so the next thing we're going to learn about is alcohols and amines and so the first thing um that we need to learn about alcohols is how to classify them and just like carbons and hydrogens and alkal halides we can classify them as either primary secondary or tertiary and it's the same system as we use for the alkal halides and the hydrogens so for characterizing alcohols as primary secondary or tertiary alcohols you look at the carbon to which the O group is attached again here because there's only one bond that can be there so here we have an oxygen attached to a hydrogen this Bond doesn't change because it otherwise it's not an alcohol so we always have this o group here if it's an alcohol and thus there's only one other connection to the various chains and so therefore if it's connected to a carbon that's connected to only one other carbon it's a primary alcohol if this alcohol group is connected to a carbon that's connected to two others it's a secondary alcohol and finally if the alcohol group the oxygen specifically is attached to a carbon that's bound to three other carbon containing compounds it is a tertiary alcohol so similar to what we've learned for alkal halides and hydrogens we look at the carbon to which the alcohol is attached we've also learned the common names of alcohols so for the common names of alcohols we took the name of the alkal group to which the um alcohol group The O group is attached we put a space and then we followed it by the word alcohol so this should all be reviewed this should all be fairly simple where we have for the common name the name of the alkal substituent so isopropyl isobu and then we say alcohol at the end to indicate that we have that o group at the end so now we need to talk about the systematic names for alcohols but before we get into that I need to tell you guys that we have been talking about substituents that should seem like a very familiar word substituent means that we have a prefix right we put something in front of the name of that parent chain the reason we do that is because the presence of the groups that we've been talking about as substituents actually doesn't really affect the reactivity of the molecule that much so any additional alkal groups any halides any epox um Al oxides those those don't really change how the molecule reacts but what we're going to be looking at for alcohols and future naming future functional groups is that most of them do change how that molecule reacts it changes the properties very significantly and so for those groups that change the reactivity of a molecule very significantly these functional groups they actually get put on the end as a suffix so substituents which are classified here as alkal groups halides so the hall groups that we've looked at and the Alka oxide groups where another alkal group is attached to the ring by an oxygen those go in front of the parent chain those are prefixes those are substituents that don't change the reactivity of the molecule too much but when we look at alcohols and amines and other things like carboxilic acids or Esters or things like that those do change the reactivity and so those actually go at the end of the parent chain as a suffix so a functional group is a suffix where we're actually going to change the ending of the parent hydrocarbon from a to something else in the case of an alcohol we're going to change it to O the all ending whereas methyl ethoxy chloro Etc still are going to go in front of the name of the parent hydrocarbon so let's get into some systematic naming of alcohols first of off the o is that functional group The O is changing the reactivity of the molecule it is the center of reactivity and so therefore we're going to change the ending of the name and we're going to change it by taking off the E of the parent hydrocarbon and adding o to indicate that it's an alcohol okay so for example a one carbon unit that has this o group on it would be normally called methane right that's a one carbon parent chain but because it has that o group attached we take off the E and add o at the end so so this would be methanol similarly the two carbon unit would normally be ethane but because we have this o group on it we take off the E from the end of the parent hydrocarbon and put on the suffix o all so this would be ethanol now unfortunately it's not all that easy it's not just that easy let's put it that way we do have to consider usually for these more complex alcohols where that o group is actually located so on methanol and ethanol there's only one place it can be right we're going to give that carbon the one anyway so it's kind of redundant to put the number in front but if you look here at these more complex alcohols the O could be in multiple places along that parent chain so we need to put the position of the functional group and to do that we can do it one of two ways we can either put it immediately preceding the name of the parent hydrocarbon or immediately preceding the suffix now here the bottom are the ones that are most recently approved by IUPAC but the chemical Community has been very slow to adopt the changes of the position of the location of the functional group location so both of these are going to be acceptable and you should be aware of how to name both of them and I will accept either as correct on quizzes or exams so for example to put that into Clarity we have a parent hydrocarbon of 1 2 3 four five five carbons long so our parent chain is pentane but because we have this o functional group the alcohol functional group we take off the E and add o pentanol but that's not it because it could be on the second carbon it could be on the first carbon it could be on the third carbon right there's a lot of places that this alcohol group could be when we think about where its location is so we've got to put where its location is