so just do your best and here we go but remember Rocky bboa that would be a good day before the exam prep activity Watch Rocky three or four all right here we go all right we going do a few practice questions and boom all the following have helped create ghettos in North American cities except and if you need more of a break just don't answer these you can watch other people we got 81 answering 87 some of you guys are still on your restroom break few more seconds I don't want to eat up too much time we got one more unit so I'm going to show these answers boom most of you got it economic Enterprise zones so those other four answers did help create ghettos remember ghettos are just like clusters um within a city usually not like for the wrong reasons um you have like School District boundaries being drawn you know sometimes with like racism in mind the clustering or concentration of public housing and Social Services if you ever heard of the concept projects like we live in the projects they're referring to like government funded housing as in housing projects and often those housing projects were a poor quality and they were just they just like concentrated a lot of low-income individuals and families into one area which usually leads to Crime regardless of skin color but in in many cases because of the things I told you earlier they um oops whoops they often were made up of people of persons of color and then we talked about redlining and Blockbuster block blockbusting all right next question which of the following is a true statement about classic models of City structure I didn't talk a lot about the that's why I put this in here but this is a great example of the type of question they would ask you about the urban models we got 130 something that have answered let's go let's go let's do it remember you don't want to spend more than like one or two minutes at the at the most on these questions all right we got we're almost up to 200 I'm going to show the results boom this is a good sign the sector model is highly influenced by Transportation patterns um remember why remember that was the second model that was created in the 1930s why do we have a new model well because Transportation um like technology became more common this is like in the 1920s Henry Ford mass-produced the Model T more people had access to to automobiles than ever before so what happened people started driving duh that's what you do with a car and that affected where people lived Within the cities and so you we create we saw the creation of the sector model to reflect those changes in transportation all right next question which are the following best describes be careful when it says best describes that usually means that there's like at least two at least partially correct answers best describes the process of gentrification in the US and Canadian cities we got about 50 people that have answered we're into the hundreds 150 come on now what do you think and I'm going to show the results boom that was easy so looks like we got two answers let's let's talk about that fourth one some people said the expansion of suburban housing developments on the urban periphery all right so the question asked which of the following best describes the process of gent gentrification um and I think what people were thinking with that last answer was that well suburbs are on the outside of the city and gentrification causes people to be displaced or forced out of the city the only problem here is remember Suburban communities are like middle to high inome communities so when when lower inome individuals and families are are like victims of gentrification they're not moving to the suburbs they can't afford it um in most cases they they usually move to a even like into like a a lower income region of the city they're already living in so hopefully that makes sense you can ask me later if it doesn't I often don't make sense the multiple nuclei model of City structure tends to be most applicable to which of the following and again since these are publicly available your teachers maybe maybe you've seen these maybe somebody posted them on Quizlet or something I don't know I don't care it's still a good review either way remember the multiple nuclei model that was the one that was developed in the 1940s hopefully that should give it away if you know what was happening in the 1940s and 1950s suburbanization all right so we got almost 200 I'm gonna I'm gonna click it on 200 and boom yes fast newer fast growing cities very good I'm not even gonna talk about this one because I want to make sure that we have time at the end all right squatter settlements exist in cities of less developed countries because remember squatter settlements are are like illegal basically like illegal Shanty towns illegal slums where people just like squat on the land where they live on the land illegally because nobody tells them they can't so why do we find those in less developed countries [Music] all right we got over 200 let's see here gosh I thought these would be somewhat challenging all right we had two c let's let's pick the one that says 36 so some people chose people want to live near the center of the city where jobs are located well yeah that's true people do sometimes want to live near the center of the city where the jobs are the problem is that there aren't enough remember these are less developed countries there aren't enough there aren't enough jobs for one thing and there especially isn't enough like housing to fit all of those people in the center of the city just because you want something doesn't mean that you can like make that a reality um so the correct answer affordable housing is not available Elsewhere for new migrants to the city so lots of people remember these are people that are in like semi- periphery or semi-developed countries where lots of factory jobs are are are available in the cities and you have lots of small farmers leaving their Farms like ditching their lives on the farm in the countryside and moving to the urban areas rural to Urban migration and it's overwhelming the infrastructure of these cities okay or if there is a housing available they can't afford it because they're poor Farmers so what do they do they turn around and they go and squat on the peripheries of these of these cities and again the the word that we use in Brazil in for like Brazilian cities are faas I just wanted to say that because I can say it with flavor FAA uh okay here we go next question nope we're not going to do that one yet all right back to the cram I'm not giving you another break because it just gave you one a minute ago so suck it up we only got like 51 minutes left uh oh that's not what I meant to