hello my dear students and welcome back to victory badge so i am your diksha ma'am and today we are going to discuss animal kingdom so this is a kind of the chapter where you find it a little boring you're not interesting or the chapter you do not find it interesting the reason is because you have to memorize a lot of things so let's solve all the problems that you face in this animal kingdom chapter and excel it so let's get started so this is a very important uh chapter from need point of view and you know every year the questions are asked and the pattern is they will ask you question from ncrt only so today i have covered each and every line of ncrt in my notes only so we'll be taking up only the ncrt basis you don't have to you know go into much of a detail because uh technically it's impossible for you to learn outside the ncrt only because i can teach you whatever there is like orders and you know groups etc but they are of no use because in ncrt or the needs syllabus always say that you have to do it up to the phylum and in the code it's up to class form right and this is what you have to do so today we are going to just excel in this chapter you will no longer face any difficulties and you will have this chapter on tips all you have to do is to attend the entire chapter nicely okay all right guys so let's get started with the animal kingdom so first of all before getting into this chapter what are animals what are animals because the chapter name is animal kingdom okay what are animals animals are multicellular organisms that means they are made up of number of cells they are made up of number of cells okay second they have they show heterotrophic mode of nutrition what does it means it means they cannot produce their food they cannot produce their food also they are holozoic they engulf the food through mouth they engulf food through mouth like we eat the food okay so we are showing holozoic mode of nutrition also if we compare them with the plants we can move and also we have sense organs and neurons and definitely we are eukaryotes but there are also certain exception that there are certain organism that cannot move and they don't even have sense organs and neurons they are sponges they are sponges okay sponges do not show neurons and the sense organs okay now we have classified we have classified the animals now why there is a need of classification for example if i say the cockroach and ant they belong to the same group yes they do so if there are certain characters present in the cockroach they must be present in the ant as well so if you have read the certain basic features of one group that means all the animals will be having the similar characters and you don't have to study each and you know every organism that belongs to the same group differently so if you know the group of the entire phylum or the group you will be knowing the uh the characteristics feature of all the animals that belongs to that group so that becomes or that makes our life easier that makes the study of the animals easier okay all right so now what are the characters on what basis are you classifying them okay so for example uh who has decided what features to keep them them or what are the bases on which we can classify them so there are certain characters first of all like level of organization then symmetry then germ layers what are these we'll be discussing them in detail in this chapter only don't worry i'm just introducing you with the terms salome segmentation and notochord okay all right so in the lower classes you must have heard of the name phylums okay let's revise what are the various phylums we have so we start from the simplest to complex okay so the first phylum that we have the first phylum that we have is polyphera then we have ciliantriata also known as need area then we have tenophora then we have platyhelmanthus escal menthis analida arthropoda mollusca echinodermata hemichordata and chordata so all these are all these are phylums that you must have done in your lower grades and these are we are going to discuss in detail some of the characters you all you must be knowing already because they are they are already teachers have taught you in the lower grades but some other characters the complex one will be discussing in this chapter and they are very interesting right okay now how do you classify the organism first of all there is always a kingdom like animal kingdom and then you classify them into the phylums all right like these all are phylums then you classify them into the class for example in arthropoda we have class in sector okay so class classification up to the class level we'll be doing in the quartets okay now what are caudates all the organism which do not have notochord they are non-chordates right from here to here these do not have notochord so they are known caudates what is a notochord it's a rod like structure it's a rod like structure we'll be discussing that also in detail and other are coordinates which have the notochord so core data we'll be discussing in more detail as comparison to the non cautes and then you classify them into the order then family then genus and then species fine so this is how you classify the organism now let's see what are the characters on what basis are you classifying them so the very first is your level of organization the very first is your level of organization okay now what is level of organization here we are talking about complexity of the body complexity of the body not every organism have a body structure like us not every organism have a highly developed brain like us every organism on this planet earth is different from the other okay all right so we started from the simplest organism then we were there then we are going to the complex one so we have divided four uh the entire organism into four groups one there are organism in which cells are aggregated or loosely aggregated that means the group of cells are present but tissues are not present now you must be thinking ma'am you said tissues are the group of cell but if you remember what's the complete definition of the tissues then their group of cells similar in structure for example if this is a muscle cell they are similar in structure they are similar in origin all are mesodermal in origin and they are performing the same function these are tissues these are tissues now a group of cell different in structure like that are they known as tissues no you cannot call them as tissues might be this is mesodermal in origin this is endo and this is ecto so you will not call it as a tissue they are just the group of cell so these type of organism where group of cells are present they are different but they are just loosely aggregated aggregation means they are the cluster then you call it as first which is cellular level of organization so this type of organization is seen in porifera poryfera are sponges orifera is a phylum of sponges next second you have orga sorry second you have is tissue level of organization second you have is tissue level of organization okay this is third and this is fourth number is on the basis of like how complex they are now if a group of cell they are similar performing similar function and they are from same origin then you call them as tissues so this is tissue level of organization cell performing the same function are arranged as tissues you see that in cilian creator also known as need area and tenofora so silent rata and tino four are two different phylums whereas ciliantrata have a different name known as nidaria so most of you gets confused between their names you don't need to confuse it right all right then we have okay tissues are formed what next after tissues what can be formed guys organs now if the organs are formed right or we can say the tissues they are now grouping together to form the organs that is your organ level of organization so the organ level of organization is seen in your platy helmet is platy hell methods are your flat worms are your flat worms okay now we have the organ system here the organs are present but they are not communicating with each other for example the brain doesn't know because they don't have a well-developed brain what it's uh other organ is doing what its reproductive organs are doing but in organ system like our brain knows what or how to control various body parts so that's a kind of a system every organ is functioning as a system with the the other ones like blood vessels attached to the heart heart is pumping the blood and then it will go to the tissues okay and brain is also controlling the heart brain is also controlling each everything right so here a proper system has been formed so this one you can see right from escal menthes right from escal memphis to caudates okay so this is the first basis of classification that how complex a body is and the name is level of organization let's talk about the other one then we have if the organism is um having organ system level of organization so it will be having uh the uh you know what uh a highly developed organs fine but sometime in the digestive system this elementary canal it can be complete for example this is elementary canal okay this is elemetric enough if the elementary canal have a mouth and it have the anus then you call it as a complete elementary canal but if the elementary canal have only one opening like this okay only one opening like this and this is acting as a mouth as well as anus then this is a kind of incomplete digestive system the incomplete digestive system is also known as blind sac also known as blind sac okay this kind of organization can be seen in some platyhelmanthus it can be seen in some platyhelmanthus okay but right from ascal menthus right from all right right from ascalmanthus to caudates they have this complete digestive system okay next circulatory system circulatory system is of two type open and close we have also done this in the chapter body fluids and circulation so here you can see in the open type of circulatory system blood vessels are not developed in the closed one the blood vessels are developed so the blood flows in the blood vessels in closed one and here the blood will flow it will be it can be pumped by the heart but then it will move into the cavities open cavities like in case of cockroach or arthropod you call it as hemocyle so here all the organs are bathed in that body fluid only okay so here in the open one open sinuses are present open sinuses it contains blood what is other name of open sinuses hemocy right now what are the organisms which have open circulatory system that is arthropoda and mollusca and what have closed analyta and core data they have close circulatory system which is more efficient than the open one okay all right next next we have organism can also be divided on the basis of symmetry on the basis of symmetry so what is a symmetry first of all for example if i have this organism if i have this organism if i pass a plane if i pass a plane through the center of this organism i can get i can get two equal body half for example one eye will be here one here half mouth here or for example just pass it through me pass it through me if you'll cut me into two halves i'll get one arm here one leg here one arm here one leg here one eye one eye half nose half nose okay and the set of teeth will also be there okay so this type of organism is a symmetrical that means if you pass a plane through the center you can get two equal half whereas in the asymmetrical organism okay right asymmetrical here in the asymmetrical organism any plane passes through the center does not divide them into equal half for example this is one organism which is sponges in sponges if you pass any plane you cannot not get to equal half you cannot get to equal half so that's the asymmetry whereas in the symmetrical this is a symmetrical okay if if i pass the plane i can get to equal half now symmetrical organisms also there are of two kind or in two they have been divided into two categories one is the radial another is the bilateral okay in the radial ones you can pass any plane and get two equal half right that can be this plane or