foreign ERS in our last class we went through many things including the basic components of a flower I want to go back into it and this is the reason if you understand the basics of a flower and you understand the concept of those variations and you understand that the variation came as a result of evolution which we'll study later very I mean next then you can see that everything is literally a solution to a problem throughout evolution that this shape of the flower is perfect for the shape of the bill or the the beak of a bird because they need each other their lives depend on each other this bird of course eats but it needs the nectar the sugar potentially vitamins sometimes the other molecules like caffeine you know the feeling that the flower might give the pollinator so I want you to have some intellectual tools especially as well as some vocabulary and I want you to get basic so that we can build on them so if you understand this that every flower that is complete has four modified leaves called whirls w-h-o-r-l-s and that they are always in order sepals on the outside always Petals on the inside boy parts and in girl parts they just like memorize that and you're going to see a lot of variations and I'm not saying that it's easy to identify a plant I'm just saying that those are the basics that allowed us to like enter the realm of plan identification so this complementarity is a result of co-evolution in which the flowers are a selective pressure on the pollinator and the pollinator is a selective pressure on the flowers that haven't exactly defined what selective pressure is so let me just do it really briefly and we have a whole presentation which really works on Evolution so just very briefly The Selective pressure acts on variation in a population to eliminate some individuals and once an individual is eliminated then that individual all the genes and and molecular ideas of that individual are no longer in the population so the population evolves so now you heard it for the first time if that was clear great if it was not clear you heard it for the first time we can build on it so we said that this is actually the sepal that this is where the flower parts originate the receptacle and that this is a outer sepal pedal boy part and girl part we acknowledge some things that we're going to keep acknowledging we'll go for it later when we actually talk more about what happens after pollination so I'm going to bring that picture back again so you got it and you know neurologically if you can see it you can look at the picture maybe the colors help you can listen and then you come back and look at the same thing in a different context and you're going to get this neurologically remember our class is kind of like well all classes a neurological event because we're making memory that's what my hope is so examples and stories I'm just tagging this and I put this up in the PowerPoint mode where you can see I put in brief notes they're not comprehensive but it's sort of like just a reminder as though we are able to talk to each other so this flower is here I'm going to do a little bit of terminology right now this flower is perfect what does that mean let's do this I'm going to add a brief drawing and let it be bigger would you do this with me I'd love for you to do this with me okay so let's make a flower a straw flower we're going to do this more than once so this is the aerosol the receptacle this is where the flower parts are coming out of so in a way I don't care about that and I'm going to say that the seat poles are green and I'm going to make five sepals one two three four five which tells me that this flower is coming from one jot this down one of two groups of flowering plants dicots sunflowers begonia oh here and monocots grasses palms for example they all have flowers but the flower parts in fours and fives tell me that this is a product of The evolutionary group angiosperms that is dicot flower parts and fours and fives and you can look at any part and you can see it like these are the sepals one two three four five okay good change color I make it up because I'm not being specific now there's petals on the inside and I'm only going to draw two out of the five because I want to have space to be clear about what else there is so there are five because there were five sepals so there's five petals now I'm going to draw this watch now from here and it's all attached right here now I'm going to draw and filament that holds up an anther I'm gonna put one on each side and there again the numbers will magnify the significance of in the reality of being a die-cut a die-cut so these guys have pollen so this is the male part as we did we talked about in the last recording and every thought that I just made or whatever shape is a pollen make sure in your notes that you have that a pollen is the container for two sperm so pollen is involved in the process of pollination so this is the four three two sepals petals boy parts and review the terminology so the anther in the filament is called the stamen part of the angelicium the petals together is called a Corolla the sepals together is called the calyx so that terminology like just don't don't sweat it just learn it so that we can talk to each other well how's your calyx going now I'm going to draw the girl part so it's four it's equals petals boy parts and we're going to put in the girl parts now for this particular flower we're going to draw it I'm sure you can be more precise and beautiful one two three four I get to have one more because it's a what it's a dicot and this particular flower with coloration is a whole subject for us I'm gonna acknowledge it but I'm