that occurs okay and the event that occurs is a couple little Minor Details here okay the the event that occurs is in mitosis all the chromosomes lined up in single file then when they got pulled apart you ended up with two identical cells 46 in each okay here here instead the chromosomes line up as tetrads in other words not in single file but with their partner so they call it a tetrad because there's actually four chromosomes here okay when this happens okay when the tetrads line up that's a special process known as synapsis so again syap it's supposed to be n okay synapsis and during the synapsis when the tetres lined up chromosomes have the ability to switch pieces so I'm going to change color for a second here so if this happened to be the mother's chromosome and the green one happened to be the father's chromosome okay what's going to happen now well when this person is going to be making SP sperm cells some of these pieces switch and when they switch you end up getting some of the genes from here on this chromosome some of the genes from up here may be on this chromosome some of the genes from where they switched went to this chromosome and some of the genes from this one went to this chromosome so in other words all the chromosomes get scrambled up and what you said was the right answer the answer was crossing over and that's what they call that when the chromosome switch pieces and this increases genetic variations in humans so you resemble your mother you resemble your father but there's always something unique about you and the uniqueness is because the genes have been scrambled a little bit okay all right so next question any questions on that try to make it as clear as possible without overwhelming you because what's going to happen after this is this is where the cells divide once and I don't know who was it that said it and know if it was Randy or Nicole or somebody said something about it divides twice and so these chromosomes separate just the details we had before okay so some of the pieces switched right and then they're going to separate a second time when I separate a second time I'm doing this so that way you could VIs ually see what I was talking about before this is what you could get this cell have two of the farest chromosomes and and this is just all hypothetical this one might have two of the mother's chromosomes it doesn't have to be though okay this one's going to have this this this one's going to have this that and then the only difference is going to be this is going to have a bottom piece of red this one's going to have top piece of red and no actually I did that wrong but that's okay you get the idea so there's supposed to be all different and this if this was a male this is going to develop into sperm cell this is going to develop into a sperm cell this could to develop into a sperm cell this could to develop into a sperm cell but look each one is actually genetically unique and that's how we increase variation okay next two muscles of the scrotum that regulate temperature for spermiogenesis so when sperms mature they have to at the right temperature anybody remember what that temperature is 34 yeah body temperature yep body temperature is 98.6 or 37 degrees okay that's body temperature sperm cells do not like body temperature so they have to be lower than body temperature so you said instead of 37 it's 34 and instead of 98.6 it's 94 for so it's got to be a few degrees lower okay what are the two muscles that do that the creas and the dartos right now here's the difference the creas muscle is a huge muscle that comes from inside the body goes around the testes and goes all the way up through the inguinal Canal all the way up there if you remember the male body so this is almost like a hammock and uh of course the uh testes will be in here okay so the brown muscle that I just drew is representing the creas muscle whoop symbol sorry about that supposed to feel like something's wrong uh so the cream Master muscle just muscles that create like I said like a hammock all the way up to the top so when they contract they can Elevate testes when it's too cold or they can depress the testes push the testes away from the body when the body is too warm meanwhile where do we find dartos muscles in the skin yeah they you find dark musles right here in the skin they cause the skin to wrinkle so while the cream mastera muscle is pulling the testy up the the skin here will wrinkle and actually make a smaller smaller pouch to bring the testes closer to the body okay and then or they relax and they make the testes move away from the body so the dartos muscle was one of them that's the one on the surface and then the uh the the hammock ones or the cream Master Okay so I see cream Master here so that's letter P um rest is not there must be below this the only way to do that is to get rid of the annotate slowly slide this up and see if the anwers show up underneath it there it is so there's a dartos the dartos was R GRE master was P okay questions you know you you have you know you have the right to say could you explain that again or could could you explain the difference between the two uh first of all they're both involuntary muscles okay even though this one's in the skin these it's very similar to the muscles in your skin that give you Goosebumps these are very similar except they have a different action okay let's look at the next question uh tubules where spermiogenesis takes place now that could be a trick question let me clear this up a little bit you skipped three oh did I yeah thank you you know as when I scrolled up I I missed the question there scoll okay number three this releases Gat trop releasing hormone to initiate puberty so they're asking what releases the hormone that starts puberty hypothal and that comes from the hypothalamus so again to go hunting a little bit with these Master matches so hypothalamus is probably there it is X it's the hypothalamus okay the wrong answer would be pituitary because that's not where it starts it starts in hypothalamus and ganat Tropic releasing hormone has the uh the initials which come right from the the name there so you it's usually a capital G with an n and then RH so so that's what you'll see GnRH gatot Tropic releasing hormone I won't give you initials and ask you what do they stand for but if you do see it like in a diagram you might need to remember an [Music] anatropous takes place now the reason why this could be a trick question well let let me find out what what your thoughts are spermiogenesis where does it take place would it be the semer tubules okay in the testes right there are little seminiferous tubules in there I'm drawing them in here in pink okay these tubules are making sperm cells okay then they leave out of a common opening right here making a big blotch of pink okay that would be the ret tesus okay and then when they leave they go into a series of tubules that are all around the testes on one side what am I drawing right now in green epidemis that would be the epidemis okay everybody got that okay so there's the epid I'm drawing okay so why is this possibly tricky spermiogenesis is a little different than spermato Genesis obviously spelled a little different okay and if you remember from the earlier question okay spermatogenesis is the specific type of gametogenesis that make sperm cells so if the question said where does spermatogenesis take place the answer would be in those seminiferous tubules did you repeat that yeah yeah if if if the question said tubules where spermatogenesis take place the one with the T A spermatogenesis then the answer would be in those pink little curly tubes in here seminiferous tubules and maybe that would be a way of you know you know I always give you like these silly ways of remembering things seminiferous to okay maybe again as as silly as this may seem maybe you'll just remember spermatogenesis on spermatogenesis has a t seminiferous tubules have a t so the one with the T happens in the tubules okay so that's where sperm are made in the seminiferous tubules and the process is spermatogenesis and the whole thing I said before was motogenesis is a form of gametogenesis that specifically makes sperm okay if you're making egg cells the process is called oo Genesis or o Genesis so if you're making eggel so there's lots of words here that overlap you know how do sperman eggs form they form by as as we just said uh a minute ago here okay they form by gamto Genesis okay and gametogenesis is what kind of division it's myotic division meiosis and how does sperm form well sperm formed by spermatogenesis eggs formed by Oak Genesis and Meanwhile we're still talking about the same thing how do sperm an egg form okay so let's get back to the original question right here tubules where the spermato spermiogenesis takes place spermiogenesis is when the cells of the sperm mature they learn to swim they develop tails okay so the a the right answer to number four would be what place the epidemis okay we're definitely be the epids okay just because of the differences of a couple of letters does ever see the difference now for those of you that are in the room you should be happy you're here because you just learned an interesting question that you could to get right others might not okay all right so spermiogenesis is a little different than spermatogenesis okay anybody else questions concerns okay Chris did you get that the second time yeah okay all right um and so then spermiogenesis is not a form of gamat Genesis no sperm when you see the word spermiogenesis that is the the making of mature sperm so that's the this is something that happens after the sperm are already made so you remember Sperma made and again I I'll review it with the diagram U okay okay Sperma made in these little uh Pink little curly tubes over here the seminiferous tubules okay and there they're