this plane any plane you can get two equal half in the bilateral you can divide them into one plane only for example if you cut me through this plane can you get to equal half no if you'll cut me only in this plane only then you can get two equal half whereas here number of planes can be passed to obtain two equal half two equal halves will be obtained because the organism is symmetrical but the differences in the planes here only one plane can divide into two equal half here any plane can divide it into two equal half right so i'm going to write this down for you any plane can divide the body into two equal halves and in the bilateral one one plane only one plane can divide the body into two equal halves okay now what are the example let's see so the example of the radial one first of all is your ciliantriata pinofora and echinodermata and what about the bilateral we have analyter we have arthropoda we have core data okay do not forget these examples the basis of classification is very much important because if you have learned the basis of classification of animal kingdom your sixty percent of the chapter is already done yes sixty percent because you know if you'll see the phylums uh in the ncrt the initial you know one two two three lines are from basis of classification only so that means sixty percent is done and also they asked a number of questions from the basis of classification okay because that's the one that confused the students more all right guys let's move further and talk about the germ layers that's the another basis of classification now what are germ layers okay so let's get started from the initial first of all when a sperm and ova fuses it forms zygote what does it forms zygote zygote then divide and form embryo it forms embryo okay embryos early embryos which embryo i'm talking about early embryo early embryo have a number of cells like this later on these cells they are divided into three types of layers they're divided into three germ layers okay for example zygote divides and it forms embryo embryo have a number of cell now these cells they are differentiated and they gets divided into three germ layers the organism which have these three germ layer they are considered as triploblastic but there are also certain animals which do not have three rather two germ layers they are diploblastic okay so germ layers are nothing but these are the uh layers of cells in the embryo so organisms can be divided also on the basis of germ layers there are certain organisms which have only two germ layers how many two germ layers and there are organisms which have three germ layers okay so diploblastic they have two germ layers now what are the layers they have they have endoderm and ectoderm endoderm and ectoderm okay whereas these one they have three germ layers so what i have taught you here is the development of us humans okay and we have three germ layers what are these one we have is ectoderm another we have is mesoderm so this is a new one that is formed in complex organism and then we have endoderm okay they have both ee they have m means me and you are like i am me and i am triple plastic i am complex okay learn from that one so what's the example so here diploblastic are cilian creator and tenophora whereas the triple plastic or three gem layers they're present in platyhelminthis two chordates so from platyhelmanthus to caudates all are triploblastic that means they have three germ layers right so that's one criteria let's see that another criteria of the basis of classification that is siloam ah what's the ceiling let me tell you so siloam is a body cavity it's a body cavity present between body wall and gut lined by me soda lined by me soda so this is a true silo this is what a true silo okay so if any organism have this silo which is present between body wall and gut and lined by the layer mesoderm you call those organisms as usual you means you means true so you means true the organism which have true silo which have true silo now how does it looks like for example listen here guys if i take the section of the organisms embryo the embryo will be having an outer layer that is ectoderm a triploblastic organism have three germ layers okay the outer one is ectoderm okay inner one is endoderm inner one is endoderm all right so this is going to form a gut and this is a body ball this is a body ball okay and the layer or the cells on the body wall is of ectoderm the one which surrounds the gut is endoderm now these both the germ layers they are also lined by another layer of cells known as mesoderm so now there is a space present between body wall and gut which is lined by mesoderm on both the side you call this as cell what do you call it as silom so these two germ layers these are what mesoderm okay and the siloam is a true silo these organisms are eusilo mate now what are you syllamate we'll be talking about them shortly first let's talk about now pseudo siloamate and acylomate now we'll first talk about acylomate so a silometer organism which do not have siloam so here salome is absent salome is absent the example is platyhelmanthus platyhelmanthus and of course the diploblastic organism which are ciliantriata and tinophora and pinofora okay now what happened in this case for example i have organism which is diploblastic it will never have siloam why because there is a criteria it should have a mesoderm and diploblastic does not have a mesoderm so they are already out what about the triploblastic organism platyhelmanthus platyhelmanthus embryo looks just like that it has ectoderm here it has ectoderm hair it has hair gut endoderm and then it has it has this layer known as mesoderm so can you see any space here i cannot see any space so this organism is triploblastic but acylomate this organism is triploblastic but acylomate and here i am talking about platyhelmanthus this is how platycal methods look like okay now what about these cilian create antinophora they will be having ectoderm and they will be having endoderm but they do not have mesoderm because they are diploblastic so here they will be having a layer of mesoglia what is this layer mesoglia so this mizoglia is non-cellular layer it only contains gel like fluid or some glycoproteins but it does not have any mesoderm because tino four and cylindrica they are what they are diploblastic they are diploblastic whereas this one have cellular layer that is mesoderm but that does not have any cavity or cinnamon okay so these example you know let's talk about pseudo-siloamate okay for that i'll use another page pseudocylomate pseudo means false guys what does sudo means pseudo means false so they have false silo how let's see if this is the ectoderm this is the endoderm okay now these organisms do have mesoderm but here mesoderm is present in the form of pouches in the form of pouches so yes there is a cavity but is this cavity lined by mesoderm no so you call this body cavity as pseudocylon what will you call it as pseudocylon because this is a cavity present between body wall and gut this is ectoderm and this is endoderm right but this does not have mesodermal lining rather mesoderm is present in the form of mesodermal pouches mesodermal pouches so this one is seen exclusively in escal mantis where it is seen in the ascalmanthus okay all right what about the examples of eusilon usalone you see in uh right from analytica to quarteta so from analytica to core data they all have ucla okay so that's the body cavity which is really really very important all right let's move further and talk about segmentation now what is a segmentation what is a segmentation so segmentation is the division of body in the form of segment and you also call it as metamerism you also call it as metamerism or true segmentation but some organism have false segmentation also some have false false false segmentation can be divided into two categories one is false and other is true the true segmentation is also known as metamerism it is also known as metamerism the body is truly divided into segment in this one this is the pseudo-segmentation fall segmentation is known as pseudo-segmentation now white is false then the other is true so there are certain criteria for metamerism or true segmentation any organism if its body is internally and externally segmented into segments then it is segmented okay for example you must have seen analytica let me give you an example earthworm so its body is divided internally as well as externally into segments so it's truly segmented on the other hand here in the pseudo-segmented internal segmentation is absent organism is only divided externally example tapeworm okay second criteria of segmentation that there should be repetition of organs repetition of organs that means there are number of organs and they are repeating let me give you an example of us we are also segmented you heard it right we have ribs ribs are repeating so that means we also come under this category of true segmentation so here what are the organisms analytica they are also segmented truly arthropoda they are also truly segmented and core data they are also truly segmented okay so all these organisms are the example of your true segmentation all right let's move further let's move further and talk about the last criteria of classification that's not a code any organism which have this noto notochord which have noto code is a chordate is a chordate or which do not have is a non-coded is not got it what is the notochord again there is a suspense there is a suspense okay i will not tell you now otherwise all your things will go wrong okay i will keep the suspense and i'll tell you in the coordinates what a non nato chord is okay so what are non-coordinates right from porifera to core data sorry to hemicore data they are all non-coordinates they all are what not got it so these were all the bases of classification let's have a overview of them there is a chart given in ncrt which we have done half of it already let's talk about this child completely so we say that animals they are multicellular the kingdom animalia and the organisms of multicellular very true now let's classify them on the basis of level of organization there are certain with the cellular level of organization the cells are loosely aggregated they are peripherals then there are certain tissue organ or organ system level of organization there another criteria is there that they have symmetry some have radial symmetry some have bilateral in the radial symmetry we have cylindricate antenophora the bilateral are divided again on the basis of siloams some are asylumate like platyhelmanthus syllabate like ascalmanthus and u silo mate all these but there is one thing that's different this echinodermata have a radial symmetry this gynodermata have radial symmetry right so here we have done the radial symmetry and i have written a kynodermeta so this is only exception okay so canada meters they have radial symmetry so this is very important just to uh this is for the quick revision if we want to see what organism belongs to which phylum uh and you know what type of uh organization they have okay all right so that's about your uh basis of classification now we are going to talk about first phylum that is your porifera so why it got its name porifera so the name porifera comes from poor bearing poor bearing and they looks like sponges because sponges they also have pores sponges also have pores so they belongs to this category right they are poor bearing okay so first of all where do you find this organism they are mostly marine except except spongela sponjilla is one such organism that is fresh water sponge that is fresh water sponge marine water is a salty water that you find in seas and ocean whereas fresh water is the no is the water that you find in the ponds lakes or the rivers which do not have much salt content okay then they have a very special thing that is a water transporter canal system let's talk about their body now if i draw a body of a polyphen how does it looks like so this is how they are they are scissile organism water scissile they cannot move they are attached to substratum for example this is