on the parent chain and since it's on the third carbon we can do that by adding a three in front of the first part of the name the parent hydrocarbon 3- pent that indicates that this alcohol sub functional group is on the third carbon in or again more common more recently approved we can put it between the ending and the suffix here so after the parent chain with a dash3 dash all okay again this one's the more recently approved by IUPAC but common chemical will still use this naming system so it's still good to know both now when we get into systematic names of alcohols it's a little bit different because I've been emphasizing the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms but here it's actually not necessarily the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms it's the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains the functional group so the functional group has to be included in the longest chain so even if it's not the longest chain of carbon atoms it still has to include the functional group and then the next rule that's a little bit different is that you're going to number the parent hydrocarbon in the direction that gives the functional group suffix the lowest possible number that it can have so this is even ignoring substituents kind of these lower PR priority things that could have lower numbers so even if you could get a substituent having a lower number you still have to number with the functional group getting the priority the functional group getting the lowest number that it could have to take rule one for example here right the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is actually 1 2 3 4 five six carbons long but that longest chain doesn't include the functional group it's not attached directly to the the functional group so it's not the longest chain that we can use for naming because our longest chain has to include that functional group so our longest chain is actually only five carbons long right 1 2 3 4 five and we're going to number in a direction that gives the functional group the lowest number so we'll number with starting here the one then this the two and we have this ethyl substituent the alcohol on the one on the first carbon so we would call this two ethyl pentan one all again the two ethyl indicates that ethyl substituent and the one all indicates that we have this alcohol functional group coming off the first carbon and again just be sure to number the chain in a direction that gives the functional group the lowest number it can have even if it means you're ignoring other substituents our next rule deals with the situation where we have two alcohol groups on our parent chain and in that case what's going to happen is we're going to add the suffix dial to the name of that parent hydrocarbon so you can see here we have a longest continuous chain of carbon atoms of 1 2 3 four five six carbon atoms long so we have hexane here okay and we have two alcohol groups we number these at positions one 2 3 four so two and four are where those groups are and we indicate that by putting the two four either in front of the name of the parent hydrocarbon and then di all at the end or we put it in the middle after that parent hydrocarbon and before the suffix um keeping letters and numbers split with the dash and numbers separated with commas now one thing to point out here is that we actually do keep the e here for the name of the parent chain we don't we don't drop it in this case um because it serves as a separation for consonants and it the other way if it was just the all it would flow better with dropping the E so for convention sake uh we keep it so it's hexane diol and if there's um more than one like there's three you could put triol if there's four you could put tetraol so just depending on how many o groups are there you can change that prefix before the all to indicate that quantity rule four so if you have both a functional group suffix in a substituent the functional group gets the lowest possible number I've already alluded to this in rule two right you're going to number with priority to the functional group not priority to substituents and so I'm going to point that out here with this third ex yeah third example on the slide notice we have a longest continuous chain of 1 2 3 four five carbon atoms and if this was a normal substituent here instead of an alcohol group you would number from left to right you'd go one two because the two substituents are on that second carbon so normally you'd go two two4 but because functional groups get priority including lowest number numbers we're going to number from right to left so we number in the direction that gives the functional group the lowest number possible even if substituents could have lower numbers so we go one two to give the alcohol the two rather than 1 2 3 4 giving the alcohol the four you can see that also reflected here in the second example that chloro could be on the first carbon and the alcohol then would be on the second if we go the other way but because the alcohol is a functional group and it's at the end we need to give that priority and so we number in the direction that gives the functional group the lowest number that it can have for the fifth rule um again this should be making a little bit of sense here that if you get the same number for the functional group in both directions of course you're next going to choose the numbering that gives the substituent the lowest number so for example if you get 1 2 3 and 1 two 3 for the functional group either direction of course you're going to number from left to right that gives the chlorine here the four or sorry the two rather than the four going from the other direction so if you get the same number same lowest number for the functional group then you can prioritize the substituents in cyclic Rings the