do all right we'll go quickly on this one just put a short answer so it says in the last half of the 20th century some US cities experienced decline due to deindustrialization make sure you know that word and loss of population due to suburbanization to counteract the inner city decline urban planners have embraced new urbanism and mixed use development to attract residents back to the city so letter C says explain one benefit just give me one you even just list this if you want one benefit of mixed use development in promoting Urban growth why is it good to have a mixture of development what I mean by that why do you want to have like commercial and residential areas combined how is that a good thing how does that benefit people so I'm going to kind of read these as you just type somebody I love you okay well just like uh School of Rock well I won't say that that's probably a little too silly for for this um it stops urban sprawl y different ethnicities to bring diversity heck yeah diversity is usually viewed as a good thing walkability hash walkability right I live down like in the downtown area of our small little rural town and I can walk everywhere I walk to school I walk to church I walk to the local like Grill I walk to the dentist and I love it even though I don't live in a big city there like major walkability happening in my life and what happens is I talk to people I run into people right which is great um and I'm I'm healthier it's nice to get outside and enjoy the sun and the breeze uh I don't know why it's not letting me scroll through your guys's answers maybe I have to click I don't know maybe Harrison or somebody that's smarter than me it won't let me scroll through the live results but some of these answers that I can see are really good um oh I see 206 answers maybe mtim meter is just a little overwhelmed at the moment but I cannot see anything so I'm G to have to move on again I'd be happy to give you specific frq feedback on Discord a little later um but let's look at the answers the possible answers that could have worked here oh some of these moved up it said increase sustainability in green areas yeah like more room for parks and um like green areas so we don't have like these massive concrete jungles in these areas here are the answers so I'm just gonna whoops here's Harrison's answer a benefit of mixed use development would be reducing pollution in urban areas yes out a boy Harrison when mixed use developments are creating are created similar to uh new new urbanism people live in the same place as many restaurants businesses boutiques we love our boutiques and more amenities like public transit that will allow them to walk and bus more while driving cars less this lessened use of cars reduces the pollution in urban areas that's darn near perfect um and you can answer it a couple different ways but I love this answer and I like how he we we call in the AP World how he closed the loop he started his answer with reducing pollution and I also love how he actually rephrased the the task right at the beginning a benefit of mix juice like he literally like you got to kind of write like a robot on these frqs um don't get all like say on us nobody cares about your big vocabulary I mean some people do like your English teacher and probably like your mom and dad but the graders don't so a benefit of mix development would be so start your answers off just like Harrison did and then finish it off right this lesson the use of cars or cars reduces the pollution in urban areas so the problem that some students have sometimes just to throw in a little f frq um tips and tricks is that they make claims just like you do in any like writing assignment and you just leave the reader hanging you leave your teacher hanging um especially if it asks you to explain something make sure you throw an example in there um and he did that he gave a bunch of examples you got restaurants and businesses and boutiques and then he even talked about walkability and fewer cars and how all that stuff's good and it reduces pollution like a win-win win win win um if you want to like watch this on demand these are just goals of the New urbanism Movement you can pause this if you want to watch it later or take a screenshot of it but I'm going to take this off in about three seconds we don't got time for this here's letter B mixed use zoning versus traditional zoning just makes sure you know there's three types of zoning residential where people live commercial where there are businesses like McDonald's and jewelry stores and then industrial would be like factories and other like industry related businesses okay and here's letter C like holy moly you could have had all kinds of answers Harrison went with decreased pollution right which is like bullet point four but just skim through this take a screenshot all kinds of stuff I'm not going to read through them because you don't like hearing teachers read off of a slide um even though that's there's a time and place for that and I don't want to insult you because I know that you guys know how to read off of a slide so do it all right so take a screenshot of that if you want and same with this one make sure you know the criticism of new urbanism see this word placelessness down here right the suburbs also get accused of of invoking feelings of placelessness like like everything looks the same um some of the new urban communities look a lot like suburbs just like an urban version of it to where you don't have a lot of character um that's really like that's really like more common in in urban zones and urban regions okay so if you see any of these on here that you have no idea what they mean put it in the chat for Harrison and his team to respond to or come to Discord later I know I've said that like I feel like 50 million times but I just want to remind you that we're going fast through a lot of this stuff we're going through like the whole year um and we want to make sure that all your questions get answered even if we have to stay up late tonight um so don't worry Don't Panic just jot down stuff that you need extra support on all right come on man there's Joe Biden our newly elected president he says I do not buy it for one second that the Vitality of the American manufacturing is the thing of the past he's saying that factories are alive and well in the US even though a lot of them are shut down um so there's like some truth to what he's saying but he's also a politician right and he wants people that got that work in factories or used to work in factories to believe that he's going to bring their jobs back all politicians do that so here we go fasten your seat belts I'll give you guys a little short break after we