something like a rock like some uh you know stem of a plant so they are attached to substratum because they are scissile animals these are scissile animals okay all right all right now so if you'll see its body have a number of pores its body have a number of pores let me draw the pores for you the body have number of pores like this okay so this pores are very much important for them because they are forming a system known as water canal system okay so there are certain pores these pores are known as ostia what do what do you call them as ostia these are in pores or inlet pores from here the water will enter inside the poriferon and this is one single pore that is osculum this is for exit or outlet it act as outlet the water will move outside from the spore okay so let's see how water moves water will move from these pores inside this cavity and the name of the cavity is spongio seal the name of the cavity is spongy seal this cavity or spongy seal is lined by a very important characteristic cells known as collar cells what cells call our cells like this what are these cells collar cells so the spongy seal or the cavity of the sponges they are lined by what cell the characteristics the characteristic cells which are collar cells also known as quantocytes these cells they generate a water current because they have these flagella like structure they have a flagella like structure so they generate water current okay now this system uh where the pores are leading to the inlet of water and some canals are formed these are canals this is a pore this will be canal these this will be a pore this will be a canal okay so that's why you call this system as water canal or water transport so one in the same thing do not get confused okay water transport system one more system is there that is in the echinoderm that is water vascular system now what's the purpose because water is entering so it will be it will be carrying some food okay so it will help in the capture of food and if the water is coming it must be having the oxygen so it also helps in respiration and it will take away the co2 and it also helps in excretion and third it can also help in reproduction it can also help in reproduction the water may contain some gametes from the other peripherals fine so this is how body looks like now on the external side of the body some specules are present in hindi you call them escante some specules are present and along with the specule some fibers are present they are spongin fibers what are these sponge and fibers so we say that they do have the exoskeleton an exoskeleton is made up of this skeleton is exoskeleton and this is made up of specules and sponge in fiber and that will provide it protection next point the digestion is intracellular what is intracellular and what is extracellular digestion okay let me explain you so there are two types of digestion one is intracellular and another is extracellular okay now in the intracellular digestion in the intracellular digestion this is a cell and this cell will take food inside it it will take food molecule inside it and digest it okay in the extracellular this is a cell and this is a food present outside in a cavity and it will secrete the enzyme and the digestion will take place outside the cell so that is extracellular intracellular means inside the cell digestion will takes place inside the cell and extracellular digestion will take place outside the cell that's the difference okay so peripherals they show which type of digestion intracellular because they don't have you know a stomach like structure they do have this cavity known as spongy seal but that's not a true cavity they're very simple they do not even have tissues so that's why every cell will take up the food and this is how the digestion takes place okay and which cell not the body cell there are special cells present all right next they are hermaphrodite also known as bisexual also known as monoasius what is bisexual or hermaphrodite or monacis that means one organism have both type of organs both sexes in one organism okay all right the fertilization is internal and they show both sexual and asexual reproduction what is sexual where gametes are formed and they will get fused what is asexual the gametes are not formed in asexual either they can undergo fragmentation or internal budding or internal budding now what is fragmentation like small part of the body got destroyed and it will form a new organism right and what is internal budding for example you must have done external budding in yeast where the organism will break up and form new organism but here the buds are formed inside the body the buds are formed inside the body inside the body okay all right indirect development what is indirect development development is of two type one is direct another is indirect in the in the direct development larva is formed for example i say we human shows direct development were we any larva at some stage no we were produced uh we were we were you know we we give birth right or we say we when we entered on the earth we were present in the form of small human we were not larva so here larval stages are present so any organism which shows larval stages in its development just like cockroach they show indirect development okay let's see the example first of all you can see this one this is a fresh water sponge known as sponjilla this one is scicon also known as kaifa and this one it looks like a bath sponge so it is a you spongia bat sponge okay so how to learn them cycon skyfa they are easy to learn because they have similar kind of names sponjilla is a sponge so that means it's a poryfriend fresh water and you sponge you means you you take bath daily so you bought sponge simple okay that's about poriferan guys let's talk about silent rata ciliantrata is also known as need area okay why do it get its name silly and traitor because they have a cavity a true cavity known as ciliantron the another name of that cavity is gastrovascular cavity gastro as it's also written here yeah gastrovascular cavity it's a true cavity and like that of polyphenols because here the digestion will takes place and then it's a need area because they have a special cells known as needocytes they have a special cells known as nidocite guanocytes and polyphenols nitrocytes in cilientrata all right so these organisms are mostly marine except hydra hydra is fresh water hydra is seen in fresh water fine okay let's talk about their body first and then we'll talk about their habit so if you'll see the body of hydra you'll see a mouth hair which is present on this swelling like structure known as hypostom and this is a body which is attached to the substratum which is attached to the substratum so here you got to know there are certain organisms in ciliantriata which are scissile which cannot move okay and then they have these structures on the mouth known as tentacles what are these tentacles all right let me label this up this is mouth this swelling like structure where mouth is present is hypostom and these structures are tentacles inside the bodies present a cavity known as gastrovascular cavity all right now these tentacles and mouth these tentacles and mouth they have a characteristic cells known as nidocites also known as needle blast also known as stinging cells singing means in hindi if you say that means so if you have heard if you already live around beach area you must have heard that jellyfish stinks it uh have a poison that causes a lot of allergies right so it's true jellyfish belongs to ciliantrata so they have certain cells known as stinging cells they will release a poison and that it's a kind of a phenomenon which is a defense phenomenon for the organism okay so what are the function of these cell first as i've told you defense second it help them to encourage on the surfaces right if they have to stick to any surface they will use these sticky cells known as a stringing cells and then capture of prey or food because for example this is a hydra and if any organism is moving around it it will use its tentacle and sting it and the organism will die and it will then eventually eat this one okay so how does it look like if you've seen ncrt this is how they are formed they are drawn all right so this is how it looks like so it has this capsule like structure known as pneumatocyst pneumatocyst because these need a blast or needle set they are also known as pneumatocytes they also have one more name okay but pneumatocyst there is a very small difference in the name you can get confused if you'll read in the hurry in the exam pneumatocyst is a capsule in a pneumatocyte okay and this is a nucleus and from here it will release the toxin here it will release the toxin this is but this is uncoiled cell this is uncoiled cell so if anyone touches to this structure it will uncoil and release its poison okay all right so here is a small structure known as needle cell a spine like structure so for example you touch the jellyfish so you you have stimulated its needle cell this needle cell will causes uncoiling of the structure and then it will release the poison okay all right guys so let's talk about their habit now so this organism they can be solitary or they can be colonial also these organisms they can be seaside or they can be free swimming they can be free swimming okay so free swimming means they can easily move here and there just like your jellyfish all right and the organism which is scissile like see any moon and hydra see any more it is attached to the substratum it cannot move okay then solitary means they live alone just like jellyfish okay then colonial they are present in the form of groups they're present in groups like your obelia and physaelia so all these organisms are always present in the groups all right okay let's see some other characters the digestion is both intra and extracellular and they form or they have a skeleton of calcium carbonate so you must have seen corals so when these organisms they die they form corals which are made up of calcium carbonate okay in the sea and then they have a two types of body so you can see some like this is jellyfish this is sea animal this is c any more and this is the jellyfish the scientific name of jellyfish is aurelia so you can see this is in the form of organism that's free swimming and you call this body form as medusa and then you can see this one this is the scissile and that body form is known as polyp there are certain organism they they are born as medusa they will die as medusa like jellyfish there are some that are born as polyp and they will die as polyp like c animal and hydra but there are certain organism in half of their life they will live as polyp and half of the life they will live as medusa so three categories either medusa or polyp and the third one half medusa half polyp how let's see so there are certain organism there are certain organism they act as medusa and poly form for example when they are polyp they will undergo asexual reproduction and they will form a lot of medusa and when their medusa they will undergo sexual reproduction and they will form polyp right they will form polyp also in their sexual reproduction they have larval stages so we can say that they also undergo indirect development they also undergo indirect development so this alternation of generation where half of the life their polyp half of the life their medusa this is known as metagenesis what is metagenesis alternation in generation alternation in generation so it is seen in silent rate and what silent rate shows your metagenesis one is your obelia and another is your faisalia they both shows alternation in generation let's see the other organisms that belongs to this phylum first is faisalia portuguese man of war p for portuguese p for physalia adam crc anymore a for adam sia a for any moon penitula c pen p e n p e n gorgonia is c fan meandrena is brain coral what is mean not the mathematics of stat means mean means someone who is selfish and how are you selfish are you selfish by brain or heart you're always selfish by brain your heart never makes you selfish so brain coral okay gorgonia c