functional group is assumed to have the one position okay so always assume the functional group has the one position in cyclic compounds and then finally for the end of the alcohol rules rule six and again this should sound fairly familiar if there's more than one substituent put them in alphabetical order so in this particular example we have the longest chain of 1 2 3 4 five 6 7 eight eight carbons long we have an alcohol which changes the ending so it's on the one two second carbon so we can say Octan 2 all or two octanol and then we've got these two substituents because we've already started numbering this way because that gives the alcohol the lowest number we've got that one 2 3 four so we've got an ethyl on the fourth carbon five six S A bromo on the seventh carbon so because B comes before E we'll put bromo first seven bromo four ethyl Octan two all or two octanol so hopefully that was the simplest of the rules that we've went over because it should make total sense we've been doing alphabetical order for the last few namings now the next thing we're going to look at is how to classify am means and this is the one that's going to be different than what we've talked about so am meines are a compound in which one or more of the hydrogens that are attached to the nitrogen have been replaced by alkal groups and amines can be classified as primary secondary or tertiary not based on the carbon to which they're attached but by the number of carbons that are that they are attached too so here we look at the number of alkal groups that are actually bonded to the nitrogen this is different from the classification systems that we've talked about before okay so realize that amines are classified differently than alkal halides then alcohols okay so just be aware that you're going to have to kind of reset your mind and realize that Ames are different so a primary Aman is bound to one carbon a secondary Aman is bound to two carbons and a tertiary am mean is bound to three one two three carbon groups so again be aware that this is different because looking at this this is a primary Aman even though this nitrogen is attached to a tertiary carbon right because it's bound to three other carbons we are not looking here at the carbon we're looking at the nitrogen and the number of carbons that are bound to that nitrogen so here because there's only one carbon bound even though that carbon bound is a tertiary carbon it's still a primary amine okay whereas if we'd have classified this if it had been a chloride attached here instead or an alcohol it would have been a tertiary alkal chloride or a tertiary Al alcohol so don't be tripped up this is going to be the hardest part of classifying is classifying and means and realizing that we're looking at the nitrogen and not the carbon to which the nitrogen is attached because nitrogens can be attached to more than one carbon so let's do a bit of review on the common names of amines and the common names of amines are going to consist of the names of the alkal group groups that are bound to the nitrogen in alphabetical order followed by the word amine so previously in common naming we've looked at only one alkal group attached to the nitrogen but you can have more than one alkal group and so similarly to ethers we put them in alphabetical order so we say their names we put them in alphabetical order but we don't have any spaces between them and we say a mean at the end just like we've talked about earlier so for example we have a nitrogen here that's attached to two alkal groups we have a methyl and we have one two three a propyl we'll put them together alphabetically and say methyl propyl amine again with no spaces in between if we have two of the same we can say diethyl amine if we have three this is where it gets a little bit weirder because we normally don't have three groups attached to something but you can see here that we have the two methyl groups attached and a third group that's a but group we alphabetize and say buty dimethylamine or if they're all different that's okay too we have an ethyl a methyl and a propyl we would just call it um according to alphabetization Ethyl Methyl propyl Amine so that is the name naming system for the common names of amines and again it only works for names for a means where you have these alkal substituents that are attached that are very simple that have these common names it doesn't work for more complicated things so for more comp complicated things we need systematic names and just like the common naming system the systematic the IUPAC naming system uses the suffix amine to denote the amine functional group so we take off the E of the parent chain and we add amine so for example this first group here we have four carbons one two 3 four so the parent chain is butane we take off the E and add a mean so this would be called banamine and again just like for alcohols we have to denote the position of the nitrogen and so this nitrogen is off of the first carbon so we would either call it one butan amine or butan one amine again both of these are acceptable names this bottom one is the newer system so it's a little bit better preferred because that's the one that scientists will be moving towards but this first name is still used quite frequently now where it gets a little tricky here is remember that we can have multiple alkal groups attached to the nitrogen so how do we denote that we have multiple groups attached to the hydrogen to the nitrogen well the answer is we still identify the longest chain in this case it would be six carbon so we have hexane drop the e adamine put the position of the nitrogen right so three hexamine or hexan 3 amine and then to indicate that we have an alkal substituent that's attached to the nitrogen we actually indicate it by saying n so we treat the N like a number here by saying n n we know