go through the content of these slides and and then before you know we're gonna be done the big ideas for industry and development why does economic and social development happen at different times and rates in different places big one big idea number two how might environmental problems stemming from industrialization be remedied through sustainable development strategies and then the last one why has industrialization helped improve standards of living while also contributing to geographically uneven development so as the as the world has become more industrialized we have more people living in cities and more people making money but we also have greater like disparities in wealth bigger gaps between some countries and some people living within countries so we want to know like why right Backstreet Boys tell me why all right here we go fasten your seat belts uh I got notes here and I just am way behind on my notes the Industrial Revolution I put that it was made in the UK because literally the United Kingdom England was the Hearth was the origin the starting point of the Industrial Revolution and although this is not a history class this is one of those portions of the class where you need to know a little bit of History they expect you to know where the Industrial Revolution started and how it spread right the Hearth and the fusion patterns just like Erica was talking about the religions earlier in the Stream and languages you got to know a little bit about like where the dominant world religion started and where they spread to like Christianity didn't didn't just like magically appear throughout the entire world you know with like the you know like like turning on some switch there are reasons for that those diffusion patterns and they want you to know that so the Industrial Revolution started in the United Kingdom uh they had lots of resources as it says in that first kind of like little bullet point up there they had lots of coal um they had like water power they had lots of like labor they had a strong banking system they had a strong Navy military and that's basically a quick summary of the historical reasons behind the Industrial Revolution starting in England in the United Kingdom now the second one says as industrialization spread remember diffusion it caused Food Supplies to increase and populations to grow think demographic transition model if you remember back back um like on the first or second hour when Erica was talking about it Britain was the first country like European countries and the United States were the first countries to enter stage two of the demographic transition and they were able to do that because of industrialization because they were able to mass-produce food and when people have more food they live longer they eat healthier people are more willing to bring little babies into the world if they have a lot of food um or access to food right so that's when we see death rates drop because people are eating more and they're eating healthier and they gain access to more medication and that's all at least it's partially as a result of industrialization and the second part of that it says it allowed workers to seek new industrial jobs in the cities and change class structures yeah we talked about rural to Urban migration earlier that's what was happening here this is like the first like massive wave of people leaving the countryside because they machines were doing the farm work for them and they were being put out of work but they were they were finding um you know better paying jobs in many cases in the dirty nasty crowdy crowded factories in urban areas and that it spread eventually so the last Point here it says investors in Industry sought out more raw materials and new markets and that's what you see here on the bottom left it says a factor that contributed to the rise of colonialism and imperialism you guys can relate to this whenever you get candy you want more of it whenever you get one scoop of ice cream you want more when they got a little bit of industrialization they wanted more they needed more they needed raw materials that that could be extracted from the earth and then taken to the factories in the United Kingdom to make like finished Factory Goods out of so you see in the bottom left here you see a few white guys who don't look like they're doing a whole lot of work other than watching the persons of color um do the work and you can see differences in clothing different cultures here but there's some kind of like mining happening here and again they weren't going to like save these people and to support them in most cases they were going to exploit them for their raw materials and the markets to sell their goods um a few other things you should definitely know is on the next slide all right economic sectors this is one that's I think really easy to understand but because there's so many of them it's it's troubling for students especially like when we get to the tertiary sector the first thing I want you to know about the economic sectors make sure you know that this is like just yet another way to measure economic development in a country there's a whole lot of ways we're going to do that in the next slide um to measure economic development and when you look at like the types of jobs that dominate an economy that's a way to like that's to to indicate like how wealthy how prosperous at least in an economic sense that these countries are so you got like the farmer shoes walking down the bottom middle picture there that's the primary sector any job where you're extracting something from the earth whether it's a crop or you're cutting trees down you know and putting them into a mill or you're extracting like minerals or diamonds from the earth those are primary sector activities and countries that that have mostly primary sector activities are the least developed in the world the picture on the far left you see a couple women um do they're like in some kind of factory you can see the machine to where the and they are rocking look at look at them uh they got something like little conveyor belt there these you know these guys are kind of just watching in the background looks like they got the better job it's typical right the women have to do the the hard work but the point is this is the secondary sector you know where you see industry start to dominate in a economy and countries that have most most of their jobs concentrated in the secondary sector are those middle income semi periphery countries and then you got the other three pictures which are all part of the tertiary sector also known as the service [Music] sector sorry quick water break you got the burger flipper guy there right he's that's a service