fan who's georgina georgian is a wife of that football player ronaldo right so people are fan of georgina so gorgonia c fan and what is obelia obelia is sea fur obelia is see but aurelia is jellyfish all right so that's about the cillian traitor let's talk about the tinofora so tinofora they're commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies because they look like that like a walnut they also have these two tentacles as you can see but they're different from the tentacles of hydra and one thing that you can see here these are you know green color structures they are comp plates what are these these structures they are comb plates these comp plates they are ciliated that means they have cilia they have cilia on them like that and if it has cilia definitely it will help it to move it help them to locomote it helps in locomotion okay all right next so they are exclusively marine they are exclusively marine you will not find any any fresh water tino4 all right then they have completes digestion is same like salient rata intracellular and extracellular radial symmetries also find in the both one as we have discussed in basis of classification and also they show bioluminescence they emit light they have certain protein they emit light just like we say like jugunu do you know you know what is hindi you know that so they emit light okay all right then they only show sexual reproduction asexual reproduction is exclusively absent they are also hermaphrodite fertilization is external guys what is external fertilization that takes place in the outside environment for reference shows internal fertilization that means inside the body cylindricals have external these they also have external that means in the outside outside in water what is fertilization fusion of male and female gamete development is indirect because they do have larva what are the example pleurobrachia and tinofora tinofora is simple tino like yotino planner right this is i think this is tino planner that's a typo error so please excuse me for that so tino planner is from dinofora that's simple and second you have plural brachia what do you have pluto brachia okay also these cells they have a balancing organ known as statocyst so status is that nothing they said like they help in balance because they are round structure they may do like that right they may get disbalanced so they have for balancing statuses okay all right so let's move further and talk about your favorite platyhelminthes also known as flatworms why are they flat worms why do you call them as flat worms because their body is also ventrally flattened just like that the body is dorsal ventrally flattened they are endoparasite what an endo parasite parasite that lives inside body for example leech leech is ectoparasite it lives outside your body and these are lives inside your body so they are endoparasite so because the parasite so they will be having some parasitic adaptation adaptation means they they have adapted themselves so that they will become a good parasite and they can survive inside our body how they have hooks and suckers hooks and suckers help them to encourage and suck food so suckers uh work is encouraged and to suck food whereas books only function is encouraged okay absorbs food directly through their body surface that means gut is absent they will directly absorb food like this if there is a nutrient it will directly absorb it through its body so these two are what guys these two are parasitic adaptation these two are parasitic adaptations now how do they excrete they excrete through flame cell very important do not forget this flame cells are the very important cells of platy health methods that work in both excretion and osmo regulation what is osmo regulation salt water balance then we have they are also sexual hermaphrodite that means they are bisexual they also show internal fertilization internal fertilization is also kind of parasitic adaptation because external fertilization have less probability of fertilization whereas internal have more chances for fertilization so always parasite wants to grow they want to increase the population this is how they will be better from the host because the competition is going on so internal fertilization indirect development it have a number of larva so there is one organism in plateau methods its name is planaria it shows the power of regeneration that means it shows asexual reproduction okay example we have three example planaria teenia and fishola tinia is a tapeworm and fishola is a liver fluke fine okay next next organism we have is escal memphis they are commonly known as round worms but they do not seem like round worm they are cylindrical you call them as round worm because when you will take the cross section imagine this is a round worm if i take the cross section they will appear circular they will appear circular in the cross section so they are roundworm they can be aquatic terrestrial or they can also be parasitic and they are mostly endoparasitic they can be parasite to animals and they can be parasite to plants as well they can be parasite to plants or they can be parasite to animals both okay there are certain free living forms also what are free living one is free living another is free swimming free swimming is which can swim easily living who is not parasitic excretion takes place through the excretory pore right elementary canal is complete with muscular pharynx for example this is the mouth so this mouth will be having a pharynx hair that will help in the pumping of food sucking of food okay and how does excretion take place like flame cells are present in plateau memphis they have h cells or rennet cell the difference is flame cells are in a lot number there are many flame cells h cell is a single cell it will present it will be present in the body these will be its tubes excretory tubes and this will open through this excretory pore through this excretory pore okay so that's why we say the excreted tubes are present they are die issues as you can see this one is a female scaris escaris is one example one organism that is a round worm and this is a male so they are diocese they also show sexual dimorphism what is sexual dimorphism that means you can identify them whether they are male or female just by looking at their morphology or how do they look like like here you can see the female is longer the male is shorter male have this curved posterior end curved posterior end female have the straight end so these are the features that can identify them into male and female okay all right sexual reproduction is their internal fertilization because they're parasites indirect or direct bow type of fertilization can take place indirect that means there will be a larva okay all right example is scariest the round worm witcher area filaria warm and chylostoma the hook worm this is a very dangerous one this is a very dangerous one also there are other organisms like enterobias that is a pinworm all right whichever area causes elephantiasis or filariasis that's a disease so you must have seen or people which have large legs swollen legs they have a disease known as elephantiasis we'll be doing this in the class 12 in detail okay all right next we have analytica analytica word comes from annulus annulus means ring so since analytes they are segmented organism every segment looks like a ring every segment looks like a ring so they got their name from their annulus and a litter okay you can see here one segment look like a complete ring so these organisms can be aquatic terrestrial or parasite aquatic we have two types of water one is a marine water another is a fresh water in fresh water you see leech like in ponds and lakes okay and in marine water you find neerys the one that is present here and that one is leech okay they are terrestrial like we have earthworm and then we have ectoparasite that is leach okay they are metamedically segmented that we have already discussed how do they move they move with the help of muscles like longitudinal circular muscles they have circular and longitudinal muscles in skin and that helps to all the organisms to move but apart from that needs also have parapodia so parapodia they helps in respiration as well as locomotion okay let me show you where parapodias are these these are nothing these are the extensions of skin because the respiration in any lids is through skin and they are also extension of skin so they will also help in respiration so respiration is guys cutaneous what is respiration mode here cutaneous that is through skin okay next they have close circulatory system and for excretion they have nephridia excretion in plateau methods flame cell excretion in the ascalmanth is h cells which have tubes and they excrete through pore excretion in analytic nephridia okay their neural system is present in the form of ganglion connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve code okay let me tell you how so for example this is a ganglion these ganglions are connected to each other and then they will be double ventral nerve code so ganglion connected by the lateral nerve so these are lateral nerves and this is double ventral nerve code double means two nerve cord and ganglion is nothing glue it is a group of neurons okay development fertilization is sexual and development is both direct and indirect direct or indirect development okay direct development is seen in the leech and earthworm whereas indirect is seen in needs with larva so here we have example neery's fatima herodin area herodone area is your leech paratima is your earth form okay all right let's talk about the next phylum that is the arthropoda okay let's get started so from where did arthropoda got its name just like any other phylum so arthro arthro means atra means jointed oda means appendages so organisms that belongs to this phylum they have jointed appendages they have joints in their appendages that's why they can run very fast just like cockroach right so if you'll say which is the largest filimatropod and two by three species on this planet earth they are arthropods there are many number you can find them everywhere see the air you will see mosquitoes flying down on the floor you can see ants right on these some crevices you may find cockroaches so in go to water you can find prawns right so you can you know find them anywhere so they are metamerically segmented and the body is divided into head forex and abdomen so the body is divided into like this is your organism okay take an example of this this is quite easy so the body is divided into head thorax abdomen three parts okay mostly mostly especially in the insects the exoskeleton is made up of chitin open circulatory system is there and for excretion we have malpease and tribune so malfusion tubules are for the excretion in the insect right okay so let me tell you what are the excretory organs for various organisms like we have malpeas and tibul like we have malpige in tribune so this is exclusively for insect and insects we have mosquitoes bees cockroach right honey bees everything is in the insecta whereas the green glands the green glands okay green glands also known as antennal glands are present in the prawn in the antenna of prawns okay and also we have one gland known as coxal gland that is in the spiders uh the spiders and scorpions scorpions and spiders fine all right so let's uh see about the respiration so that those organisms that live in water like prawns they respire through gills book gills who in uh respire through boogies we have a crab known as limulus if you can see here limitless limitless respire this limitless okay let me write it here it respired through book girls book lungs are for spiders and tracheal system is for insects okay we have done that in cockroach as well for sensor they have antennae eyes and statuses eyes are usually compound eyes okay then reproduction is section they will produce uh gametes and that will fuse dishes that means there will be one male and female if you remember in the cockroach there was a male cockroach and there was a female cockroach internal fertilization they lay eggs their ovi paris