gonna go on so pollination happens when the pollen lands on the stigma the reason I'm bringing that up and I'm not going to show you right now what happens after that ultimately it will lead to the production of seeds but just like acknowledge that I want to show it to you in detail but when the pollen lands the process is called pollination you say duh and I just want to really remind you that pollination biology is literally something that one could study deeply academically hours a day forever pollination biology why do we care actually you go to Bishop Museum so I have I work with graduate students at uh in the Sumer I bought an apartment I I work with someone a couple of years ago the person was working on pollination biology and I asked him what he was learning and he said flowers are not flowering at the same time that they did 10 years ago and I went well why would you just why would I go wow and I just want you to think that the pollinator is very much tied to the pollen in the flower so they're like like a kind of just deep urgent codependent relationship that is a result of evolution put that in your minds gonna show it to you so very briefly this flower is so check the terms now this shower this sorry flower is complete meaning that it's got tables petals boy parts and girl parts cool the flower so write that down because I'm going to ask you all that kind of stuff when I have the chance for exercise and test or conversation a flower is perfect if it has boy parts and girl parts so of course I would prefer to ask you but I'll go ahead and answer as though this has boy parts and it has girl parts so this flower is perfect you can say wait a minute if the flower is complete it's going to be perfect okay you're right silly of me so my question to you will be if a flower just has male parts is it perfect and what I think you just decided why can I read your mind from far away is it no because it has to have both boy and girl parts is a flower that is only male is it complete reading your thoughts no because it has to have sepals petals boy parts and girl parts so we need to know that and just like like hearing that during a presentation and just thinking about it allows you to start to get a glimpse of the diversity but come from a common core you know complete flower is what we're going to describe but you're going to be TR I have plants right outside that I I want to bring in I want you to see and I'll study with you with a microscope here that I know their only boy in fact I planted four plants of the same genus and species because I knew that there's more boys than girls and three of my plants have come out boy this week this week January 2023 that means the third one or the fourth one depending on how you say that might be a girl I'll let you know I mean why would I care that's kind of like I'm just gonna leave it at that so in other words the pollinator matters in terms of understanding the flower and some of us understand pollinators Birds some of us understand flowers so let's get together so perfect means as we just said boy and girl and members of the legume or the P family can often self-pollinate it's not good for getting for getting a lot of genetic diversity and you know this is one source that says hibiscuses are self-pollinating if not crossed and I have read that in the literature and I have also read that hibiscus by Nature are bird pollinated and how would you know well what I want to do now is go through the basics of the flower but I want you to sort of put the basics in terms of a question that fascinates you like you can say what are the pollinators and I'm going to give you information on that it's called a pollination Center bird B other insects sometimes fish the wind so pollination by itself is simply The Taking of the pollen from the boy part here to the girl part here to the stigma and this is the style and this is ovary so we're gonna we're gonna give the girl part some more attention than we have but not today the first family I want to really focus on we're going to bring up today and we're going to go for it more is the Hibiscus family and I'll show you something a little bit later hold on Cherry self incompatible what in other words the pollen from one flower or one plant will not pollinate the flowers from the same flower or the same plant so put this in context that makes sense the more genetic variation in a population for a selective pressure to act on the more possibilities the more possibilities okay so imperfect flower of which I want to remind you or tell you in case you do not know would have begonia is and I will be showing it to you in class because it's all growing all over my property here in the back of palolo you can see it right now I'll show you later stay tuned um has boy girl boy flowers and it has girl flowers and they grow in the same collection of flowers called in fluorescence it's a whole topic we'll go into so it's only the flower is imper the plant is imperfect because the flowers are not male and female but they are called this is a new word monishes and the reason that I'm bringing that up is because they are on the same plant now start to develop your major question like I want to understand evolutionary diversity and then you think well so what and the monacus would be that there are they're close to each other but they can't really completely compatibly cross themselves in the same flower and the reason is one reason is I don't mean to over answer is to get more genetic diversity so I have to go to the top of the plant or go to another plant they tend to grow in colonies so Holly is unisexual and only boy plants or girl plants so dioces means