job it's a low wage probably minimum wage service sector job but it is a service he didn't like kill that cow um you know out on the farm that would be the primary sector he didn't like process that beef in like the meat packing plant that would be the secondary sector he took probably a frozen patty of beef and he offered his Services which is a real low skill service it doesn't matter though he's making some money hopefully he washed his hands and he's not getting burned by the grease on the grill but he's flipping that burger and then he's going to pass it on to his his co-workers and they're going to going to um you know ask would you like fries with that that's those are tertiary sector activities and then you got this is where it gets tricky the last two pictures um you got white Goodman saying let me hit you with some knowledge one of my favorite lines of the movie Dodgeball and this is the picture I chose the GIF I chose for quinary remember there's quinary and quinary so these are subgroups within the tertiary sector but you have to know the differences because the prary sector has gotten so big in developed countries that geographers and economists now refer to these different categories so the quinary sector are knowledge based jobs research and development I always use the example of I'm gonna turn my camera off real quick if you look at your Hydro Flask I know tons of you have Hydro Flask a lot of these will say designed in Oregon or designed in the US made in China the design side of it the design portion of it is a quinary job that's research and development research and product development right but then once the idea of the Hydro Flask has been identified and researched and developed who makes these who actually makes the hydr flask itself Factory workers in China in some other country that would be considered semi- periphery that's remember that's the secondary sector okay hopefully that makes sense and and you got Trump saying you're fired you're fired you're fired because that's the quinary sector the quinary sector are the highest level decision makers um and I put Trump because he was the president for a little while um which is like the top of the political hierarchy in our government you could say like a Supreme Court Justice would be another political example a governor of a state would be another example if you want to give a business example You' like the CEO um like we have a CEO like Amanda from fiveable is a a a Qui I'm sorry a quinary sector even I mix these up a quinary sector employee because she calls the shots right her and her team um and team fiveable so just make sure you have some examples you could simply get an example on the P exam where they just give you an example of a job and they just list these five choices and those should be gimmies if those come up but make sure you put some extra study time into knowing the difference between quinary and quinary all right lease cost theory um got a whole lot going on here it says labor Transportation including shipping containers the breakup bulk Point lease cost theory markets and resources influence the location of manufacturing such as core semi- periphery and periphery location so what does that all mean why are factories where they are that sums up that big paragraph there I put this because this shows a break of bulk point a break a bolt is simply when bulk and the bulk in this case are all those containers on that ship and they they got like clothes and electronics and Frozen Foods all kinds of stuff that we buy are usually shipped in like the manner that you see on that gif now when they get to the port you see those massive cranes those cranes actually take off those U those containers and they put them on a big rig that's why you see so many like diesel trucks on the highway but the transfer of that container from the the large containerization ship to a a large truck is a break of bulk point and factories have to consider where they locate um based on these break of Bolt points because people don't unload stuff for free every time you have the break bulk you're paying somebody or something if it's like a crane or a machine to do that work for you the bottom left picture is basically if you can see it clearly enough it says an American company package and product designed in the US made in China um why do a lot of the jobs like the hydras example and like this like this example why do we have a lot of jobs that used to be in the United States um relocating to like semi-developed or low developed countries cheaper labor and relaxed in environmental regulations those are the two big ones this is where we get into that concept of the new international division of labor this idea that these three types of jobs um primary secondary tertiary they are spread out like in this globalized economy and you can like align them to different development levels within countries all right the bottle here just represents bult gaining so leas cost theory um talks about like Transportation cost labor cost and like a gation effects and the transportation cost is what we get into when we talk about bolk gaining and bolt producing so you've probably heard of these terms but just just a couple of reminders like why is um beverage bottling considered a bolt gaining industry it's because when you put water or soda or beer or any kind of fluid in those bottles it's going to get heavier if you've ever went to Costco and picked up like a 24 pack or a mega pack of energy drinks or bottles of water it's not very light if you dumped all that fluid out it would be much lighter so factories have to consider these things these issues when they decide where to locate the factory so um companies or businesses that are in Bolt gating Industries they're going to locate their their facilities closer to the market closer to where they're going to sell the products because that means they only have to transport these heavier products shorter distances and then you have the picture on the bottom right which is the opposite it's bulk producing you can see the big trees in the background and you can see some of the trees kind of cut up in the middle of the picture and then what you see on the rest of the image is a mill basically a place where all the wood that gets chopped down gets transported a very short distance like you can literally see the trees right next to the F like this like manufacturing facility um because nobody wants to transport massively heavy logs across the country because you're going to pay a really heavy like transportation fee okay all right so bulk producing because when you cut a tree down and then you make it into paper the paper is lighter than that massive log