made by meiosis but then they go into the epidemis which is green and when they go into the epidemis that's green that's when spermiogenesis will take place and the little sperm cells that are protected by another cell that's going to come up soon the sperm cells going to change shape develop different features and eventually they going to go from this shape to the standard sperm shape with the nucleus over here so that's spermiogenesis all right now we'll go to Five where is Seaman formulated where is all the parts of seaman joined together in in the male seminiferous tubules well we just did it seminiferous tubules is only for what the um sorry hold on Yeah Yeah Chris I would expect you to know the answer to that because we just did it the semif tubules is not where semen is made sem tubules is only where what is made what did we just say spermatogenesis uh spermatogenesis yeah in other words this is where sperm are made okay again it it it's a misconception you think that everything is coming from the testes and that's okay I mean it's an understandable you know mistake right I just don't want you to make it on the test okay so imagine that when you look at the male anatomy okay you're looking at and I should get rid of some of the stuff that's here hold see if I can on eracer okay so back to the male anatomy now over here uh I'm just going to draw in some things right here is where the bladder would be so there's the bladder of the male okay so when the when the um when the epidemis builds up with the sperm cells during arousal remember there's going to be a separate tube I should make it a different color totally make it blue yes there's a separate tube that's connected to the epidemis and it's going to come out it's going to go right past these muscles here go into the inguinal Canal go all the way around to the bladder and then when it gets back here it's going to be joined by a number of different structures excuse me for a moment okay all right back here is going to be what am I drawing here behind the bladder seminal vesicles yeah those are the seminal vesicles okay and then there's going to be something uh below that right here's see if I can draw this okay what did I just put a circle in for prostate yep that's the prostate right there I'm just put a little p over here prostate okay and so back to the original color I don't know what color I was using but I'll try so what you've got here is the vast deferens is coming in and it's going to go into the prostate with another tube coming in from the uh seminal vesicle all right and right here the two tubes merge right inside the prostate gland there's your answer because what happens right here is you've got three things meeting okay from the testes sperm from the seminal vesicle you got seminal fluid and if you remember from lecture that's a lot of liquid coming out of there and then plus you've got prostatic fluid and prostatic fluid represents 30% so add this all up together and you've got the mixture we refer to as semen okay so Chris you see from the testes from the seminiferous tubes you're only getting the sperm cells see see that yeah I see now right so they're coming from here right now seminal fluid comes from here prostatic fluid comes from here and alog together right there is where semen is good to form okay and what is that little tube that's inside the prostate gland that comes from the side is it the ejaculatory doct exactly what it is okay it's called the ejaculatory du just spelled it wrong okay right on the Leath number five the ejaculatory T okay so it's a little bit that's why I jokingly said uh males involve a lot of Plumbing a lot of pipe work okay so every little pipe along the way is is carrying something so right there in the ejaculatory duct that's where semen is going to be formulated with the addition of sperm seminal fluid and prostatic fluid okay now it's it's it's it's odd that the next question would be about a Glam we haven't mentioned yet okay number six now there's also a gland that makes alkaline fluid to protect the sperm's exit to the male urethra right and let's try to understand that the male urethra remember is connected to the urinary bladder and so the urinary bladder which is here sends urine out to the prostatic urethra through the membranous urethra and eventually through the penile urethra lead leading out of the body okay and this is urine going through here so that's going to be very acidic sperm do not like acid right so there's a separate gland okay and the separate gland makes an alkaline fluid to neutralize that acid it's it's right here it's a little dot gland in lab it was white it was connected to the tube and it made I'm G put little dots here it made an alkaline fluid along the way so that way the acid in here would be neutralized so that way when the male climaxes the sperm won't be harmed leaving there okay what C are we talking about it's got two names the bulbo urethal gland or the calal gland yeah bulbo urethal gland or CPUs gland okay that's that little gland that's right there okay any questions on that okay so far all the questions seem to be focusing mostly on the male but here we go the erectile tissue in females is in within the structure and this would be analogous to the male penal structure it's got erectile tissue in it it's highly sensitive has a lot of nerves in it what are we referring to anyone the clitoris it would be the clitoris and the clitoris is a rectile tissue that is in females analogous to the male penis maybe more specifically the glands penis the end of the penis okay back to female where does fertilization occur in a female now I don't know if you need a little diagram to review that but remember when we saw these pictures of the female I'm going draw a little mini one here here over here this is hollow here so here okay not a great diagram but best I can do with a mouse okay all right so we're looking for where fertilization happens and if we pick the spot we could say a number of things so I thought it was the um infundibulum but it's not on the list so would it be the uterine tube okay right see infundibulum would have been the best answer if it's not on the vocabulary list I would add infundibulum but yes the answer would be in the uterine tube that would be the second best answer it happens in the early part of the uterine tube in the first I always say 28 to 48 hours right after the woman ovulates that's when the the the secondary o site is most prone to being fertilized if you wait too long it hardens it it condenses and then it's impossible for the sperm to go through all right so yeah so you you you were right by saying you thought the answer was infundibulum and that would be a good answer if that was one of the choices if the choice is not there then it will be the uterine tube is everybody okay with that a wrong answer would be oh it happens in the uterus no that's too late okay implantation happens in the uterus pregnancy happens in the uterus the menstrual cycle happens in in in the uh in the uterus but not fertilization fertilization happened way before it reached the uterus and why does it have to can anybody explain why it has to start here because it starts to develop through the tube until it plants in the uterus yes that's right it needs seven to 10 days of embryonic growth before it's mature enough to implant itself so it needs that time it needs that time to be able to grow and and develop on its own without being attached to the mom at all all right and that's that's an interesting question that maybe I didn't make clear remember when I drew the ovam and then I drew the sperm cells around it okay and we talked about how they're similar and how they're different obviously size is a big difference okay they both have the same supposedly when this is mature they both have 23 chromosomes in the nucleus okay they have a hloy nucleus but sperm cells swim egg cells do not swim so that's a good question then if they don't swim how do they get to the uterus they don't call Uber they don't take a cab well how do egg cells get to the uterus if they don't swim are there uh micro in the tube right idea wrong name V does Vil see what I just wrote yes do you see what I just wrote yes okay so don't get Bly okay which are fingerlike projections in the cell membrane or microvilli and these are finger-like projections where cyia are hairlike projections and so in the uterine tube there are cyia little hairs that are acting like little little brushes and they're beating same cyia that are in your your um trachea remember when we did respiration the cyia so I'm glad you you said the wrong word before because now it's hopefully it's straight in your mind now yeah Villi are those finger-like things we see in the small intestine okay but when it comes to in the uterine tube there's little bristles here little hairs that act like a little wave and they sort of push it along okay uh so how did he get on that big topic oh because we're trying to figure out why does fertilization have to happen here because it needs a seven to 10 days for the embryo to grow and it's going to be moving through here okay the other thing I just wanted to mention is why is the egg cell so big and symbolically I'm going to show you because in the egg cell like what we associate with most eggs is a little storage of food which we call Yol and you might be thinking well I know yokk and a chicken egg or duck egg or you know other eggs of the animal kingdom but you mean a tiny human eggs got yolk in it too and yes it does there's a little bit of yolk I in in a human egg cell that's why sperm cells are so tiny because for the seven to 10 days that the embryo is growing it needs food from somewhere so it actually has its own lunch it's got yolk inside it so that explains why the ovam is so much bigger than the sperm cell because it's got a lot of stored food in it