the development can be direct as well as indirect mostly it's indirect only one case is there which shows direct development that is lipisma lepisma is silver fish it does not produce larva straight away small silver fishes comes out right so this lepisma this lepisma is a silver fish it's not a fish it is an earth report so where do you find it so you must have seen your old books have or your old clothes have a very small white silvery color uh insect that is a silver fish okay let us explore all the example first economically important insects that means you are using them you are exploiting them for your purpose economic purpose for producing products versus aps the honey bee obviously why do we rare honey bee we rare honey bee for honey and bee wax bee wax is used for making candles cosmetics and so honey is used as a sweetener also it is used in the medicines then we have bombay silkworm from where you uh get the silk and silk is uh type of fabric and we make clothes out of it the lecifer is a lark insect we make lark bangles from that right vectors what are vectors vectors are someone which are acting as vehicles and helps to you know transport a pathogen from one organism to another you must have heard that malaria occurs by the biting of mosquito dengue occurs due to biting of a mosquito so they are vectors so we have anopheles anopheles is the one that causes malaria eulex causes elephantiasis the one we have done in the um elephantiasis the one we have done in the round worms so the pathogen is a round worm but who is transporting that round worm from one animal to another that is your culix mosquito and aedes causes dengue then we have gregarious pests what is gregarious gregarious that means it comes in the groups so that's a locuster locust when there was a lockdown of i guess 2020 at that time they they came from pakistan and they were a lot in number in the north india right and what's the habit they always come in group and destroy the entire field and crops right so that is low customer locust and then we have a living fossil that is limitless okay then we have a living fossil as you can see here limitless which is the king crab what is a living fossil that means it is living but from many years no evolution has been taken place in that organism no evolution have been taken place so that's a king crab you call it as limitless okay that's it about the arthropoda guys let's move further and talk about the another phylum that's mollusca okay and uh molaska again how does it got its name from malice malice means soft body if you have seen snail or octopus they have a very soft body right have you seen snail have you seen that oyster inside the oyster is present a very you know soft uh you know skin or something like that so from there they got the name because they all have a very soft body so they got the name mollusca so these organism it is first of all second largest phylum the first largest was arthropoda they can be aquatic they can be found in water like your octopus terrestrial like snail and parasitics as well so they are unsegmented segmentation was seen in arthropoda analytica and cordita is covered by calcareous shell so if you can see this this is the pearl oyster and it is present in two shell right and or you have seen snail it also have this shell this is what shell is the body of a mollusk is divided into head visceral hump and muscular foot can you see that okay if it's not clear let me draw a very quick diagram for you the one we use to draw in the you know school so the body is divided into head visceral hump and muscular foot like this okay the head have stocked eyes like this and also very these long or even small antennae and this is the mouth this is the mouth the mouth have a fine file like grasping organ which is made up of chitin that is regular the function of regular is to chew things is to cut things okay so let me just repeat it this is visceral hump visceral hump white is known as a visceral hump because it contains all the visceral organ because it contains all the visceral organ right and this is muscular foot it helps to walk and this is head and this head have mouth and mouth contains regular and then they have these stocked eyes that means they are not present on the head rather there is a small stalk like structure and then they have eyes also what are present here and dna now on the visceral hump is present a small epithelium known as mental known as mental and there is a cavity between the mental and the body wall this is mental cavity what is mental mental is the epithelium this is a protective epithelium this is a protective epithelium that secretes shell and shell is present outside so they have exoskeleton and shell is made up of calcium carbonate shell is made up of calcium carbonate okay so this is the shell shell is made up of calcium carbonate so shell it's made up of calcium carbonate calcareous cell now in the mental cavity a hair or you know a feather like structure is present like this the name of this structure is tinidia the function of trinidia is they are like gills and they help in both respiration as well as excretion it helps in respiration as well as excretion fine guys let's explore more feature of mollusca so the body is divided into head okay head muscular foot and visceral hump anterior head have sensory tentacles so these antenna they are also known as sensory tentacles sometimes they are also known as sensory tentacles and yes they are sensory because they have sense organs or sensory cells or receptors that can judge the things in surrounding like all faction and so all right the mouth contains a file like rasping organ for feeding that is regular they are dices one male one female ovi paris what is obi paris that they they will lay eggs they will lay eggs okay they will lay eggs in direct development there will be some larval stages let's learn their uh names first we have pyla paralyzed apple snail we have peanut apple we have peanut pilaf pink tedda pink tedder pearl oyster you know pearls are also pink in color you know that now you know you will never forget pink tedda pearl oyster then sepia sepia is cuttlefish lolligo is squid octopuses devil fish devil who is the devil who is very bad right and octopus also looks very bad sometimes so octopus is devil fish sepia sepia is the cuttlefish then we have eplysia epleysia is see here dentalium is dusk shell ketoplura is skyton you know dentalium white is known as tusk shell because its shell looks like the tusk of elephant so this is how its shell is like this okay this is its foot here so this is how it looks like and keto plural c and c or c h c h you can just remember it from here okay all right so that's about the molaska guys let's talk about ikainu dermeta if i talk about echinodermata what does it means what does it means i know echino means spine derma means skin so ekino means spine derma means skin so they are spiny skinned animals they have spines on their skin so if you'll see these organisms you will find the spines let me draw its the skin okay so imagine this is the skin this is dermis layer and this is the epidermis so on the outer surface you can see these small small echines what you can see here a kind and in the dermis you can also see these plates of calcium carbonate so these are ossicles these ossicles they are made up of calcium carbonate and since they are present inside the body so this is the first phylum to have endoskeleton you know if you have seen every organism was having the exoskeleton we'll start it from porifera they have specules and sponging fibers outside the body then we'll talk about the tinofura they didn't have something like that uh if we talk about uh the ciliantrata even they didn't have if we talk about the platyhelmanthus they had hooks and suckers as skeleton again they are outside the body if you talk about escal methods they don't have exoskeleton if i talk about analytica they don't have if i talk about the arthropoda they have chitinous exoskeleton you must have learned this in the cockroach as well and now if i talk about the mollusca they also have exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate the great shell okay but here the endoskeleton is present now because the calcium carbonate plates known as ossicles what are these plates they're present in plates form they are present inside the skin this is the skin so they are uh showing endoskeleton okay all right guys so here endoskeleton is uh present of calcareous cell and they are exclusively marine there are certain fibers that are exclusively marine right now we have done one phylum that is that is tenophora that was exclusively marine now we have a kynodermeta in all the phylum that we have studied till now they all have fresh water forms also orifera have spondyla cillian traitor have a hydra tinofora is completely marine then platyl menthous it is also interesting land right and ascalmath is also then analyte they have fresh water from leech if i talk about arthropods they are also in fresh water like you have uh fleas they are in the fresh water and if i talk about mollusca they also have some fresh water from some snails and then we have phylum echinodermata they do not have any fresh water form they are exclusively marine right next they are readily symmetrical but larva are bilaterally symmetrical so the adults of the carnot mates they show radial symmetry but larva they still have bilateral symmetry okay then digestive system is complete mouth is on the ventral side anus is on the upper side so if ever there is an organism and if we want to uh you know state which side is the dorsal and which is the ventral side there is a very simple criterion what is that for example this is an organism and this is the seabed for example if i say the starfishes they're found in the marine water obviously there is a sea bed they're bottom dwellers what are these organisms bottom dwellers what are bottom dwellers which are found in the bottom of the sea and they'll be present on seabed so for example this is starfish and this is present on the or sitting on the seabed like that so this portion which is facing the sea bed or the sand this portion is the ventral side and this will be the dorsal side just in the in case of the organism like dogs any any part of the body that faces the land that is a ventral side and we were we are now bipedal earlier we were not bipedal we used to walk like a dog so this side was facing the land so this is a ventral that's why this one is a dorsal side okay so here also the mouth is on the lower surface that is a ventral side and anus is on the upper side that is a dorsal side okay then water vascular system is present water canal or transport system is a feature of polyphenols whereas vascular system is a feature of your yes echinodermates so there are also canals present here throughout the body that will bring the water and circulate it in the body that will bring the water circulated in the body as a result it will help in locomotion capture and transport of food and in fact respiration just like that of transport system okay then what's the difference it's a vascular system because it is moving like that of a blood but there organism is very simple so you can't compare it with the blood okay excretory system is exclusively absent yes whatever excretion is it will be taken out by water vascular system or via diffusion they show delicious condition that means there is one male another female hermaphrodite monoalicious bisexual is that both sex organ in one digest means there is one male and one female they are separate indirect development there will be a lot of larva external fertilization in water that is outside the body let's see the example asteria starfish aster aster means star astrology is the study of stars right echinus sea urchin okay it has in it also have in or h-i-n-h-i-n okay auntie dawn see lily so lily is the dawn of c lily is a dawn of c c lily okay cuckoo maria si cucumber simple or fiora is a brittle star this one you can remember if you know the rest of them okay all right so let's move further and talk about the another