two houses means two houses it's the different so monicious is one house with both boy and girl and it could be in the same flower it could be in different flowers but on the same plant delicious means boy plant and girl plant like my Ali outside outside and it's also on uh WCC campus and right now we have a Ali outside the library and next to emiloa and they're all boys right now very cool anyway and variable so you have a cucumber that's male you can have a cucumber that's perfect which means male and female or you can have it that is just female so what is going on there which is really an elegant question we could go off on it but I won't do it now and parthenocarpic means that they can actually make fruit without sex so don't be oh there's nothing ever like black and white yeah what is black and white it is a complete flower has sepulse petals boy parts and girl parts know that now what perfect is you know what Monisha says you know the diocese is and know that there is actually variation so if you if you put that into your mind at the very beginning of our class then you won't be upset later when you find if something is not really working out like it was supposed to if it was being strict I just wanted to bring this up um I was doing a search a little while ago because we're not necessarily nested in groups Ohana family right today I'm going to bring up the Hibiscus family I'm going to talk about families a little bit but casually and then as we go through our class and we use the plants that are actually in flower around the island right now we'll choose particular families to talk about and a family is an evolutionary group that has diverse Genera and species in it I haven't really shown you that so just Just Hear It but I just did this search because I was thinking I'm thinking about how to teach the families in addition to listing significant characteristics which is Globe by itself and so I did a search like is there chemistry of the malvasier it's kind of a fun search and I did another one uh what plant families are bird pollinated I had fun and I'm gonna kind of keep doing it because I'm trying to like the characteristics by themselves are amazingly beautiful and elegant products of chemist of evolution but I also like some of us want to know about drugs and medicines and and why we actually need to name know the name of a plant so I'm kind of working it so when I did that we got uh Birds bats as pollinators so it's kind of fun to play with but I went on I wanted to know how is hibiscus pollinated and I understand at least to begin to understand the form of the Hibiscus flower which you guys are going to understand very first very first very first and we have it everywhere in your neighborhood walks look for it in your in your yard if you have the yard look for it but you know I hardly ever in my life and I like to be out I hardly I don't know if I've ever really seen Birds on the hibiscus well there's one Coco crater Botanical Garden there's this beautiful little hibiscus member that's upside down but still I don't you know what I see there is not birds so kind of bugging me and bees can can butterflies so that's what I want to think about actually the one that cocoa crater Botanical Garden I have photographed butterflies so wait I think that I'm rambling I want you guys to know this is the central question how is hibiscus pollinated you say how would I know and what I want you to do and this is what I'm going to show you is I want you to look at the form of the flower in specific characteristics and I want you to speculate I'll give you guidelines how to do that just like take the idea right now because we're kind of talking about diversity of flowers and I'm going to go back into that right now and I also want to tell you that one of the major ways that hibiscus are pollinated is by humans because you can take ornamental hibiscuses and I want you guys can try that and here is a little YouTube right down here it shows you how to pollinate be kind of fun to do hibiscus are really easy to cross foreign from a red hibiscus with a yellow tube and you can give that to a Purple Hibiscus with the gray you can do what you want and you know it'll often work what does it mean to work it means that pollination led to the production of seeds for dispersal by the Hibiscus fruit so thinking about the form the example I gave of the P I'm just showing you this and I didn't post it for you because if you look at a flower and you say okay I need to understand who it is and why it is I want you to bring something else like I want to grow it I want to pollinate I want to make a plant that's never been made before we have Orchid people in our class who really know about how humans love to figure something out that's never been thought of by Nature and everything that you're about to see right here is literally what we need to know but have not yet covered about how to actually do pollination or how it is done in nature for the P family so I mentioned that briefly let's go back here for a second thing pollination happens a stigma Fallen tube grows down the style to a immature seed called an ovule seed is produced hormones get pumped the ovary develops into the dispersal unit of the fruit so a fruit is a plant organ that contains seeds so tomatoes are yes fruits now what I wanted to show you next is this plant is perfect and it's monacious because it has male and female and they are in one flower this is what I wanted to show you this whole thing of where is the ovary where is the ovary really significant because if we say oh there's categories of genetic variation you're going to have let me show you you're going to have