okay so fertilization happens in the uterine tube specifically in the infundibulum the tissue that is ultimately shed or it could form the placenta during pregnancy so what is a tissue that's in this lining here that gets thicker every month and if there's no pregnancy it's shed it's lost or menstration the endometrium okay it is part of the endometrium all right but specifically again endometrium would be a good answer but soon as it said this soon as it said and it shed like I said endometrium would be acceptable answer but you have to look carefully there's a better answer stratum functionalis yeah the part of the uh the part of the endometrium that does the shedding is the stratum functionalis I just printed it up right there in green okay so uh who gave me the answer endometrium I did okay Jasmine that's that that was a right answer okay without any choice choices that would be a right answer if it's if if endometrium wasn't there then you would have to remember the endometrium has two parts it's got the stratum functionalis that is shed every month and the stratum what's the other one do you remember Jasmine strum Bas it's basil basalis or something there it is L look at the list yeah that's the one that's always there that doesn't get that's the one that grows okay all right so I wasn't saying your answer was wrong it's just that there's a slightly better answer right here okay one okay 10 this hormone directly initiates follicle development and sperm production okay now we have to remember all the hormone names okay the one that's it gives it away actually it initiates follicle development so what are they talking about FSH yeah that's FSH okay FSH is the follicle stimulating hormone but remember it's in males too and it stimulates sperm production in males okay another trivia vocabulary word is fertilized a what's the other name for fertiliz egg umbrea okay I'm glad you said that okay because now we'll correct that when it's a fertilized egg watch the word that pops up next to number 11 ready remember when it's a fertilized egg it's a zygo then when it undergoes cleavage when it starts to develop that's when it becomes an embryo so it has to divide has to be two cells four cells eight cells those officially we call embryos and then there was actually one more and then when it starts to grow bone cells we don't call it a embryo anymore what do we call it when starts to grow bone cells inside the mom petus that's when we call it a fetus okay so so the embryo so the zygote splits becomes the embryo and then the embryo grows bone cells and becomes a fetus yes so and all this is going on well the zygote forms here during fertilization right it's fertilized egg then it starts to grow here so now it's an embryo when it's in the Fallopian tubes okay and then it's going to implant itself as an embryo and it's going to keep growing as an embryo but somewhere around the eighth week somewhere around the eth week bone cells start to form and then officially biology world vocabulary but officially once it has its first bone cells in it uh then it's called it's officially called a fetus and then it's going to stay a fetus until it's to labor okay then once it's born it's no longer fetus it's a newborn okay so zygote is only a short name for one thing only so if you see a firm cell and you see an Excel and then you see a cell like this let me erase some of the nonsense that's here okay here's a good lesson all right okay so what do we have here we have a b c d e f okay so which one would be the zygote B C A is a sperm B would be the egg or the ovam or secondary oversight in reality but yeah so C officially is the zygo it's when the sperm and egg United and now you have a single cell a fertilized egg zygo then what's d andf after there zgo or all the what are they all embryo they're all embryos this yeah this is a two cell embryo this is a four- cell embryo this is a multi-celled embryo maybe it's got a special name to it but these are all embryos then it's going to implant itself and it's going to stay an embryo and keep growing and then you going to have this tiny little embryo growing inside the mom and maybe it'll have little leg buds it'll have a little arm buds attached to it the umbilical cord will be there and the whole thing will be in a little water bag and water sack and it's going to stay there and grow all these little features and then on the eighth week somewhere in the body maybe in the arm or the leg there'll be some bone cells okay maybe along the back it might be little bone cells starting to grow for the spine maybe in the head there'll be little bone nuclei going to make the plates to the skull but somewhere along the line little bone cells form and that's when you officially call it a fetus okay is that clear okay now I think we gave number 12 12 away earlier sperm are stored here they mature here and they're protected here after formation okay I'm GL Ahad I didn't and eras it okay what what are we talking about the epid it's the epidemis again that little green structure right there so all of those things things are spermiogenesis all these things well this part is spermiogenesis right okay sperm is stored here that's just a physical structure or physical process the mat the maturation of the sperm is happening in there that's spermiogenesis and remember the cells are also protected there and I think one of the cell one of the questions here later will ask you you know what are what are those cells that protect the sperm okay um okay 13 and again stop me if I go too fast or you need something repeated okay this should be an easy one this structure must dilate prior to Natural child birth and what has to dilate the cervix that would be the cervix right there on the bottom of the uterus is this area here and watch I'll put a circle around it again I always do this okay I know I drew the diagram pretty small but this little circle I just made is the cervix and what's in the cervix are special structures is it internal o about here there's an external o about here and watch where I draw the pink line and right in between is a cervical Canal so there's a little structure here a little passageway for the for the uh well for a number of things for the sperm to swim up for the fetus to eventually have to pass through during dilation so this has to dilate and somebody said this in class there's a minimum I don't know who made up the standard but before the woman pushes the cervix has to dilate 10 cmers okay got a centimeter ruler right here I don't know if it's going to make a difference to anybody but 10 cm is oh this is quite surprising all here here's 10 cmers on the ruler and the ruler keeps disappearing but that's okay I'm going to show you something that's pretty close to 10 cm in diameter it's magnifying glass okay so I put it up against my hand to give you an idea so I guess when you make a fist that's how big the cervix has to dilate because a baby's head has got to go through that opening all right well anyway that answer was servants oh 14 look how questions repeat themselves all right a little different wording here though where a zygote first begins to form into an early embryo and again the answer is going to be what any one where the zygote is going to become an early embryo sorry it's the Fallopian tubes it's in the fopi TU again yeah that's the zygote and development will begin here for about 7 to 10 days okay pre- ovulation these cells produce and secrete estrogen couple possible answers for that but they all have the same root word follicle yeah you you would write one or two things for that if you're talking about what's making the estrogen you would say the estrogen's being made by follicular cells if we're talking about structures well then we're talking about the follicles okay so when you see in an ovary I got to go on the top here where I've got a little room okay so when you see the ovary like this and I always draw it like this there's the primordial follicles okay then whenever I draw a primary follicle I draw it like this okay and the reason why they look like that is because these cells that are growing on the outside that get bigger and bigger and bigger eventually make a secondary follicle before it turns into a all right so I just did the POC pH so look at the answer I wrote down at the bottom so where in pre-ovulation these cells produce and release estrogen a specific answer a picky answer would be it was these folicular cells these folicular cells make estrogen and the estrogen leaves and goes into the blood stream when it gets bigger it makes more estrogen when it's this big it's making a whole lot of estrogen and the estrogen on that graph you'll see in a moment is is is actually peaking getting very very high but that's where the estrogen's coming from if it's not follicular cells then it's just the whole thing follicles which are all these These are follicles primary secondary and tertiary follicles these officially are not really true follicles we call them primordial follicles Z the cells remember females are born with so they're not truly they don't have folicular cells they're not making estrogen all right which leads to 16 these cells produce and release testosterone and what is in the testes that makes testosterone [Music] interstitial uh cells don't you remember that yeah there interstitial cells okay I'm trying to draw them in here in little black dots but I it's hard to show because I made the diagram so small but in the testes there are these interstitial cells okay their fancy name is interstitial endo kytes sites okay but interstitial cells are fine the cells that are in between the tubules that make testosterone okay uh let's see if I can slide this up without losing too much of the print and then I'll erase what I need to erase okay uh so 17 is the question that's coming up so put it over there and do a massive erase