that it's off the nitrogen okay so NE ethyl 3 hexamine or NE ethyl hexan 3 amine and what that tells you is you have hexane as your parent chain you have a nitrogen off the third carbon and attached to that nitrogen because this is an ethyl you have an ethyl group if you have more than one so for example here in this third one you have the parent chain of one two three carbons that's the longest chain that includes the functional group so your longest chain here is propane we take off the Ean adamine so propanamine and we say well off of this parent chain the nitrogen is off the first carbon so we call it one propanamine or propan one amine indicating where that nitrogen is and then we have two groups attached to the nitrogen we have an e group and a methyl group now it's not on the main chain so we can't give it a number but it is off the nitrogen so we can say n methyl and an ethyl and treat those like numbers and put them in our name and alphabetize them so the correct name for this compound would be NE ethyl and methyl propanamine and remember to separate the numbers even the n's here with dashes and if we had more than one n so so like if this was another methyl group we'd say NN dimethyl one propanamine here's some more examples of naming amines I want to point out this bottom one here because I have somewhat gone over it a little bit where you have the longest chain of 1 2 3 4 five because the nitrogen is a functional group you number it in a direction that gives the functional group the lowest number so we have pentane we take off the E and add amine because it has a nitrogen attached we say the location of that nitrogen so pentan 2 amine or two pent pentanamine and then we look for our substituents right we've got the nitrogen labeled we've got the parent chain labeled but we've got a bromo and we've got two methyl groups those two methyl groups are off of the nitrogen and so we got the four bromo down right that makes sense we put four bromo we arrange it alphabetically but again how do we name these methyl groups that are all coming off the nitrogen well we just say instead of a number it's the N it's the nitrogen and we have to indicate the position of both of them being on the nitrogen by saying NN n comma n right they're both on the nitrogen and then emphasizing that we have two by saying dimethyl so the correct name for this compound is four bromo NN dimethyl pentan 2 amine or two pentanamine and again here be sure it's a number in a direction that gives the functional group the lowest number even if potentially a substituent could have a lower number so in this example the nitrogen's lowest number that it could have is the three so we number from left to right even though if we numbered from right to left the substituent would have the two okay so even though we could get a lower number for a substituent we want to make sure the functional group has the lowest number that it can so the rest of these examples that I didn't explicitly go through please make sure you're understanding them and of course let me know if you're running into any questions if any of these other examples don't make sense to you as to how we got these names down here so the last thing we're going to talk about in terms of nitrogen compounds are looking at nitrogen compounds with four alkal groups attached so remember that nitrogen is especially one that is relatively basic it can have a positive charge on it it can accept a hydrogen and have a positive charge so ultimately what we're saying is nitrogen's okay with having an extra Bond and so usually that bond is to hydrogens but it can potentially be to alkal groups as well so nitrogen that has four alkal groups that are attached to this nitrogen which because there's four groups attached it gives it it gives it a positive charge these guys are called quinary ammonium salts and we're only going to learn the common names for quinary ammonium salts and these common names consist of the names of alkal groups followed by the word ammonium all one word together and then the name of the anion as a separate word so these are always going to be positively charged nitrogen with four bonds is always positively charged so therefore you need a negative charge to counterbalance that so whenever you have a quadar ammonium it's always going to be in assault form because whenever you have a positive you have need a negative too so for example here we have four methyl groups attached to the nitrogen the prefix four is Tetra we have four methyl Tetra methyl then we say the word ammonium to indicate we have those four methyl groups bound to the nitrogen a space and then the name of the annion which is hydroxide in the second example on this slide we're going to see methyl methyl ethyl and propyl so we have dimethyl we have ethyl and we have propyl arranging them alphabetically we have ethyl dimethyl propyl ammonium chloride okay because our counter ion here is chloride and so again we're only looking here at the common names we're not going to look at systematic names but you should be able to name these quader ammonium salts especially the simplest ones using their common naming system systems so guys we've looked at a lot of naming I know there's a lot of rules a lot of them are the same but now we're changing the endings and realizing that we have functional groups that change the reactivity and so we put these functional groups as sxes at the end we still have to indicate where they're at on the parent chain and we realize that now they get priority when it comes to numbering so I think those are the main changes now that we're talking about functional groups versus substituents but if there's any confusion or uncertainty please be sure to reach out and ask we'll be working on some of the in-class problems so please again let me know if you run into any questions