what's up great 11s yes you're hanging out with Looney yet again and we're with Aslam now Asam how are you good good good Loney how are you doing I'm good thanks what are we doing for the mindset is today of grade 11s we are starting full swing with your revision exams around the corner and today we kick off with a important sections of energy building and energy consumption that is photosynthesis and respiration yes mindset is you heard it Aslam just perfectly for you so I hope you guys have your notepads you have your pens you you ready to take down notes just to tell you guys we do have an awesome Learning Hub and exam revision content on our Samsung devices if you have yourself a premium Samsung smartphone or a Samsung tablet you can download the learning Hab and get awesome awesome exam revision content on your on those devices and it is for free some is for free guys some is for like 837 I won't take much time I'll just show you that's all our content there on our awesome Samsung devices but if you don't have a Samsung device and you're wondering but Looney how can I get one well we do have a learning exra exam revision Marathon competition going on all you need to do is download your show notes right at the bottom of the notes the last page there's a race number what you do with that race number is that you fill it in on an entry form on www. mindset. so. for/ learn for/ win and it will be sent into an entry form and we might just be having a lucky draw maybe today maybe tomorrow I don't know but make sure you stay Glu to your screens and you keep your eyes glued because on the live shows we'll have all our lucky draws in there at random guys so please just don't ask Looney when is it random but I gave you a little wink just to give you a hint so make sure you do that my SES and you enter because it's awesome awesome device we already had a winner for the first one so CIS one so we're now in leg two so make sure you enter you can hit me up on Facebook on facebook.com/ learn extra on Twitter @extra you can download the revision notes for exam score on www.m mindset. zo. z// extra SL revision hope you got it because now as Slim's going to give you the lesson good good good Loney thank you that's quite a bit there you're talking about that information over remember my name is in the draw I maybe just a lucky winner kind H guys uh welcome again grade 11s I'm hoping you are studying I tell the Learners at our school two three weeks ago that uh if they started that 2 three weeks ago at least 4 hours a day over and above your homework you need to give towards your school work the week after that when you didn't start yet that means it must be 6 hours a week this week if you didn't start if you if you didn't start last week and the week before that means you've got to give about 8 hours a week a day 8 hours a day if you don't start this week it's going to be 10 hours a day from next week and that's that's asking for much it's half the day almost so rather you start now and you can break it up a little bit so that you can give a little bit more in the weekend so you can cover up for the other two two hours that you may miss in the week have a program follow that program and spr spread your learning out don't cram it and don't learn all your work for the first day of exams if you start on the fth of November for example and your first paper is accounting don't study from now till then only accounting and from the rest of the time learn day by day what you're writing the next day you could looking you'll be looking for serious trouble uh and remember grade 11 your grade 11 report is the one that opens the door either for provisional acceptance at the tertiary Institution or nonacceptance in other words they decline your application then you have to wait after your grade 12 results and then hope it's better and then apply again so rather put your effort in now get a strong foot in VES then start offering your place and sometimes if your results are outstanding they can even offer you beries with that good let's go back to what we are supposed to be doing today and that is and I always say that when we are engaging with each other it must not only be about content math science English Africans it must be about education because we are dealing with human beings and therefore we need to talk a little bit more than that photosynthesis and respiration nonetheless we know that these are two important processes in organisms photosynthesis only takes place in green plants because they have chlorop which can absorb the radiant energy of the Sun and convert it into chemical potential energy ooh chemical potential energy simply means stored energy that can be used later now I also have green you know uh Looney yes my green t-shirt does that mean I can go out in the sun spread my legs and hands like this and stand and absorb all the sun rays there's some nice bright legs there will I be able to photosynthesize no no because I do not have chlorophyll although I have a green shirt this just died but I don't have chlorophyll so humans and other animals do not have chlorophyll and therefore cannot manufacture their own food therefore we are directly or indirectly dependent on green plants for our food what do I mean by that we get our food via them in in other words how I would eat something I would eat lettuce or I would eat beans or any plant that I will eat that has stored this energy during photosynthesis I get the energy directly alternately if I want to eat meat and I eat chicken or I eat sheep or whatever they may have eaten something that was from a plant and then they use the plant energy to store in their muscles and when we eat that meat then we are taking that energy from them in that way we are heterotrophic plants that photosynthesize are known as and this is your grade 10 work little bit autotrophic and your envir enironment work in grade 11 and respiration all organisms and this is something we need to clear up it's not only plants I mean it's not only animals lots of children think plants photosynthesize and animals respire no both plants all plants all plants and all animals undergo some form of respiration whereas photosynthesis is a building up process an anabolic process in other words it's taking raw materials putting them together and making a product the product is food this food is the form of carbohydrates fat and proteins respiration on the other hand takes this food this product that has been made so we saying here we're getting all the raw materials and we making food and during respiration respiration uses oxygen to burn this food to release energy