a superior this is a new term I know a lot of new terms but there's more that we're not doing Superior means that the flower parts are set on up above above the rest of the flower or you could say I I actually don't favor this because the sepals and the I would rather move this down but I'm not going to I'd rather move it down so the sepals and the pedals and the boy parts and the girl parts are set up I'd rather do that but it's okay like it is the ovary is superior to the rest of to the pedestal that's what I want you to know so it's called ovary Superior I think that's enough for right now you can see the flower's hypogenous means that the ovary is superior same same and when we go to identify plants we this is significant so there are you can see that this is called an ovary inferior and there again got four worlds complete flower perfect flower if it's complete boy and girl perfect even if it's incomplete and now we know the superior ovary is in great contrast to this so look at this right here the other flower parts are coming out with the ovary below or inferior ovary inferior those are the two major categories and when I go to kia plant using something that I'll show you and hopefully you can experience called Emmanuel in fact I know you can I will provide for you is one of the first questions is ovary Superior ovary inferior why does that matter well think about the pollinator does a flower need to protect itself from the pollinator what if you're a flower and who you have co-evolved with is a bat and about might not be gentle so you're going to need to hide hide part of you so there's an oversimplification but I think that it might be useful at least at our beginning to think that a flower that has an inferior ovary does so to maybe protect itself from the pollinate because it needs to pollinator same same pollinator needs the flower same same but it's kind of hard to be gentle you know if you're a bat bat and here's the flower so everything about the flower is going to actually show you that it's about pollinated flower so cool so know these terms Superior and inferior the flower is having a superior ovary called hypogenous and the flower is having an inferior ovary called epigenous now I'm going to acknowledge this but I'm not going to spend much time with it I don't like it I don't like showing it simply this one is called look at periginous means that everything's coming out kind of part way and I the reason I like it I mean it's real it's heart confusing but you really have to find out you have to look carefully so miss with me for me with a microscope to see are they actually coming out of something that's fused here so are they actually in Superior so this one is a good characteristic but not my favorite because it makes me work kind of hard makes me work kind of hard okay now the last thing I want to do in this brief recording can we is I want to tell you how to communicate to the world about your flower we're going to use a flower formula and the one I'm going to give you is simple elegant and it's the one that I use so if you happen to have the vascular plant taxonomy book or if you want to have access to it I have a few it can loan out expensive I don't want you to buy it unless you really need it but if you have that there's going to be a flower formula that is more in depth just acknowledging that I'm not showing it to you right now we just look at this flower I'm going to kind of narrate um because I know that a lot of us know a lot a lot of us are beginning everybody's perfect that um this is a flower bud you see the sepals which are protective of what the unfurling flower you see some interesting stuff here but this look at the yellow part so we don't see the sepals we can tell a lot though one is one two three four five so there are five petals so you hypothesize at least educated guess this is a dicot and then you count the stigmas one two three four five this is a dicot and these are what are they this is a filament and these are the anthers so this is a collection of many stamens and you can also tell something else this is the ovary because it goes stigma style and ovary you can count on that and it's growing above everything else so this is what Superior or interior I'm listening you're right it's Superior ovary so you just guys you figured out a whole lot let me show you what to do with that knowledge so just look at each part of that that's uh these are the sequels this is the sepals of the bud and then we're gonna go to this is the this is a note with pedallessness so this is the ovary stigma style and over you can see the anthers and stamens here and these are the petals that's what you would have told me these are the yes you're right the anthers and the filaments making the statement and that's a as you said stigma did I hear you right Style and ovary so let's do this this is kind of cool because you can see the ovary and it's just above everything so it's just like this is same same but different developmental stages refer back to this all the time this is what I want to do together right now I want to make a formula flower formula symbol sequence so that any of us could take a flower that all of the parts were visible with and you could write it mathematically in a line give it to me and I would understand some basics of your flower and you know what this really addresses is where do I start you know like there's such diversity I mean how many flowering plants are there how many flowers are there so what I'm asking you to do is just settle down and say where do I start you know I got the Gestalt you know I saw this flower three times now but how do I actually communicate my