when it was cut first cut down yeah another example of bulk reducing would be copper smelting that's like one of the examples that's commonly referenced in textbooks and then for like bulk gaining I forgot to mention like automobile assembly factories are are great is a great example of Bolt gaining because you take different pieces of a car or a truck and you assemble them into a finished vehicle which is super duper heavy at that point so you want those cars close to the market close to where where people are going to buy the cars all right all right we're doing we're doing good here let's let's keep rolling though all right measures of development I'm not going to spend a ton of time on this one um the main thing with GDP and GNP and gni they're all just different ways to measure a country's level of development a country with high GDP is going to be highly developed a country with high gni is going to be highly developed the one thing that I do want to expand on is this gender inequality index a country with a high gender inequality index score that's a bad thing you do not want a high GI score that means you treat women like dirt so some of the countries in South Asia and Southwest Asia are very restrictive um towards women like when you talk about things like women's empowerment like when you look at the amount of women serving in in um in like the government and how many women are in school how many women are in the workforce uh all these things are like lower in countries that have high degrees of gender inequality so what the AP test writers often do is they they try to trick you because human development index is a measurement of like multiple different factors but the you have some countries in the world that are very strong economically right so they have high like GDP or high gni but they have really bad gender inequality scores so you can have countries that are uber wealthy but that treat women very poorly and often I've seen a lot of multiple choice questions on like the secure exam that have questions that that check your knowledge in that area all right continuing on the women and development um example here the main thing I want to point out here is that when you talk about the role of women changing as countries develop economically if you're talking about less developed countries this usually means like women are leaving their farms and going working in lowp paying factory jobs jobs if you which is a major upgrade for them even though it's still like really low pay if you talk about more developed countries you got kind of get like what we're talking about on this this GIF right here Girls Just Want to Have equal pay right Girls Just Want to Have Fun as well but they also want equal pay um so what what we see here in a lot of developed countries in the US and other countries that are highly developed is women often don't have um the same job opportunities and the same pay scale the same like wage and we don't have time to get into like a in-depth discussion but often it's tied to like the culture um and the expectations of women that have been built up um it's not that women aren't capable of doing um good work I mean the founder of this company is a woman and this company is incredible right I'm not kissing up Amanda but you know I think we all know this is a great thing we got going on here and we're all proud of you so the second thing that I want to point out is this concept of microloans or micro Finance microloans are not only for women but the most of the micro loans micr loans are just small loans teeny tiny loans anywhere from like $50 to maybe $5,000 and they mainly go to help women in impoverished countries start a business or improve a small business and they're really successful because they don't charge really high interest rates interest is just a fee that you have to pay pay on money that you borrow and these loans have either zero or very low interest rates so the women that take them out are able to go and generate some income like you see in this picture by like weaving baskets or making clothes or whatever they do making their you know increasing their production on their farm and then they can pay their loan back and have some money left over so this is kind of like an alternative way to help women develop economically um that has been like encouraged by the United Nations and other organizations all right development theories we only have one two we got five slides left guys let's do it let's go and then we'll have a few more practice questions and we're done I the tiger keep it going don't don't don't you go like uh sleeping on me um so this is wallerstein's World systems theory I separated these in three separate slides just because they're really important this is where we get the concepts of core semi- periphery and periphery the thing that I want you to make sure you know is that the core countries are the most wealthy and the periphery countries are the least wealthy the least proper prosperous and then you have the countries in the middle like China India Saudi Arabia some countries in Eastern Europe would be considered sort of semi- periphery you see Brazil Argentina these are countries that have like lots of manufacturing Mexico right and that a lot of trade is happening between the core and the semi- periphery but what wallerstein argued he was kind of like a Debbie Downer but he he observed like the distribution of wealth in the world and he noticed that the core countries are really like taking advantage of the semi- periphery and the periphery and he argued that there's always going to be a core a semi- periphery and a periphery region and that's bad right that periphery countries are being exploited by the core and that's why they are still poor right and I don't have time to go over lots of specific examples but if that doesn't make sense to you jot that down in your list and we'll talk about it more later then you have Rau right I got a picture of him right there he's like he's reading his own little economic theory book he look kind of happy you got the um Roo's model of economic growth is like the opposite of wallerstein's theory Rau said that all countries can can develop kind of like in this linear model that's why I put these these examples um kind of diagonally going up and to the right so you should know the names of these five stages and I didn't put them on there because I want you to write them write them out so stage one is the traditional Society this is where like the dominant economic activity is farming as you can see them using their little like homemade farm tools there not a lot of economic wealth this is like a lot of countries in subsaharan Africa and parts of Asia