CIE IGCSE Physics Lecture Summary

Introduction

• Physics revision video for CIE IGCSE
• Perfect answers provided for exams
• Revision guides available for purchase

Measuring Basics

Volume

• Use a measuring cylinder
• Not precise, read at meniscus level

Length

• Use a meter rule for longer items, centimeter ruler for shorter

Time Interval

• Use a stopwatch, digital clocks more precise

Average Calculations

• Measure multiple times, calculate average by summing results and dividing by number of attempts (n)

Pendulum

• Time period: time for one oscillation
• Measure multiple oscillations for accuracy

Forces

Resultant Force

• Combination of all forces on an object
• Calculated using vectors and sometimes parallelogram method

Examples

• Box and pulley system
• Two men pushing a trolley
• Parallelogram of forces example

Speed, Distance, and Time

Formula Triangle

• Distance = Speed × Time
• Rearrange triangle to find unknowns

Distance-Time Graphs

• Flat sections indicate stationary movement

Velocity-Time Graphs

• Calculate acceleration: Acceleration = (Final Speed - Initial Speed)/Time

Free Fall & Terminal Velocity

• Gravity accelerates objects at 9.8 m/s²
• Terminal velocity: balanced forces, no acceleration

Motion of Falling Objects

• Examples using parachutists

Density and Pressure

Definitions

• Density: Density = Mass/Volume
• Pressure: Pressure = Force/Area

Applications

• Determining if objects float based on density
• Pressure differences in fluids

Energy

Types of Energy

• Kinetic, gravitational, chemical, thermal, etc.

Conservation of Energy

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred

Electricity

Current and Voltage

• Current: flow of charge, measured in amperes
• Voltage: potential difference, measured in volts

Resistance and Ohm’s Law

• Resistance measured in ohms
• R = V/I

Circuits

• Series vs. Parallel circuits (current and voltage rules)

Electromagnetic Induction

• Voltage induced by moving wire in magnetic field

Waves

Types of Waves

• Transverse vs. Longitudinal
• Examples: Sound (longitudinal), Light (transverse)

Properties

• Wavelength, frequency, amplitude

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Order: Radio, Micro, Infrared, Visible, UV, X-rays, Gamma

Nuclear Physics

Radioactive Decay

• Alpha, beta, gamma radiation differences

Half-life

• Time for half of radioactive nuclei to decay
• Use in dating and medical tracers

The Universe

Solar System

• Order of planets: Mercury to Neptune

Big Bang Theory

• Universe expansion evidence: Redshift and CMBR

Stars

• Life cycle: Protostar to Black Hole/Neutron Star

Galaxies and Universe Scale

• Milky Way: 100,000 light years in diameter

This summary covers the key topics and concepts useful for CIE IGCSE Physics examination preparation. For detailed explanations and additional study materials, refer to the full lecture or the perfect answer revision guide available online.