in the middle here any more my Rec okay good questions okay uh I'll leave the rest and see what happens okay uh 17 any questions on 16 we know about producing testosterone right okay me sexual maturity includes rest development in females body facial hair and growth in males or example of this okay this I might not have mentioned or I might have mentioned it without stressing it okay making sperm and making eggs is usually the primary function of males and females what makes them unique all the other things that are associated with sexual maturity are called something different and maybe you heard or remember this from high school biology rest development facial hair growth of hair the opening up of your sweat glands Etc these are all called secondary sex characteristics um secondary sex characteristics would be like how do you tell a male lion from a female lion male lions have a m okay how do you take tell you a little difference between a a a a male peacock and and a female peacock this might surprise you the male peacock is the one with the colorful tail did you know that yes yeah the male peacock has a colorful tail same thing with ducks when you see ducks in a pond the ones with the green heads those are the males for some reason the male is a little bit more outstanding because there's a reason males are usually outstanding because they have to attract the female so it's almost like you know it's almost like a a dating game um even lightning bugs you know when you catch lightning bugs you know what I'm talking about fireflies yeah the ones that light up at night that fly around they're all men they're all males male male lightning bugs they're lighting up and all the Fe females are hanging out in the bushes looking you know they oh look at the light on that guy you know no they they don't do that but something something is is is unique about the fact that males have these more outstanding secondary sex characteristics I think one reasoning behind it is in the animal world is the females are a little bit less let's just say outstanding or glamorous because usually they have to stay in the nest and protect the young and so their coloration is usually not as elaborate because they want to hide they don't want to have a big green head they want their feathers to be brown so if they're hiding in the nest they'll protect the babies with a male can protect by attracting Predators or something like that oh anyway uh all these things are called secondary sex characteristics okay 18 all right I think you should know that one mechanism that the sperms use to swim the FL the flagel the flagellum okay it's a tail okay related to cyia in the structure the only difference is cyia are short little bristles on the top of cells and fum is a little bit longer all right AV vasectomy involves cutting this tube what tube are we talking about the vast Defence oh very good yes somewhere around here is where we would cut the vast Defence sometimes they actually remove a tiny little piece so that way there's no no possibility that it will reconnect they're also called the ductus stence right yes okay okay bass deference or ductus deference that's same ending okay uh 20 contraction of the uterus during labor is triggered by this hormone okay another hormone memorization okay what was the hormone that is involved in contraction is it um oxytocin oxytocin is the answer okay all right uh well since I'm sure it's here someplace but if it's not it might be worth mentioning well if oxytocin's doing the contraction then which is the one that's causing the cervix to dilate relaxing and it was relaxing that's right so they sort of like work together there's other hormones involved but these are the two main ones okay we gave this one away before if you were listening gland that prod provides nutrition and volume to the semen okay in fact not only only just volume but 60% what were we talking about what gland makes the semen 60% the semer seal vesicle yeah the seminal vesicle is the name of it yeah okay seminal vesicle uh this portion of the urethra okay now we got to get to the pickiness of the urethra this part of the male urethra is where external urethal sphincter is functional right now I made the urethra All in Orange okay but I'm going to go over it again in different colors okay ready so there's this portion here okay made that red okay then there's another portion uh here I'll make that blue and then the rest of it I'll just leave the same orange color Okay so the question is this portion of the urethra is where the external urethal spincter is functional is it the membranous urethra yes and the membran shra is different than the rest because the membran shra is right there in the urogenital diaphragm urogenital diaphragm remember was that muscle that went right underneath the bladder and you always find it in the front because it's uh it's connected to the pubic emphasis over here I didn't make it too L best I can so yeah the membranous urethra is where you find that external urethal sphincter where's the internal sphincter by the way where would you go looking for the internal strength prostatic urethra not really in the prostatic urethra per se but close maybe if you said the upper part of it I would say yes it would be up here it's actually in the floor of the bladder you see where I'm drawing the two red circles yes yeah that would be where the internal urethal sphin there is in the floor of the bladder okay and what am I making dots in now give you a hint it's part of the bladder the det truser excellent yeah that I was referring to filling in the space of the drusa muscle right here on the wall of the bladder uh okay 23 male erectile tissue with tiny spaces okay all right since it's talking about tiny spaces then it could only mean one thing anyone tiny spaces erectile tissue is it the uh Corpus spongiosum that's right it would be the Corpus spongiosum okay so the Corpus spongiosum goes right around the uh the spongy urethra or the penal urethra the little tube inside okay then what are the other erectile tissue called Corpus cavernosum Corpus cavernosa and there's two of them there's one up here there's another one right next to it okay and they represent the erectile tissue on The Superficial I think I use the word dorsolateral Parts okay so how would you if you describe the spongiosum as having tiny spaces yeah if you ask a question about the other one I would change one word I would change tiny to large spaces mcti tissue with large spaces that become engorged with blood I can't it's it's hard tow draw specifically what it refers to but it would be like when you look at wrong color sorry switch this over to Red okay when we draw the the Corpus spongiosa okay it's going to have tiny little holes in it that represent the erectile tissue so those tiny little holes that I just drew there those little dots represent the erectile tissue when I switch over to the Corpus cabosa Corpus cabosa the two masses on top and they have bigger spaces in them Cavern like a cavern and they would big have bigger spaces to fill it with blood and if I remember correctly from the anatomy okay what makes it look like eyes is there's actually an artery feeding blood right in the middle of the uh the erectile tissue okay so right here what I just drew here looking like a little face represents a cross-section of the pen penis cut across this way so there's the carinosa with larger Caverns or spaces inside that fill up with blood and the Corpus spongiosum is like a little sponge with tiny little openings in it that will fill up with blood but in both cases it's the hydrostatic pressure of blood that that uh that that generates the erection in males I mean in all the years I've been teaching this I've been teaching this in 1989 [Music] I think there was at least maybe two years where hopefully I'm not going to embarrass myself or embarrass any of you but a few students actually raised their hand and say but Professor where's the bone and I went there is no bone and they honestly believe that there was a bone involved here I think it was a sower confusion okay but anyway now you know there is the section so that I make that clear enough larger spaces are in the cabosa yes tiny little por likee spaces are in the spongiosa the stage of the ovarian cycle immediately after ovulation well what do you call that stage after ovulation two possible answers glal the glal okay now the easy answer would have been post ulatory stage okay but it's called the is that on the answer I is it there I think it's cor Corpus ludum but that's a cell that's a yeah the stage of the ovarian cycle immediately after ovulation would be the ltil stage is ltil stage there anywhere no just Corpus ludum you're probably right uh just Corpus loia it's at the [Music] top okay well I think I know what I was thinking about when I wrote the question okay so you you gave me the right answer by telling me the ltil state okay on your answer sheet you did make it D Corpus ludum okay all right I guess there was no better choice and the Corpus ludum is not really a stage as you said you know it's really structured but that's the best answer out of all okay the hormone released by The implanted embryo please don't forget this one this one is so critical and the development of pregnancy and has such an important role it plays okay this hormone is released by The implanted embryo when that embryo gets to the wall right here okay I'm going to make it dark here and it gets to that wall right there and implants itself it immediately releases a hormone with very important messages and that hormone is has the initials h c g anyone human cor chonic G [Music] tropinin I'm trying to spell it or [Music] somehow hit caps letters okay human corop human obviously it's a human cell okay or embryo chonic good grat tropen why is it called human chonic grenat tropen well we didn't