and then the second stage is preconditions to takeoff you can see like this is when a a country starts to develop some infrastructure you see the bridge being built there you might have some like a some factory work starting to to develop right it's the preconditions to takeoff right so the country's on the way to like blowing up in an industrial sense but they need to keep this going to continue to prosper so this is when we're starting to see uh more slowly but surely rural to Urban migration and then if that happens enough over time we get to the third picture where the country is just full-blown dominated by industrialization and most of their jobs are in the secondary sector you can see the ladies there and the guy in the background looks like a supervisor working on the you know this is like a textile Factory where they're using sewing machines to make the clothes that we wear in many cases now what happens after this one um women start to stay in school for longer right because they got jobs now so they're not getting married when they're like 12 um and they like money and they like Independence and they want to and then they they might like go to school they might pay for their children's to go to their children to go to school and then as that happens more over time the fourth stage where you have see this like little robotic arm is called the drive to maturity that means the economy is literally like driving to maturity it's becoming more mature the industrialization is becoming more advanced more women are using birth control right more women are staying in school birth rates are starting to decline because of what I've already mentioned and then if you keep if that continues to happen Roo says that then you you reach what he calls the age of mass consumption this is where people have like stuff itis we just love to buy stuff that we don't even need I do it all the time I already showed you that like fancy spicy peach jam that I bought earlier and my fancy water bottle I don't need those things but we want them and we have we have the money to buy them Black Friday right I don't know if any of you yahoos like to go out on Black Friday but that's dangerous in my opinion um but Rau says that every country can do this if you just do X Y and Z wallerstein would say no because the countries that are in that that last stage the age of mass consumption they're taking advantage and exploiting the labor and exploiting the resources for the people down in the first and second stage and they're never going to get out and then we have commodity dependence this map simply shows you the countries that have a high level of dependence on one or a small number of Commodities and when I say Commodities I'm talking like usually like agricultural Commodities um look at Africa 80 to 100% of some of these economies are dominated by by like one or a small number of Commodities that's not good that's like putting all your eggs in one basket if you have a if you're like if your country's economy is dominated by like coffee bean plantations and that's like the bulk of of the money that gets generated in your country and you have a bad crop or a war breaks out and and the plantations get destroyed you guys are in a lot of trouble that country is going to be in trouble because they don't have any other economic assets to like trade on this globalized Marketplace so it's bad you never want to put all your eggs in one basket like on your personal finance um you know situations but but you know if you're ever a leader of a country make sure that you diversify your Commodities and your assets all right three more slides guys here we go keep it going all right trade in the world economy um it says complimentarity and comparative advantage establish the basis for trade my kids are going to laugh right now because I always talk about Costco's organic dried mangos I eat these things like candy I don't buy them anymore because I'll eat them like in three days they're produced in Mexico um and then sold primarily in the United States and they are not cheap because they're organic they don't a bunch of sugar added but my point is only some parts of the world can grow mangoes the way that Mexico can and the way that like the Philippines can and so they have a comparative advantage to countries like the United States is we don't have the climate to grow those types of crops at a large scale and you got people like Mr Mayfield and other people other mango lovers that will buy these over and over and over again even if the price increases that's a comparative advantage like countries in the Middle East they have a comparative advantage because of the oil that they can drill for you know I think Venezuela and there's some other countries that have oil but it's primarily clustered um quite a bit in in Southwest Asia um and then you got this concept of neoliberalism if you don't know what neoliberal liberalism is it basically is like a policy that promotes free trade free markets fewer regulations all right so and then it gives you a bunch of examples so I put brexit right because Britain is exiting the European Union not everybody wants to do engage in free trade because you have to give up sovereignty you have to give up some of your own power and control and who wants to do that so the British you know some of them at least voted to leave the European Union and not engage at least not directly in this this like supranational trade agreement with other European countries but then you have this map it shows which countries have the most trade agreements and hopefully you notice because the dark blue and the lighter BL blue you notice that the countries that have the most trade agreements the countries that are engaging in neoliberal policies are the core and semi- periphery countries look at the US look at Canada look at almost all of South America look at Western Europe and Northern Europe even India and China um Japan South Korea Australia make sure you have some of these countries in mind that you can reference like Harrison did on one of his previous frqs okay all right let's keep rolling we're almost there all right I'm not going to read all these but I will go over all these images the first one on the bottom left these guys high five in each other that represents Outsourcing because a lot of jobs that used to be clustered in the core have been relocated or outsourced to countries in the semi- periphery or even the periphery why because you can make a because companies in the United States or in other developed countries can make a lot of money on cheap labor in ldcs and even if it's a telephone operator um you some countries don't have minimum wage laws so you can