Notes on Karana in Indian Classical Music

Introduction

• Speaker: Dr. Ashwini Zoshi
• Topic: What is Karana?
• Relation to previous lectures on Khal (era of Indian classical music).

Definition of Gharana

• Etymology:
  • "Gharana" comes from Hindi word "khar" derived from Sanskrit word "griha" (meaning house or home).
• Refers to the origin of musical ideology.
• Reflects different familial styles of living, eating, and culture, similar to how gharanas exhibit unique musical styles.

Characteristics of Gharana

• Each gharana has its own:
  • Style of performing and singing
  • Voice production
  • Modulation
  • Presentation of bandish
  • Rhythmic patterns
  • Usage of different tals
• Identifies the musical ideology and differentiates schools of thought.

Historical Context

• The Karana system in Khyal rooted in Guru Shisha Parampara (tradition of discipleship).
• Influenced by the fall of the Mughal Empire:
  • Musicians moved from Delhi to princely states.
  • Led to the development of the Karana system.
• Formation of various gharanas across India.

Gharana as Social Organization

• Links musicians by lineage.
• Functions under Guru Shisha Parampara:
  • Disciples learn under a guru, transmitting knowledge and style.
  • Example: A singer's style is imitated by disciples and family members.
• Transmission:
  • Style must be passed down through three generations to form a particular karana.
  • Historically strict adherence to rules, but modern flexibility exists.

Main Gharanas in Indian Classical Music

1. Gwalior
2. Agra
3. Kirana
4. Jaipur

Conclusion

• Summary of the importance of gharana in Indian classical music.
• Next lecture to focus on a brief overview of the main gharanas.