get a chance to study indepth embryology but when the embryo is divided divided divided divided divided divided dividing it's got a group of cells out here that protect it and the outer group of cells that protect it is actually called the coron and when this group of cells gets inside the uterus draw this line to represent the uterine lining okay and the uterine lining is filled with the mother's Blood on the side let's say this little embryo wants to get inside and Surround itself with all the mother's blood so it can absorb nutrients so this little Corum on here creates these little fingers they're actually called chonic fingers or Villi now we use the word Villi and these little Villi keep growing and growing and growing and growing and growing and eventually they're going to make a placenta and then there's going to be a little umbilical cord and then this little baby is going to actually be a little embryo that's going to look like a little baby okay so it's going to grow in there but these cell cells here produce this hormone as soon as it implants itself and why because when this hormone is released it has some jobs to do the first job it has to do is remember up here we had after the ruptured follicle we had have the Corpus ludum Corpus ludum goes through stages going to early Corpus ludum mature Corpus ludum but it doesn't matter because the Corpus ludi's job is to make progesterone okay and if you remember what message is progesterone stating what is progesterone basically telling the whole female reproductive system that it's pregnant not to go into Corpus Albans originally originally progesterone tells the uterus you better thicken because you've got seven to 10 days for the embryo to come remember that yeah and what happens when the embryo doesn't come it shed yeah well before it sheds the Corpus ludum has to become a corpus yeah uh I didn't want to draw it white because then you wouldn't have been able to see it there we go okay it'll turn into the Corpus albicans stop making progesterone and that's what makes the lining shed well with all that in mind it's pretty obvious what HCG has to do HCG has to tell what you just said okay HCG has to go into the blood and go back to the ovary back to that little Corpus ludum and tell the Corpus ludum do not become the Corpus albicans we have an embryo that implanted we don't want bleeding we don't want menstruation we don't want shedding instead keep making progesterone at at least for the next three months and during the three months that little embryo in here is going to do what you see on the diagram on the left it's going to make the little chonic Villi go in there it's going to develop into a placenta little umbilical cord is going to connect to that little fetus maybe still an embryo in the beginning then it's going to grow and grow and grow and get bigger and then eventually when the placenta forms the placenta remember is made out of the mother's cells and the baby cells but they don't mix but this placenta starts making its own progesterone and then the Corpus ludum is basically off the hook all right so this is a critical hormone and as you said it cut you off a little bit but because you were ahead of me okay the the human chonic uh hormone is basically the hormone that's telling the body it's pregnant and baby has implanted itself and number one Corpus Solium has to keep making progesterone while the embryo implants itself and eventually makes a placenta okay and that's why the first three months that's why the first trimester of pregnancy is so fragile because if something goes wrong with this progesterone she may actually lose the baby and it's usually most miscarriages are within the first one to two months because that's before the placenta is strong enough hold on any questions on that hormone that stimulates milk production that should be an easy one remember the name of milk sugar milk sugar is called yeah so the hormone is Prolactin okay the round portion of the uterus just under the urinary bladder okay so we didn't draw it anywhere but it's right underneath the urinary bladder that's the roundr part the fundus that's the buus the muscular tissue of the uterus is called muscular tissue isue of the uterus the muscle layer of uter myometrium the myometrium okay the active dividing cells of the uterine wall that's going to be a an important one the active dividing cells of the uterine wall you we I think it was Jasmine told us that name before dividing cells not the shedding ones the other ones anyone stratum basales basalis okay now this pituitary seems to Peak just prior to ovulation now we mentioned it that's why I sent you those graphs I'm going to show you that in a minute okay this pituitary hormone there's the giveaway this pituitary hormone just seems to Peak prior to ovulation which one are they talking about and look it up is it lutenizing hormon it's lutenizing hormone it's LH and you might say what about FSH well FSH was or already released to make the follicles but then about 10 days later LH is released and LH keeps going up and up and up and up and up and then you you going to see on the graph how ovulation is sort of like a joining of all hormones okay this one we mentioned before what was the cells that girls are born with prior to sexual maturity follicle cells and what what kind of follicle cells are they called primordial cells yeah remember they were right primordial fols those are the ones you're born with okay any other questions after this oh just a few more all right uh okay 32 well 32 in in a way we we we just did as well so what are the two structures that can make progesterone number one on the list should be what one that you always know makes progesterone Corpus ludia Corpus ludum is definitely one that makes progesterone okay but the other one comes later and we just said it what was it what else makes progesterone is it placenta no it's the mature placenta mature placenta once the baby has implanted itself like you see here it's these chorionic villi that release that H CG and that keeps the Corpus ludum making progesterone but eventually this placenta forms and when the placenta forms and it's filled with blood tissue from the mother and blood tissue from the fetus when this becomes mature then the placenta starts making its own project estone and it basically says to the Corpus ludum thank you for keeping up with the progesterone for the first three months for the rest of the six months I'll take over and so this is usually why after three months usually the baby is fairly stable because the placenta represents this connection of the fetus with the mother and so usually if it's rooted very well then the sent and makes its own progesterone keeps things going we gave this one away before in fact all the answers were on the top but we erased them sperm and egg are formed by this kind of nuclear division that was one of the first answers somebody gave me meiosis and it's meiosis okay and I gave away this one just now the structure that provides nutrition oxygen and waste removal for the fetus placenta and that's the placenta again okay so this placenta becomes a very very critical organ for the surv sural of that fetus okay and this cell is released during ovulation okay so now we got to be picky I mentioned this in class and I mentioned it to a couple of people when we spoke of it when this cell gets released in ovulation we want to say it's an egg or it's an OV but unfortunate the correct answer would not be those it is a secondary o Sor remember this and you'll get that question right what is actually released is a secondary oversight a cell with 46 chromosomes in it it didn't do its last division yet yet and why not what's it waiting for sperm I mean it's waiting yep it's waiting for sperm cells so when this thing is surrounded by sperm cells all these sperm cells are competing trying to get inside right they're all spilling their little digestive enzymes that are right at the head of the sperm remember sperm structure is very critical okay whenever I draw a sperm cell I always make sure I color in the tip okay right here represents the nucleus the tip is something special and then in here I usually make little dots because this little middle piece is something special too okay as Tiny as these little sperm cells are they're designed for one thing and one thing only they're designed Watch How I point they're designed to swim okay to bring a cargo 23 chromosomes to the egg all right and how do they do that well they get their energy from here what's in this little middle part here what do you find mitochondria that's where you find the mitochondria mitochondria sitting here like Little Engines ready to give that flagella the energy to move the atps to move okay here's the cargo and what's in the front of the cargo right here to make sure it gets through very specific structure the head of the sperm something called an acol okay anybody want to recall what's in it lysosomal something lysosomal enzymes lomes contain enzymes digestive enzymes so when that SP cell hits the outer membrane of the egg now remember the egg is inside here and there's all kinds of membranes around here different zonas Zona pus Zona granulosum or whatever but there's other layers out here and these sperm cells are all throwing their enzymes in here trying to bury themselves and trying to get in eventually one does and when one sperm cell gets in what the egg cell does is the egg cell will divide its nucleus and throw out 23 chromosomes and save 23 so that way the 23 from the male plus the 23 from the female will make what what is the cell C zygote the zygote and what could the zygote become embryo yes and that embryo could be you should every one of them placenta you're thinking too hard now I was trying to be funny once these two cells join and make a zygote this zygote has the potential of becoming