phylum that's hemichordata so hemi means half caudate is coded so it is considered as half chordate so it has a history this phylum is also known as stomach or data stomach or data why because it has a rod-like structure rod-like structure known as tomogod so earlier this tomocode was considered as notocode this tomocode earlier comes was conceded as notocode and these organisms of this phylum was kept under caudates so it was considered a core data but now when they got to know this is not the true notochord it is just another rod known as tomocode so they kept them in the non-chordates as a separate phylum okay earlier it was in the caudates but now the discovery uh the discovery happened and uh they saw that that's a stomach or not a notochord fine just like that of tenophora and the chynodermata they are also exclusively marine and they are worm-like you can see here the diagram they look like a worm the body is divided into proboscis color and trunk okay so if it is not clear this is proboscis this is scholar and this portion is trunk right so proboscis have a gland known as proboscis gland and the function of this proboscis gland is in excretion okay it's in excretion then collar and then trunk trunk have the gills it have gills and it also have the gonads all right okay so cylindrical body anterior proposes collar and a long trunk circulation is open type and yes they do have guilt so here you can find the guilds these are guilds and gills helps in you all know respiration excretion by proposes client and yes they are also dishes male and female so arthropoda was diocese right and you can say molaska in molaska both the body forms are present both dioceses and monoisis okay in ncrt it is written it is dishes but both forms are present but if the question is asked in the need you go for dishes because it's mentioned in ncrt all right then akanu der meter is also dishes so right from arthropoda every organism is delicious delicious delicious delicious okay so here indirect development larva will be there and external fertilization because they live in water they will show external basically 99 percent organisms that live in water they show external fertilization except polyphera and cartilaginous fishes 99 percent of the organism that lives in water they show external fertilization that means fertilization in the water except polyphera and cartilaginous wishes polyphera and cartilagenous fishes both show internal fertilization okay all right an internal fertilization is basically a character of land animals so 99 percent of the land animals they show internal fertilization except earthworm earthworm shows external fertilization yeah write this down in copy okay all right guys so this was uh about the fertilization part next example is balanoglosses or psychoglosses and both they are known as tongue bomb because their body it looks like a tongue it looks like a tongue okay all right so let's move further and talk about core data so now we are going to what's complex car data is known as a caudate because they have this structure known as notochord what is it it is mesodermal in origin it is mesodermal in origin dorsally present and it is rod like and it provides support exactly if you see where it is present you can see here this is a nerve coat this is a notochord and this is a gut this is a cut so it is present between nerve cord and gut gut is git intestinal tract right okay let me drink some water okay nerve code all right nerve code so like in the non-code it's the nerve code if you have seen in the analytes it was double ventral also in cockroach we have discussed it is double ventral right so nerve code in human or in the caudate so compare it with our spinal cord compare it with our spinal cord so our spinal cord was single so it has been formed from nerve cord only it is single ventral or dorsal dorsal because this side is dorsal side this side is ventral side so this is single dorsal hollow so if you remember there is an empty space in our spinal cord which is central canal and that contains csf so our spinal cord is hollow so it has been formed from nerve cord okay so uh then we have in the chordates these gill slits they are in pharynx in pharynx so you call them as pharyngeal gill slits so having gill slits or having gills just listen to me having gills is a feature of even the non-chordates but having gill slits in the pharynx is the feature of the caudates what are gill slits the opening of gills if they're present in the pharynx region that means organism is a chordate okay then we have this post anal tail if this is anus if this is anus after anus whatsoever is the extension of body that is known as post anal tail and then the last thing to note ventral heart ventral heart so ventral heart is also the feature of the chordates let's compare it with the non-chordates okay so in the chordates notochord is present in the non-chords it is uh the absent here cns is dorsal hollow and single when they are talking about cns that means they are talking about nerve code okay whereas here it is ventral solid and double sometime ganglionated parents perforated by guild slits here guild slits are absent guilds can be present but slits are absent heart is ventral heart is dorsal you have seen the heart of cockroach it was dorsal a post anal tail is present post anal tail is not present true tale is not present okay so that's about guys your core data let's have classification of it the phylum core data is divided into two subgroups it's divided into two subgroups one is a granite or protocol data another is craniate or eukaryota okay what is a craniata in this one cranium is absent what is cranium brain box in hindi call it as copari so this brain box is absent and proto means primitive so they are not highly developed chordates they are very primitive coordinates right so just believe that after hemichordata if we see evolutionary if you see evolutionary we have also kept the phylum one after the another in terms of their complexity plus evolution so we believe that this is how evolution started animals earlier were poriferan likes and then the evolution took place and becomes the human right so we believe that first these a granata appears and then craniata appears so craniata are the one which have cranium or brain box and they are known as euka data now you tell me what is you you means true so they are true coordinates okay they have two subphylum under them one is euro chord data euro means tail another is cephalocortica so why it is zero quadrature because the notochord is not present in the entire body in fact it is not present in the adult the notochord is present in the larval tail or in the tail of larva so we say that organism if it has notochord in any stage of life whether it is embryonic stage or the adult stage it will be kept under notochord like do you have an auto code no you had it in the embryonic stages still you are in the no no in the caudates right so just like that euro caught data's adult do not have a notochord the notocode is present in larval tail notocode is present in larval tail okay and here notochord is present from head to the tail so say fellow means head so fellow chord data okay then we have subphylum vertebrata now what happened uh all these are chordates all they have noto code but in the vertebrate the noto code is replaced by vertebral column like you have backbone so here the notocode has been replaced by a vertebral column so that's what's name is verti bretta so noto code replaced by vertebral column so that's why we say there is a very famous line that we say all vertebrates are chordates is it true very true all vertebrates are chordates so it is saying that all vertebrates are coordinates this is true but all chordates are not vertebrates this is also true what it is saying it is saying all coordinates are not vertebrate very true because these are not vertebrates all right so in this examinate exam this line was mentioned in one of the sentences right so these things are also important so verti bretta is divided into two division a nathan nathos tomata in a natha jaw is absent you heard it right jaw jabra this joy is absent in nathostomata jaw present then there is a class in the renata that is cyclostomata they have a circular sartorial mouth then under this we have two superclasses one is spices which are of fishes and then you have tetrapoda tetra means four they have four feet here we have chondrichthyes the cartilaginous fishes ostrich this the bony fishes here we have class amphibia reptilia apes and mammals so these are also class and these are also glass okay so that's why i have told you in coordinates we have to do up to class level all right so let's get started with our with our first euro code data and cipher code data okay so we'll start with the subphylum we'll start with our subphylum euro code data all right so in the eurocar data euro means tail so notochord will not persist throughout life notochord is in larval taylor larval tale only okay so if we'll see this organism so if you'll see this organism they have you know a very soft slimy body and because its body is covered by a coat or tunic which is made up of tunisian and tunisian is made up of a cellulose like material okay so if you see the entire body is made up of a thick coat and that is tunic or tunisian that's why you also call it as tunicator what do you call them as tunicator now why these organisms are known as tunicates or tunicator because the body is covered by the body is covered by a thick tunic made up of tunisian and tunisian is cellulose-like okay so here if you can see the adults they do not have a notochord they cannot move in fact they are cesil so here there is a uh thing that adults they are cesil adults are cesil they cannot move also they have open circulatory system open circulatory system they are bisexual and show external fertilization which fertilization external fertilization development will be direct or indirect obviously indirect we are talking about larva okay so development is indirect all right so what are the examples we have in this phylum we have acidia we have salpa we have doliolum we have heard mania okay now what's the difference between the larva and the adult let's see so if i say here i'm writing larval characters and here i'm writing adult characters okay so if you'll see larva have tail adult have no tail or tail is absent so it has tail it can move or it is motile or mobile or free swimming and this one is scissile it cannot move this have noto code this does not have noto code so what do you think which is more advanced larva so this one is more advanced so normally what we think whenever larva converts into adult we always think that adult will be better and more progressive or it can we can say it's more advanced than the larva we always believe that because larva does not have good character it is developing and it will form a great adult but here opposite takes place here adult is more here adult is more uh what you say advance than the larva so this kind of metamorphosis or development is known as retrogressive retro means behind rather than being progressive we are going behind that is retrogressive development or metamorphosis takes place you know what is metamorphosis the kind of development we have done poro metabolis type of development in cockroach there i've told you metamorphosis means development okay so this type of a development in scene in this case okay all right so let's uh talk about the subphylum cephalocor data so say fellow caudates that means fellow means head these animals will have noto coat these animals will have notochord in their entire life okay it will start from the head and it will go till the tail and here they have complete gut that means the complete digestive system will be present here pharyngeal will slit will be there they will also have close circulatory system but though they have pharyngeal slits but gills are not developed so they will respire through diffusion through the body surface also they will excrete through protonephridia this is very important this is also we have done in the excretory