Outsource those jobs there now why is that a bad thing this is bad for a lot of people living in the core because if your job gets outsourced you got to find a new one and a lot of factory jobs in the United States and other developed countries have been Outsource have been relocated to Mexico to China to other um semi- periphery countries and so you got guys that were working guys and gals that were working in like factory jobs in like the Midwest and the Rust Belt region kind of like that Northern Northeastern section of our country making like 3040 $50 an hour in their Factory job and it's gone all of a sudden and Outsourcing is partly to blame to um to blame and then you got to pick picture of Silicon Valley two pictures this is represents uh a growth pole a growth pole is just like an area where explosive economic growth is happening and I want you to tie in the concept of agglomeration agglomeration is essentially the clustering of something and as you can see in this picture in the middle you have a lot of tech companies that are clustering in one little teeny tiny region if you look at that map on the upper right look at Silicon Valley is not that large of a space but you have tons of companies so why are they there again going back to like the why of where why do tech companies cluster or agglomerate in Silicon Valley well you got all kinds of capital Investments you got big time banks that are willing to like invest in these companies you got a lot of smart people coming out of like universities like Stanford and you see Berkeley so you have a like plentiful labor supply all the time that are just right down the road um and then the bottom right you got a picture of what I would consider post fordism post fordism is when we've gone away from having lots of people do like highly repetitive task like low skilled task over and over and over and over again and we're replacing those people with robots and machines to where we're starting to see like and this is mainly in more developed countries we're starting to see factories that are more like that are operated far more by like robots and computer systems than by humans themselves that would be considered post fordism who who last slide and then we're going to do a few more check for understanding then we'll be dunsky um sustainable development because of all the crap that comes out of urbanization all the problems that have been um caused by urbanization pollution as you can see in the background um just Mass consumption natural resource depletion there have been responses by the global community and by like like the national scale to try like fix some of these problems ecotourism is one of them now ecotourism as you can see in the bottom right you got this Happy probably like American Tourist um with his kind of geeky khakis on but he's having a good time uh I wear geeky khakis too so that's a compliment um ecotourism is tourism that that like generates money for usually a less developed country like Costa Rica is really into this while preserving the like natural habitats of animals like preserving the biodiversity by like not destroying not clearing trees to like build like a new Disneyland um so they like countries that practice ecotourism they they want people to engage in like nature without destroying the natural environment and if you've ever been to like a national park like in the US you've been to yede or Yellowstone or any national park those are all like examples of e tourism as well but you'd want to know like that it's primarily used as a developmental tool for periphery and semi- periphery countries and then you got the sustainable development goals that were developed by the United Nations and you can see them flashing Life Below water life on land peace Justice partnership no poverty no hunger so these are all like goals that the United Nations came up with remember the United Nations is big group of countries throughout the world that are trying to like prevent Wars and one way you do that is by helping countries develop because people are less angry when their quality of life uh increases um so you won't need to know all those goals but you should know a couple and be able to like briefly describe them all right here we go the last set of [Music] questions you can take a break right now or we'll just kind of maybe take a break while we do the questions and I'm gonna put on another one of my favorite songs so here we go boom who doesn't like this song right [Music] if the song annoys you mute [Music] [Music] me all right we got 130 something maybe this was a tough question or maybe some of you are like slowly fading away I hope not here's the answer I'll pause the pause the song Here boom most of you got it core periphery models are generally based on the idea that sharp spatial contrast and social and economic development exists between economic heartlands and outl lying subordinate areas I'm not going to go over these too much because we're running out of time here's the next one this should be easy I just talked about this one [Music] night it goes on and and and all right yes I'm not even G to talk about it a glomeration [Music] [Music] all right got to 150 something in let's see it I'm gonna pause the song we might have to talk about this one all right so the answers were a little more varied here let's let's talk about this one briefly contemporary manufacturing is characterized by production facilities that are generally located as close as possible to the sites of raw material production that's not the oh that's not the correct answer I'm sorry correct answer is spatial disaggregation of the production process um so all this means is that when we look at like a global map like we're doing spatial analysis um the jobs have been disaggregated they've been spread out throughout the world to where jobs that used to be like like t-shirts that used to be made in American factories have now been relocated to China or India or Bangladesh um that's the disaggregation we're talking about and why cheap labor relaxed environmental laws um and you got to know this is like the new international division of labor that you'll have to be able to explain all right I I stumped you guys that was the first one that was tough I think all right one more [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] all right here we go all right so I guess that was a little too easy maybe you guys got it if in my class when when when they're this good I'm not going to waste time talking about it and we don't have time we are going to go over a few minutes early I mean a few minutes late but uh I hope you guys are okay with that just real quick what do you guys think on this one I got six