any one of you and now has all the genetic information okay to become you it's going to develop into an embryo it's going to develop into a fetus it's could become a new baby but genetically it has the ability to becoming anybody as as long as the chromosomes are normal and everything else okay all right this was an intense review but I think you've got a wealth of information tonight okay so uh any other questions on this yeah oh sorry um what are sir toi cells okay sir toi cells are they on the list yes you gave us that extra question question in the email where you wrote what cells protect the immature sperm cells from the male's own immune system right and that was the CI cells when sperm cells are first formed in the testes okay they're tiny little cells and before they mature and they grow there's another cell let me change the color of this okay there's another cell that actually wraps itself around most of it to protect it so that way the body's own immune system the male's immune system doesn't attack it okay and these are CI cells so that's another trivia question that you don't want to get wrong C cells are like sister cells that protect the immature sperm cells and I'll keep protecting the sperm cells while it's in the epidemis but then eventually these cells will mature start to swim around and then the SAT cells basically lose their grip on them and they start swimming around and swimming around and after maybe I remember reading somewhere it's like up to three months sperm cells can remain in the male body up to three months and then after that they they they die off they die off because they're so tiny that your big white blood cell will come by and go hey squirt Goble you up so these these white blood cells will actually eat up the older sperm good question what are CI cells okay any other questions okay so I'm going to clear this and stop the share for a moment okay and then go back to the share and um see if we could find the original email oh that's not the email okay so I got to do this there we go let's see if this will work back to the original email open up well I guess we could open up the graph with the questions on it okay can you see the graph with the questions on it it just went back to the email okay just went back to the email so this what I have to do have to stop the share whenever I do something change on the uh screen I've got to uh let's try this one okay is it back yeah you see the whole chart all right so what is this graph the graph is your notes that you already did but in a graph so it's it's a graph reading question and I figured you know what I knew it was going to be on the exam and I said you know what let me give it to the class to look at so that way they're not caught by surprise this comes right out of your textbook by the way okay so you could look at it and say to yourself all right what am I supposed to be seeing well you look at each of the lines and you're supposed to have some knowledge so the first thing I would say to look at very first thing is GnRH where does that come from hypothalamus that comes from the hypothalamus okay yeah if you know that that's a big bonus okay that comes with hypothalamus so look at it what happens in the beginning GnRH gets stimulated right so you just follow the graph meanwhile FSH and LH are coming from the pituitary gland right now this is very subtle so what I want you to notice okay these two are coming on a drawer a little right at a little leer okay these two are coming from the pituitary gland okay now again I don't know what your graph reading skills are like so I'm going to ask you a direct question what color is FSH it looks on a blue side what color is LH purple all right you want to call it purple we'll call it purple all right now here's the follow-up question in the beginning in the beginning which one is more FSH or LH a h all right does everybody see that that the blue line is above the purple line yes so when FSH is running the show from the pituitary to the ovary I don't know if you realize it but right here is the ovary okay so FSH is running the ovary and what do you see the ovary doing making its what FSH follicle stimulating hormone it's telling the ovary start making your what well think of its name what are we making what do you see happening here oh follicle cells yeah I see follicle cells growing and they're going from your primary follicle to your secondary follicle to your tertiary follicle hopefully you see that okay and why is the follicles forming because FSH is the dominant hormone at this point and because FSH is telling the follicles to form what's the dominant ovarian hormone lutenizing hormone oh I think you're not looking at the right graph what's the dominant ovarian hormone estrogen yeah do you see that okay you see how estrogen is taking over down here so you got to look at this as being like who's the boss well GnRH is the one that got this started right we all agree on that okay so the hypothalamus got everything started with GNR and as GNR went up FSH was the message FSH was the message message to the ovary and it tell told the ovary start making follicle cells and they did and while they were making the follicle cells estrogen was building up and estrogen if you look down here estrogen was telling the uterus to do what get thien thicken and it slowly slowly Rose to get thicker and thicker and thicker when estrogen happened but now something critical happened as some of you noticed but you somebody was ahead of us okay suddenly somewhere around the 10th day look at the switch up here right there where I drew the arrow suddenly what's higher you see the change right there between the the uh the purple and the blue what's on top now L higher yeah LH is on top now number three soon as LH is on top LH starts going up and that makes FSH go a little bit what see got to look at the lines you all you got to do is look at the lines LH is going up that makes FSH go down a little bit and then the lutenizing hormone reaches a peak FSH sort of makes a little rebound it reaches a peak but look what it did what is estrogen do in those during this time you see estrogen going up and reaching a peak well suddenly suddenly you've got estrogen reaching a peak LH came out of nowhere LH came out of nowhere to make a peak FSH made a little Peak too and suddenly all these things especially LH coming out of nowhere suddenly made this happen what's B ruptured fle releasing the second yeah so what process is this that that's good old ovulation so now if somebody said to you ready look at this graph what stimulates ovulation it looks like it's something here that came out of nowhere and reached a peak just before OB potion and that's LH okay is that the only thing that Peak though what else Peak estrogen estrogen also peaked just before ovulation okay anything else you see on the graph peing just before ovulation FSH FSH right here FSH the Blue Line reached a little Peak just before ulation not as dominant as LH but it did make a show and you would even include what if you were reading this whole graph inhibit inhibit yeah inhibit coming from the ovary is a hormone that's released that goes back to the pituitary gland believe it or not that says stop making FSH and stop making gonadotropin because guess what an egg has been released so when the egg is released right after ovulation look at GNR it takes a nose dive it said okay I did my job we got rid of the ovary LH takes a drop FS takes drop the whole pituitary gland is now waiting and now after ovulation what takes over in the ovary what are these blobs here Corpus ludum those first two are the Corpus ludum and now look at the graph below it what hormone now is taking over after after ulation progest answer is progest and progesterone is telling the uterus not only to thicken but notice how the blood vessels are growing in here they sometimes call this the secretory phase because blood vessels are growing in here to make this Blood Rich hoping that an embryo lands here and implants itself and that's what we're waiting for to see is that embryo going to implant itself so there's progesterone now you know the rest of the story on a monthly basis usually what happens to the corpus comes comes yeah normally if there's no implantation it's going to become Corpus aloc the corpus alacant last one here I tried to make a little whiter Corpus Advocates and now look at progesterone progesterone that was leading suddenly takes a nose dive and when progesterone reaches a nose dive situation it goes all the way down to here that's when this happens what is this representing ministration ministration so that section there would be menstration okay then you have the other stages happening after that okay so I'll I'll go over each one if you like Okay so this middle part here would be the follicle stage okay this would be the teal stage and B is not a stage It's actually an event that happens right there and that's ovulation so this is a crazy graph that's actually explaining all the things you need to know about hormones so let's get ready for this when this shows up on the test don't get overwhelmed let's look at the questions okay without my notes ready this hypothalamus regulating hormone initiates puberty in each ovarian cycle what's that hormone again FSH all right let me underline key wordss ready this hypothalamus regulating or okay so for those of you that gave whoever gave me the wrong answer I'm glad you gave me the wrong answer because you're not going to get it wrong on the test now you got remember [Laughter] hyal the hypothalamus makes that okay FSH and LH come from the tary gland okay all right now let's read the rest of this the hypothalamus oh yeah so the answer was GNR I put blanks here so you could write down the answers and then in the future you could cover this up that's why I put this here so you can make an answer