system chapter so here the spear defense they are absent you know what are fins the one which are present in the fish water paired in unpaired fins i'll be telling you in detail in the fish okay example we have branchostoma known as amphioxus it is known as lenslet because it have sharp edges just like of lenslet all right that's about cephalochordata so cephalocordata have closed circulatory system notochord will be there throughout the life this is the most important point nota code and excretion this is the most important from where the question can be asked four things that you need to remind here in this entire subphylum first of all it's a subphylum cephalocortical not a phylum not a class second what are the example and these two important features okay all right next next we have vertebrates now what are vertebrates we say in vertebrates the notochord is replaced by vertebral column okay so what we say noto code is replaced by vertebral column now this vertebral column this vertebral column can be replaced incompletely or it can be replaced completely or we can say the noto code can be replaced completely or it can be replaced incompletely okay so the vertebral column when or we can say when the notochord is replaced completely that means it has been replaced by a bone if i say i have a bony vertebral column that means the complete replacement of notochord has taken place so any organism which have a bony vertebral column their complete replacement of notochord has taken place but there are certain organism that have cartilaginous endoskeleton not a bony one and they also have cartilaginous vertebral column so in these organism incomplete replacement has taken place incomplete replacement of noto code has taken place that's why the noto code will always be there in their life nota code persist throughout life throughout life okay so that means if this is an uh notochord okay and if the incomplete replacement have taken place what would have happened only at some places the cartilage has you know wrapped the notochord but in the bony one the noto code have been destroyed and it has been completely changed by bony vertical column like this this is what it is okay so a natha the one without a jaw like cyclostomata and your cartilaginous fishes chondritch this they have incompletely replaced notochord or they have cartilaginous vertebral column and they also have cartilaginous endoskeleton okay guys all right all right okay so let's talk about the other features of vertebrate they also have heart this heart can be two three or four chambered they will always they will always respire through their organs like the gills or it can be lungs or some many other ways and they have kidneys for excretion they have kidneys for excretion they are mostly digest that means there is one male and another female bisexual will be seen very less all right so let's talk about the a nether first a nether without jaw and we have one example that is cyclostomata in a nether we have one example that is cyclostomata okay first of all what's the difference between a and eth and netherstomata in a nether the joy is absent in nathostometric is present okay so first we have a cyclostomata cyclamine circular and stoma means mouth tomato looks like the mouth in the plants so that's why they have got their name stomata okay so here they are ectoparasite on some fishes so you heard it true there are certain large fishes to which small fishes are attached on their bottom surface so these are basically your ectoparasites known as cyclostomes because they have circular sectorial mouth what do they have they have sucking and circular mouth without jaws suctorial or sucking one in the same thing their body is elongated like a fish six to fifteen pair of gill slits are present pharyngeal slit for respiration so they will respire through kills okay body is devoid of scales and paired fins d-void means absent so it's a smooth body unlike that of fish it does not have scales okay and paired fins are also absent here cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous as we have already done anatha and cartilaginous fishes have cartilage in a skeleton close circulating system will be there throughout now right from cephalocordate to end only euro caudate had the open circulatory system and also euro caudates and cephalochordates they're ex they are exclusively marine so in marine we have like we have done here so these two these uh they are exclusively marine these both so in marine list we have tino for echinoderm hemi core data now this protocol data okay all right but if i talk about your cyclostomes here we have cyclostomes all right these are also marine but they go to fresh water so you can't call them as exclusively marine so they are basically migratory fishes kind of right they're migratory they are migratory for example this is ocean this is sea okay and these are mountains and from mountains comes the river and river meet the sea like this this water is fresh water and this water is marine water so adult so the adult cyclostomes they will go to this fresh water and give eggs and here adults die after giving eggs the adult die now these one when they will grow up they will come back into the water and becomes adult now they will go through the water and they will die so we say that the life cycle starts in the fresh water and ends in the fresh water like one adult today goes to the fresh water lay eggs and it will die there now from that eggs the larva will be formed and then they will come here and they will become adult and now they will also go to fresh water lay eggs and they will die okay so that's a migratory fish so we have petromiozone or lamprey and maxine and hack fish so petromyzon is the one which is migrate which shows migration okay so this is the diagram of for the you know image of it all right guys so what is spawning cyclones are marine but migrate for spawning spawning means laying eggs link x all right next next we have the super class spices the true fishes these are what true fishes in the true fishes the fins are present very true in the true fishes the fins are present now imagine this is your fish okay this is a fish now we say that fishes have fins they have fins which is have fins the so finns are of two kind one are paired another are unpaired okay that means one which are single another which are in pairs so there are certain fins that are unpaired which is that the caudal fin caudal means tail this is the caudal fin portal fin is tail and there is only one tail so caudal fin is also unpaired then we have the fin which are present on dorsal and ventral surface you also have one dorsal side and one ventral side so these fins they are also unpaired dorsal fin and ventral fin so what are unpaired fins dorsal ventral and caudal so any organism even if it was a cephalocaudate and cyclostomate they were fish like so they also had fins which are these one but beard was absent beards are present in your fishes true fishes these spices so they are pectoral and pelvic just like we also have pectoral and pelvic girdle they are also paired so they also have pectoral fin and pelvic fin this is pelvic fin and this is pectoral fin which are paired okay the body is streamlined why to cut the water current because they are present or they're living in water so we want to cut the water current so just like birds have streamlined body they are cutting the air current on the bases of the body of birds the airplanes have been decide uh have been designed so that they will also cut the water current so on the body of fishes the these ships have been designed to cut the water current now two chamber heart is present there is one oracle one ventricle one atria one ventricle right and it pumps which blood deoxygenated blood so blood from the tissues body tissues will enter into atria and go to gills and gills will give it to the tissues and from tissues the deoxygenated blood will enter into atria so it's a two chamber heart always pumping deoxygenated blood now we have their pochilio therm what a peculiar term cold blooded these are organism which uh cannot regulate the body temperature for example if i say we are warm blooded or homeotherm we have a fixed body temperature if it goes up and down we can regulate it they cannot do that right respiration through gills excretion through kidney they have later line sense organs so in the center here a later line sense organs are present that will detect water current that will detect water current sexes are separate one male another female circulation as i've told you two chambered heart and portal system is also present you know what is portal system yes if you don't know go to the body fluids in circulation watch the chapter that means you are that topic is weak okay all right moving further to two different classes of fishes chondroitis and austis this conditions are the one which are cartilaginous oysters are the one which are boney so let's get started where do you find conditions so whenever you have to learn about conditions just just remember sharks and rays like stingray manta rays right and whenever you are talking about or you're learning about your sisters remember labio okay so where do you find shark in your home no river oh no then you find it in marine water so the cartilaginous fishes they are always in marine water they are in marine water now scales the scales that are present in the cartilaginous fishes they are plaque plaque scales are the scale which are teeth like or tooth like they're like a teeth like this okay and later on they form teeth also they form teeth of the sharks also if you have seen sharks have teeth right and second thing they have cycloid or tenoid scale now how do they look like cycloid are just like this antenoid are like cycloid but with these spines okay the cartilaginous or the skeleton is cartilaginous here it is of bone the mouth is ventral if you have seen shark the mouth of the shark is present on down side right and there is a snout at the anterior side like this so their mouth cartilaginous fishes they have on a ventral side and they have terminal mouth that means here and they have mouth on this surface all right gills they have five pair they have four pair operculum what is an operculum gill cover so gills are covered by operculum which is present in the bony fishes also there is a swim bladder or air bladder that helps in floating and that's present in your witch fish bony fish so they do not have air bladder just like we have lungs and lungs have air so that's why we can float on water okay so just like that if any fish have this air bladder it can also float in the water those who does not have they have to constantly swim so that they cannot get sink in the water so these fishes they do not have air bladder so they have to swim to prevent sinking to prevent sinking their excretory waste is urea they have ammonia they also store urea for maintaining osmolarity and the fertilization is internal they have evie paris they do not lay eggs they give birth to young ones they hatch the babies and they will lay eggs usually which are laying eggs they have external fertilization there are certain exceptions which are land animals then the examples call your dawn dawn there was one dawn auntie dawn the lily see lily but dawn here it's a dog dogfish right who is a dawn of the street dogs priestess is a sawfish its mouth has a saw like structure carcarodon is great white shark trigon is stingray and torpedo is electric ray torpedo is the one which have modified muscles which generate electric current the muscles have been modified and they generate electric current here in the marine water in the marine water we have exocetus the flying fish yes it flies right how does it fly does not fly like a bird but its pectoral fins are powerful and it can glide in water imagine there are certain birds on the water so it will comes out comes out of the water catch the burden go inside right hippocampus is seahorse this is a male that show parental care and hatch babies in fresh water we have labio rohu catalyze katla claria says magur in aquarium fishes