understanding so let's do this so the first thing to write is the symmetry which I have not emphasized you only have two choices so for this one the Symmetry is radial unlike an orchid you only have two choices write this down radial or bilateral equals irregular and what radial means is you can cut it like a like a healthier pie you like happier and then you can eat it and this slice is kind of the same as this one as this one as this one unless you're of course making the biggest one for somebody so the first thing to write in your notes is the Symmetry if you see it's radial then you write this symbol if you see that it is bilateral you write this symbol the next thing so this one is radial you with me the next thing is the number of the parts per hurl so we kind of already did that so we said that there's five the number of sequels in the calyx pedals in the Corolla so the first number of parts per world you go World by world peoples and kalex 5. so it's a radially symmetrical flower with five sepals in the calyx and the petals are Petals in the Corolla would be also five so we've almost you know we finished that part now how many stamens in the Andrew ecum and you say oh it's not too many to count give me a break in that case give yourself a break right infinite write this infinite it's not infinite we could count it but it's a lot more you know too many to count so now we have said the Symmetry the number of sequels the number of petals we said the number of statements what else do we care about the number of carpels in the gynolysium this one's a little bit hard what I'd love to do is take a razor blade and cut right through here and look at it you can do that with the tomato so if you have a tomato or if you have a you have a zucchini do you have a zucchini or cucumber then don't cut it this way cut it this way and look at it and you're going to see the number of carpals you're going to see the number of carpals because that's the little chambers that are holding the the seeds that's what you're going to see now usually corresponds with a one two three four five usually corresponds with the number of sepals so I'm guessing I would have to I prefer to check it out phew you've just done a whole lot no I'm going to tell you that something that can be very confusing and if I tell you it's confusing or if I tell you at this point in our lives together that there's variation then that should be not crazy making but but soothing because you're going to say I think it's this and I do this all the time I think it's this this and this and I'm writing down how I identified it and then I put a check mark because I'm not sure it's this or this so just deal like that's who we are it's not all black and white fill in the blank you have to think so one thing that can be confusing and I want you to know this as we're going into the malvasier is Fusion Hearts can grow together so you remember that that uh picture of the of the flower with the bird going in those were fused petals and you can say why you should do that you know take the concept of form function that the form is actually reflecting the function and you know the the bird beak is going into a tube that has Integrity so that's maybe part of the function so Fusion within a whirl okay we're almost done with this it's like so cool yeah if there's watch this if there's Fusion within the carpals of the gynoism like there would be with a tomato if you cut it the wrong way this weekend or whenever you look at it they're fused that's what I want you to see and then you put a symbol over this category like go by order you know the the Symmetry the sepals and the calyx the petals the stamens a whole bunch carpals and they're fused and it's Fusion within one whirl within one structure because there's an option here watch Fusion Between Worlds what could that happen and if that is true then you would put a square bracket below the numbers like in this case you tell me oh I wish I could hear you the petals are fuse to the stamens right here that means that they refuse to each other rather than sitting on the top of the receptacle that is the flower formula that I want us to use if you have great experience I can you and if you have the vascular plant taxonomy you can look up a more detailed one and I will show it to you I will give it to you but this is actually what I do if I'm going to go and identify a plant there's some things I look at before I get to the flower but I actually could hardly wait to get to the flower because they don't change so much because I remember the pollinator needs them and they need the pollinator so they can't be too wild and crazy or they lose your partner so that's where I'm going to stop right now is the flower formula so hopefully you guys are going out into the neighborhood and looking at flowers and take you know do your photojournalist and you really need to train yourself to see so if you do a snapshot it might be perfect and I might not know but I would like to see you study I'd like to see what you learned from actually studying your flowers and then maybe take one and try to write the flower formula and by doing that you can really review deeply the messages and the basics and the vocabulary and whole stuff and pull them apart with yourself if you are starting to by yourself go ahead and dissect flowers with your hand I completely support that I do it every single day when I take a walk but remember wash your hands what wash your hands not because of Cove at all but that's another issue wash your hands because of course plants make chemistry as stationary organisms to either attract or to kill so wash your hands okay thank you everybody