sheet and then uh when when it's time to study tomorrow the next day or whatever you have time to study uh you can basically cover up those answers and try the questions without looking okay it's always a method to my crazy meds but uh okay next question this pituitary hormone stimulates estrogen production in the ovaries it also starts the ovarian cycle and the development of follicles and it also in males will develop sperm cells now that if that doesn't give it away what p is it l Nicole it stimulates f FSH follicle stimulating hormones see what should give it away its follicle stimulating hormone is that word alone but not only that word the fact that it's stimulating estrogen production so that's estrogen that's in the beginning and you might say well how does the graph help me with this one because it's right here what's the hormone that's stimulating estrogen production estrogen is coming from here and this must be the hormone that controls it because look it's higher than the other one so when you said LH I'm thinking well you're not looking at the graph because LH is low see it now you see LH is underneath it so it's FSH that's on top so it's FSH that does all that okay three peaking estrogen causes the sudden release of this hormone which stimulates ovulation so as estrogen Peaks what hormone does it suddenly release no it doesn't release it peaking estrogen causes sudden release of this hormone which stimulates ovulation there's only one hormone that came out of nowhere as estrogen went up what hormone shot out of nowhere it always seems like you're one answer ahead of me L now answer LH yes okay didn't you see why see how LH went up up as estrogen was getting higher and higher and higher okay so that's definitely LH okay four the ruptured follicle releases a blank and heals to form the blank which now produces a second female sex hormone called blank now you might say okay how am I supposed to answer all these blanks because you look the ruptured follicle the ruptured follicle releases what well you got to know the name of that thing folicle yeah what does it release they release that little thing this in case you're confused this is the ruptured follicle this is not the ruptured broken is that the O site it isri wait no it's late so it's notri the other one secondary so then the late o site would be the one prior I think I think you get the word up up if everybody's hear the ech hear my voice I think you micophone okay uh yeah turn off your mic microphone okay okay now I'm not echoing for some reason your microphone must be very very close to your speaker and whenever you put on your microphone I hear my voice so when you talk to me I want you to talk to me with your microphone on and then when you stop talking shut it off right away okay okay nice you did it perfectly okay yeah so I think that's what you've got mixed up this is the ruptured follicle this is the O site this is a graph follicle or tertiary follicle inside it is the oite that wants to get released okay so there's a difference between the follicle which is this thing with follicular cells and the O site which is in here now question no it makes sense thank you okay so what so let's get back to the ruptured follicle releases the secondary oversight that's this thing and heals to form well we know the Corpus ludum comes next okay which now produces a second hormone and now look down here and what hormone is being produced now just look at the graph the answers are on the graph does everybody see it's progesterone now so the graph is actually your helper when you read these questions okay okay um okay back to the next question five right yes this hormone again we're talking about progesterone now okay this hormone peak with inhibit to keep a blank to keep not a to keep blank blank blank at low levels for 7 to 10 days so now we're looking at the hormones that are low so progesterone with inhibit are keeping what hormones low look at the top and work your way down tell me all the hormones that are low when progesterone is high I would say all of them GN GnRH okay LH and FSH those three are very low so the hypothalamus anderic GL remember I wrote the word here before they're waiting right because after the follicle is released it's traveling for seven to 10 days I keep using those numbers over and over again to remind you the seven to 10 days is when that oite is in the fallopian tube heading to the uterus it's here and so the pituitary gland and the the hypothalamus is basically again waiting what else is low what else has gone down a comparison when progesterone takes over what else is kind of low inhibin yeah inhibin sort of reaches a peak but then it gets a little lower now believe it or not inhibin looks like it's following progesterone okay but but estrogen sort of takes a little dip a little bit also all right but let's ignore that let's just go on to the next question so so we're waiting for these seven to 10 days now comes what you know if there's no pregnancy the blank becomes blank okay so if there's no pregnancy just pointed at it someone want to fill in the blanks Corp I know you're all excited you're all want to answer it once it all becomes the Corpus aluat and to finish the sentence you would say and progesterone levels blank well again you don't know the answer look at the graph progesterone levels what drop drop is a good word what other word could use decrease decreases okay and let's read the rest and progesteron drop to stimulate menstruation and the cycle starts again and and if you look the cycle does start again because look progesterone drops and D the lining menstration begins right and look at these hormones here they saying uhoh nothing happens so we better start going up again and FSH doesn't look very dramatic but FSH will start to take over and then FSH will say oops time to make the follicles see the only reason why we mentioned the hypothalamus is because the in case you forgot the hypothalamus is the one that tells the pituitary what to do and the pituitary is telling what it's communicating with what females at least you see that it's communicating with the ovary right here and what's the OV communicating with the follicles well the follicles are in the ovary thear is basically telling the ovary what to do with the fs but the ovary is releasing estrogen and progesterone telling what to change below look on the bottom of this graph the lining of the uterus so without realizing what we're seeing here on the side is the hypothalamus talking to the pituitary gland the pit Ary gland is talking to the ovary the ovary is sending out messages to the uterus and they're all working together in in this little cycle here okay called the menstrual cycle but it's really the ovarian cycle controlling the menstrual cycle because everything is communicating from hypothalamus to pituitary to ovary to the uterine lining okay now comes the critical part and well you already know the phases of the menstrual cycle I would imagine you you said it before okay right a would be the beginning of the follicle stage okay B is ovulation C is the Corpus ludum stage and made this D because it's really the end of one cycle and the beginning of the next cycle that's menstration right now what you learned in class was but what if there is implantation oh let me draw it here what if there is implantation well if there is implantation right here okay somebody want to explain what's going to happen what's going to be different progesterone um will won't decrease very good first thing is going to happen is progesterone is not going to decrease the stay the same and why somebody sent that a signal right or um the walls to thicken uhhuh that was before it already implanted now okay yeah progesterone tells the walls to thicken but now instead of it going to this stage where it loses the walls a message was sent to the Corpus ludum from the uterus that said don't become the Corpus alads keep making progesterone that's what I'm looking for what was the message from here that told the Corpus ludian to stay is that um was it HG no don't get HGH oh HCG close oh yeah it is HG I'm sorry I'm was getting confused with the other okay human corana Gat tropin that's the hormone that's going to tell the Corpus ludum to stay and that's going to make this little implanted embryo grow and grow and grow and eventually after three months actually I should change the color of that to make it a little bit more something's growing in here that's going to be very very critical and it's going to be connected a little stalk here and it's going to be connected to this little growing thing it's inside here that's sitting inside of a little watery environment it's going to protect it and cushion it and now we have a pregnancy all because because this hormone told the Corpus Solium to keep making progesterone but after three months why does it not have to do that anymore because the placenta will start making its own progesterone perfect answer okay all right so in this little diagram that I drew down here okay I'll I'll highlight some things here okay what do we call this little cord that's connecting the fetus in the mother here the umbilical cord that's the umbilical cord okay what do we call this big red thing that I drew that's in the wall here it's made up of the mother's blood on one side and the baby's Blood on the other side placenta that's the placenta if we zoomed in and looked at the placenta up close what we would see would be that all the mother's blood vessels are on this side and all of the uh baby's blood vessels are on this side and they don't touch so all of the food diffuses across all the oxygen the fuses across and all the waste products the fuse across and go into the mother's blood so this placenta is a very important organ made up of the mother's blood on this side and made up of the fetal blood on this side okay and