answers that's enough for me o most people are unemployed or many people work in the informal sector and the answer is many people work in the informal sector so the formal sector of the economy simply means that people are working in jobs that get taxed by the government those are legal jobs but in ldcs especially in large urban areas you have a lot of people working like like on Street Markets and and they're they're like selling goods and sometimes like agricultural products that are not taxed this this is the informal sector of the economy but there's still money being exchang money and goods are being exchanged so it's something that geographers like to consider and look at oh one more I lied I I'll just spend about 30 seconds on this one so take your best guess all right boom you guys that was an easy one let's move on all right uh real quick we'll go we'll blow through this very quickly so we're describing one way in which the roles of women in the paid labor force of developed countries change as a result of the transition to a post-industrial economy what I'm going to do since we're a little strapped on time is I'm just going to put the answers up so there's Harrison's answer I'm sorry Harrison I'm not going to read through this one I already read it though it's amazing and you guys can pause and look at it later you can pause and look at that later you can pause and look at that later and here's the one that we were responding to sorry that I had to rush and then there's letter D Okay and like always if you pause this later and or taking notes feel free to ask me questions afterwards all right so we got our last few slides and definitely some stuff I want to show you so do not check out yet Harrison put together a do's and don't list so he said do get a good night's rest tonight I already told you that so we think alike Harrison um do write or guess something on every multiple choice or frq this always reminds me of the Michael Scott quote you miss 100% of the shots you don't take which actually was a Wayne Gretzky quote that Michael Scott um basically stole do ask any final questions for tonight on Discord yes Discord don't try to cram the material an hour before the exam don't try to cram the material 12 hours before the exam you ain't you don't you don't know it at this point you're just going to like overwork your brain and um just do your best don't freak out if you don't know the answer to the question yeah skip it and go back to it don't stress out about the exam you're already studying to succeed here with fiveable yeah you're a winner right this isn't like just a self-esteem boost like some empty self-esteem boost you are here if you're hearing me you're you're like way above most students that are just like sitting on the cou right now saying ah this is the year of covid I can't you know little guy can't get ahead you're being intentional and you know we love that and we're proud of you and I'm sure your teachers are as well do spend more than three minutes I'm sorry don't spend more than three minutes on any single question and I would even say don't spend more than one minute at least looking at any single question if you can't answer it within a minute or so put a mark by it and go back to it later very good advice Harrison remember guys this is just a test some of you think that this is an emergency that's going to Define your life and if you fail you're going to let your teacher down you're going to let your parents down um it's not going to Define who you are I really mean that I didn't take any AP classes when I was in high school I wish I did but I I didn't do it because I didn't think I was an AP student but you know what you guys are and you're here and we want to encourage you um and this is an empty encouragement we want you to win it's about winning on this exam it's about passing but it's it's not everything winning simply isn't everything just do your best and leave it all in the testing room tomorrow or if you're taking the test online leave it all on your keyboard or whatever um one more thing I put together with uh with Erica we gathered like some resources that you can use now if you're taking the test tomorrow do not cram on these resources this is stuff for like kids that have one two three more weeks or longer if they're taking like the second or third um test date so if you scan this code it'll take you to this and it's basically just a wakelet collection and it's got some helpful resources some of them are from fiable like the survival pack that you should have all gotten your email the cram chart from Harrison I put together um a 40 question quizzes with some of the questions from today but also some from Erica's earlier units these are the this is the link to the College Board video review s sessions if you haven't watched any of those yet this is an amazing student-made Mega review packet by um Allison Martin Cecil she's like one of the big shots in the AP hug world and she always shares this online Mr sin put out a really cool video collection again if you have time over the next few weeks supplement it you should be like unable like every day um but maybe supplement it with one or more of these resources this is a website from a teacher that has tons of resources um that that and that's there's her name giving her credit here's the chief reader I watched this the other day and I thought it was really solid um basically they talk about common questions and answers um that students have and it's really good I think for freshman to watch because you guys haven't taken this exam before if you're a freshman you got some frq master list this is incredible if you need to practice the F frqs and then the course and exam description Down Yonder so check that out we don't have I literally was going to have you guys do a quiz but this was like kind of a filler activity that's why it says to be determined and we just determined we're not doing it all right last slide we're only two minutes late um I will not be on Discord until probably around 8 o'clock but I'm going to go on Discord starting at 8 o'clock because I have a meeting at 7:15 and if you want to hop on for a couple hours I know that if you're out in the Eastern Time Zone that's pretty late but if you got questions that cannot that cannot wait um hop on Discord later and we can chat it up all right thank you so much guys this has been an honor working with Erica and the team fiable and Harrison and all the Tas and um I'm just so happy that you made this I'm going to turn my screen off so I can actually see you um yeah so value added agriculture so go add some value in your life by doing your best on the AP exam great job guys um that's it good luck