we have better the fighting fish and tiro film the angel fish so they're aquarium fishes because they're very pretty very beautiful okay all right guys so that's about the fishes let's talk about the amphibians let's get started so let's get started with the glass amphibia emphy means both via means bios that means life they live in both life that means both in water as well as in land so they they live in land as well as in water okay so from both life means in land and in water so they lay eggs in water so that's why you don't call them as true terrestrial organism so they are the first to come on land after because fishes were in water right but they are the not true land animals because somehow they are depending on water because in the water they lay eggs and larva grows or larva develops so that's why they are not true land animals okay now so these organisms have two pairs of limb as you can see these two are hind limb and these two are four limbs and you can see hind limbs are the you know longer than the four limbs okay this is a frog all right tail may be present in some so you can see this amphibian that is salamandra this has tail so there are two types of amphibians that lives exclusively in water and one they live on land and go to the water for the production okay so like frog and toad they live on land but they go to water for reproduction but salamandra mostly lives in water so they have different a little different kind of a body okay so here the skin are always moist because they have glands it's glandular eyes have eyelids as you can see here if this is your frog it has these eyelids these have eyelids okay tympanum represents the ear so if you remember the structure of our ear the external ear have earpiena auditory canal then tympanum but they do not have auditory canal and the ear pinna straight away they have tympanum so outer ear is represented by tympanum so can you see any ear pinna in the frog have you ever seen that no okay then cloica is present what is a cloica it's a common chamber it's a common chamber for what it's a common chamber for like your reproductive system your digestive system and excretory system so all the ducts of these system they open into a common chamber imagine this is cloyca and it will receive three ducts from different system and then the colloidal aperture will throw the things out so that's clock it's present in the amphibians the respiration takes place through gills in case of larva and aquatic amphibians if the amphibian is aquatic it will be inspiring through gills lungs and skin in case of land ones okay heart is three chamber with two oracle and one ventricle they are cold blooded also known as pochiliotherms sexes are separate one is male and other female external fertilization in water because they lay eggs they are ovi paris and they show indirect development they have tadpole larva so here we have different uh names of toad like toad view call it as bufo rana is frog hyla is tree frog salamander is salamander its thiophis is a limbless amphibian though all amphibian do not have scales scales are absent scales are absent but the such thiophys have scales in the skin inside the skin or beneath the skin basically below the skin okay that's an exception then we have the one with the scales and true terrestrial and have a lot of terrestrial adaptation that are your reptiles the word reptiles come from reptum or rapper that means to creep or crawl what is creep or crawl this is how a little baby walks it creeps or crawls okay so two pair of limbs are there again four limb in hind limb they're mostly terrestrial bodies covered by dry and cornified skin known as epidermal scales or skews if you have seen this crocodile it has scales dry body dry skin and have scales known as cutes external ear opening is again absent tympanum is the one that will represents the ear heart is three chambered but four chambered in this guy that is crocodile we have done it in the circulation they are also cold-blooded or peculiar therm some of the organism that belongs to reptiles which are snakes and lizard they shed their skin as skin cast yes you heard it right they will shed skin you have seen that some snakes and in fact all snakes they shed their skin and from there you can find out if that skin is present you can get to know that somewhere this uh snake definitely will be present this is how those uh research fellows of uh you know discovery and net joe if we have seen how they how do they identify there is a snake they will find out that their skin cast okay then we have sexes separate we have one nag and other nagin right and internal fertilization is there because the land animals lay eggs and direct development so their legs can be leathery and it can be calculus they have hard covering eggs with hard coverings mostly it's leathery okay example is kelown which is turtle testudo is toys so most of you confuse that turtle tortoise with amphibians and reptiles okay so you think they live in water so they're amphibians no no no no just imagine they have a you know big their top on their body that hard shell like so that is a dry skin right that's kind of a scaly so scales is present in reptiles not amphibians then we have chameleon the tree lizard that changes colors okay calories is a garden lizard crocodilus is crocodile alligator alligator hemi dectalysis wall lizard that is in our homes poisonous snake is naja which is cobra bungaris is great and vipera is viper so you can see this is chameleon this is crocodile this is tortoise and this is naja the cobra okay all right so that's about reptiles guys next we have aves the birdies so aids are known as glorified reptiles because these are the reptiles that have been or that have undergone a great evolution and they started flying so if you see a bird what is the first thing the first thing that you see the beak right so when we are little child what was the thing in bird that fascinates us first they fly second they beak so their jaw has been modified into beak okay so yes another thing that they have feathers on their body so when we were very little their feathers used to shed and we you know sometimes i used to collect that even my mother used to say no no don't do that they might be dirty right and that that that thing was really fascinating for us so they have feathers most of them can fly except flightless bird like ostrich kiwi they cannot fly okay they possesses big four limbs are modified into wings so just like a tetrapoda it also have hind limb and hind limbs just like reptiles have scales and these claws but these are feathers and feathers covered wings so we say that wings are modified for limbs they are modified four limbs okay now so hand hind limbs generally have scales and a modified modified for walking swimming clasping the tree branches skin is dry and it does not have any glands right it's also dry because reptile skin was also dry they have no glands endoskeleton is bony fully ossified that means fully bony no cartilage long bones have hollow cavity known as pneumatic bones now the larger bones they have cavities in them the reason is because the if they have air cavities and not the bones they will become light in weight so because they want to fly and they cannot carry much of a weight so nature have given them hollow cavities in the bones the digestive tract of the bird have additional chamber which is crop and gizzard this was the this sentence have been asked in the question of need twice right so one cockroach another bird they have crop and gizzard heart is completely four chamber how many chambered hearts four chamber warm blooded animals these are bomb blooded that means they're homeotherms and respiration is by lungs they disperse through lungs sexes are separate internal fertilization they are ob paris and obi paris they will lay eggs eggs are calcareous eggs are calcareous okay direct development corvus is crow okay examples corvus is crow columbus pigeon satakila is parrot ceta ct ct means whistle so who speaks much who whistles parrot strutius ostrich powers peacock epinoditis is penguin and neophrenis vulture let's see their images so that's a neofront vulture that's just truthy ostrich that's parrot and that's peacock all right okay so now the last one which is us mammals habit where do you find them you find them everywhere now why they are known as mammals mammalia word comes from the word mammy mammy means breast so all the organism that belongs to this class they will definitely be having one character that is mammary glands all will be having memory glands whether they're functional or not that's different but definitely they will be having so you can find them everywhere like polar ice caps you find beer there not the one of do you drink paula beer deserts you have camel mountains you have uh these monkeys and forests you also have monkeys grasslands we have horses in dark caves we have bats right so these animals they have adapted themselves to fly or live in water like in water we have blue whale and whale know how to swim the unique characteristic is feature is that means this will be present in every mammal is the mammary gland they have two pair of limbs skin have hair external ear or pin is present heterodon dentition what is heterodon dentition different types of teeth are present different types of teeth are present like we have incisor canines primordus monarchs right heart is four chamber they are warm blooded there are two animals which are warm-blooded one are birds other as us respiration by lungs sexes are separate one male or the female internal fertilization vivi paris accept only one or nitricus this one lays egg but others all are vivi paris and radic development no larva is there let's see the other examples guys ovi paris or nithya wrinkles platypus macro purses kangaroo tearow purses flying fox your bat cameless is camel makaka is monkey rattus is rat canis's dog phallus cat elephant elephants equals horse delphinus's dolphin ballon optress blue whale panthera tigress's tiger leo is line now ma'am so much example how to learn very simple okay we'll start from here leo lion tigress tiger b for d4 delphinus d4 dolphin okay now elephants is simple camellis is simple ecosys horse you will study this in evolution also so you will remind it okay now rectus is simple rat canis and phallus they are always confusing so you think c for can you see for cat no felis fellas means fell who fells from jumping the fences cat or dog cat cat jumps from fences right so here fell well means falling down who falls down cat then makaka m4 makaka m for monkey and t ropers is the only one that's different flying fox macropus macro means large it's a part of a large country that's australia okay that's about your animal kingdom guys and i'll suggest all of you to please solve previous year question and previous year questions will give you an idea how to you know and what is more important and what is not so i have covered the entire ncrt and these notes are quite sufficient take the print out of this in fact and that will be very you know helpful and useful for you to learn the animal kingdom and what i want you now i'm giving you a homework here okay when i gave you homework this earthquake came so what's the homework homework is to solve all previous year questions p by q's what is p by q's previous year question that's your homework this time i am asking you to solve the questions will you do that for me will you do that for me all right so that's why i have not discussed the question because animal kingdom is the one for example if you'll attend the lecture it's not like you can easily solve the question first attend the lecture split it into parts learn it ratify it and then solve the question this is how to learn the animal kingdom you know every chapter is different don't treat them equally human physiology was the different chapter you understand it and you can solve the question but here split it into parts learn it and try to solve the question then all right i'll meet in the next class and we'll be discussing biomolecules till then lots of love bye bye and take care