diffusion is the key way way in which the baby gets nutrition okay okay uh okay what is this blue area called that's around the baby sometimes called the water bag that's the thing that has to burst before the baby's born okay you might not know this one it's called the amnon you might have heard of it because sometimes when a woman is pregnant later in life they sometimes can actually take a needle and take some of this liquid out and test the liquid for the baby cells to see if the baby has any growth effects that's why they call it amnio centesis you ever heard of that okay and there's the little baby and it's going to grow and grow and grow when it grows obviously this uterus is going to really get big and we'll have a whole birth process okay any questions on this yeah hopefully you copy down all the answers and you'll have this to study okay let's uh clear all the drawings and like I said you'll have time to practice that uh let's see what'll happen if I uh take a look that and go back to stop the share okay you all still there yes y here all right uh I don't think there's anything else worth looking at unless you want to look at the whole outline or the whole vocabulary list so you tell me what you want to do in closing you want to look at the whole outline and go through it step by step see if there's any questions that pop up or you want to look at the whole vocabulary list and see if there's any words on there you want to know anybody have a preference the reproductive outline or the urinary outline it's it's actually both this is both outlines and and the vocabulary list is for both units this is the master vocabulary list for both units and this is the outline for both units tell me which one you're more curious about all the vocabulary words or the outline for topics both are valuable no preference all right well we did a lot of vocabulary all right let's take a peek at the outline okay uh make sure you see it okay you see in the outline okay yeah all right anything you see on this first part that I mean if you want me to highlight a few things for you to take notes on I would say of all the wastes definitely make sure you know your nitrogenous waste and where they come from and there was special set of words you had to remember what makes these wastes something the liver did you get Ura and uric acid and ammonia but mostly Ura when the liver de amones proteins all right the rest of these are basic structure and functions you should know where you know the different parts are where there collecting ducts where the nephrons are two kinds of nephrons Etc make sure you know the order in which the urine gets collected everything has an order okay and anything you see here that is catching your attention okay I go to the next part next part's about blood flow okay this might be a trivia question every time the heart beats how much blood goes to the kidneys okay again this is all order make sure you know the order of the blood vessels okay any questions on the blood vessels at all now what was the missing blood vessel it was a missing blood vessel remember that one the uh segmental which things okay there are no segmental veins there's segmental arteries but on the way out is no segmental veins mentioned okay all right nephrons are here's cleaning out your dresser drawers and this is a little bit of physiology you have to study step one GL marula filtration 180 l a day and from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule you make a filate then you go to the proximal convoluta tub and that's where you have reabsorption remember there's two types of reabsorption I'm not going to write the whole word that's how much you must take back including 80% or so of the water but then later this faculative reabsorption and this is the one that's controlled by what a distal com convoluted very good this is in the distal convoluted tubee and you get up to 20% of the liquid reabsorbed depending on the needs of the body okay so what need would make this facultative reabsorption take place if you're what dehydrated yep if you're dehydrated you definitely want more reabsorption okay also if this internal bleeding that makes your blood pressure drop so both of these cause blood pressure to drop that's when you want this facultative reabsorption and you want the hormones to make this happen and what are the two key hormones that make this happen one's from the pituitary ADH adrenal glands yes ADH absorbs more water and from the adrenal glands is that Italian hormone [Music] Aldo sterone course it's not aldosterone it's aldosterone but get the idea okay after all that takes place then you're ready to collect your urine for drainage okay and this just explains what you just told me about the hormones starts off with rein being released and your tensin being released that's from the liver and the lungs but don't worry about that too much then you have aldosterone and AD released and this is what tells the body to increase heartbeat if you're dehydrated tells the body to Vaso constrict if you're dehydrated or have a blood loss and will'll tell the body's thirst Center to kick on to make you thirsty so you have the urge to drink more water okay and then of course ADH is going to say absorb more water and aldosterone tell the body to absorb more salts both of these will try to help both blood pressure and blood volume to go up okay just got a 10-minute crash course in urinary system okay all right this is just the drawing of the neuron nefron rather and there's the reproductive system again we went through most of it today see if there's anything that I overlooked all right uh see everything we just talked about is everything's on the South Line see look too late layers cervix relaxing is mentioned and [Music] dilation okay when it says myometrium smooth muscle for labor contractions I mentioned oxytocin right there and then at the very very bottom we talked about that at the end of lecture last time okay looking at this word with these words anything here catch your eye as being I need to know for you okay I I don't know why but I feel like I got one of the emails like another reproductive outline that had like a couple different things on them but like I saw the word ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm yes you're right that might have been on the master vocabulary list okay uh that has to do with this thing here with early embryonic structure and I did not cover it this semester so don't worry about it okay and then that would be uh gastrulation differentiation formation embryonic germ not part of our list right here yes that would all part of that yeah we didn't have a good we didn't have enough time because I lost day or whatever to do justice to chapter 29 so 29 was actually another page of notes uh with some diagrams and I took them off okay thank you I mean I I wish I had the time but you know you could always you've got the book you could always read chapter 29 on your own to learn the fascination of embryonic growth good stuff not for us tonight uh Wednesday okay anything else yeah you got me curious now gtes are sperm and eggs yes gametes stand for sperm and eggs and paired female gonads or ovaries yes test well we have a few minutes let I'm I'm going to return to the vocabulary list since you mentioned it you have me curious now okay so here's the master vocabulary list that came with the whole unit uh and you you said you saw some of the words on here I don't know if I saw them on the vocabulary list but and I downloaded something I downloaded like a chapter 28 chapter 29 just on the reproductive outline and that's where I saw them okay I guess maybe what maybe it was from the bright space outline not sure maybe yeah you might be right I think I might oh oh wait a minute oh no I see well I do see number 72 here how the zygote goes from the embryo to the blasticus to the fetus and nine weeks so there's the word blastic that has to do with the embryonic development uh need yeah yeah and here's 77 where it talks about fetal development the trimesters it's a little bit there and we talked about a vasectomy in terms of male sterilization and look at 82 82 also mentions the female side of things tubal liation having a tubes tied tubal liation and of course birth control pills there that yeah that's vocabulary we didn't mention very much not to worry about that yeah I went through the test question by question to make sure everyone was covered so do we need to know plasis no okay everything else okay all right I don't know how long the day has been for you uh you're welcome to log off anytime youd like if you have want to ask questions I didn't see anybody go up anything in the chat room no okay chatted with me so I guess we're okay all right if this I think tonight was like I said for those of you that were here a very valuable lesson this might have increased your grade by at least 10 points if not more uh you heard some key key things so hopefully you absorbed enough where it's going to make a difference it's really tough the end of the semester because you're rushing through these last two chapters and the school did I think did you a disservice by eliminating Monday night where things could have been different but it's okay I try to look at the positive the positive is you didn't have two exams in one week got the lab exam done last week and now you just focusing on the lecture exam which I guess is a good thing okay if any questions come up you'll fre feel free to uh send me an email thank you thank you so much thank you have a nice night I have a question um you recorded this whole like session thing yeah I actually did it was one of the options could I have it because it wouldn't let me record while you were recording so I couldn't thank you so much because I like to rewatch it all right if if you had um if you had that I would definitely send it to you