in the form of ATP some heat energy sum and water vapor this is what would happen between this Pro now guys if you can just understand what we have here on the screen at this point it already gives you a background on these sections it is necessary to have a background and an understanding don't just photosynthesis photosynthesis that process we plants manufacture food using Regent energy from the Sun carbon dioxide and water right and respiration is the step by step breakdown of energy reach molecules like glucose to release energy in the form of ATP and some water Vaper and some heat you memorizing something that you don't have a clue about what is happening this is what it is this is what we are saying simplify your work anyway let's move on let's start answering some questions today so what we are saying is now that we know these two sections and a broad outline it's not time to teach the section now it's time to revise so we go straight into the questions and what better way in revising than by going over past papers you have your own past papers from January right up to now you have neighboring schools that have also written you have their papers you have cousins and family and friends the borders of this country you can get their their papers as well get the questions learn a section go over the work so you've gone over photosynthesis and respiration now we're going over these questions so let's look at question one and we put in multiple choice questions so that we can just talk about the skills we are more interested in the skills of multiple choice here so where does respiration occur where does respiration occur in the animal and the plant shown in a diagram below so they're showing you a plant and an animal and good question because it's telling you at the outset that respiration does take place in plants and in animals but they want to know where will it take place and if you were smart you'd know that respiration cellular respiration cellular cellular respiration where would it take place it would take place in the cells that's the clue so we look at this one here we've got W showing here by the ear of the Rat and X in the tail of the red and Zed in the leaf and Y in the root these things that I mentioned now are all organs organs are made up of tissues tissues are made up of cells so that will imply no I'm not going to tell you what it implies you're going to think about that let's go back now they're telling you it's a w only b w and x c WX and y d WX Y and Z so we need to look at this one and this is not a great idea of an example to work on our elimination so let's go back to what we were implying earlier you thought about it so now we can talk about it you thought about it and we're going to talk about it so what are we saying we're saying that it will imply that if an organ is made of tissues and tissues are made up of cells then all organs will have some form of cells and cellular respiration takes place in the cell so it must take place in all of these thing because there the ear and there cells in the ear and cells in the tail and in the leaf and in the root so therefore your answer would be WX Y and Z all of these things okay good let's move on what is happening all right 1.2 the following are involved in the process of cellular respiration this is a difficult one now the following are involved in the process of cellular respiration one energy two carbohydrates three carbon dioxide four water and five oxygen now which one of the following combinations correctly represents their involvement in the process ah now they're telling you all these guys energy carbohydrates oxygen carbon I mean sorry carbon dioxide water and oxygen are involved so now we must know what is happening there so we must know what is respiration all about we know that respiration produces energy in the form of heat in the form of ATP so if in our equation the products must be found on this side and we know that the starting point of respiration would be some form of carbohydrate for example glucose or any other example so those things must be on the side these are the materials these are the materials used and on this side we getting the products and what gas is taken in during cellular respiration oxygen can you see just the multiple choice questions the thought the homework that you have to do in your head to get to this answer teaches you the section this is why these questions are put here now let's go back to our stories there oxygen is number five okay so number five must be on the left hand side so already we can scratch all those three out this is what I was talking about earlier that other one wasn't a good example this one is a good example although it was a bit easy and that's because I broke it down for you in the exams you'll have a little bit more stressed it won't be as easy what I'm doing here we call this elimination remember there's only one correct answer and there are three three out of four 34 75% 0a 75 there are so many wrong answers so it's easier to find the wrong answers so find the wrong answers First Look for the most ridiculous in a multiple choice scratch it out and scratch the next one out then you'll be left with two to choose from it becomes easier so in this case here we look at it now let's just see if our story is correct there right there you got carbohydrates you got oxygen 2 + 5 carbohydrates Plus oxygen gives us all the others now already we've rung those three it gives us energy yes it's true it gives us carbon dioxide yes it's a byproduct and it gives us water in the form of water vapor so that's how we balance that equation there it's not a balanced equation a science guy will just now come and shoot me John will be the first one to shoot me and all other science Educators it's not a balanced equation scientifically but in this multiple choice question that's what we are talking about this Arrow is going to mess me kill me all right the last one multiple choice the chemical substance that is used to indicate the presence of starch in leaves the chemical substance that tells us the presence of starch or any other a pres of starch in leaves or any other part of a plant or an animal or in bread or whatever else is which one here methat SP definitely not a reagent that you've come across clear lime water you've used but you use that to test carbon dioxide so that's out so you left with these two both of these test carbohydrates obviously you know your work you're going to go straight to the answer but if you are not very sure then you're going to do elimination benadict is used for testing reducing sugars like disaccharides and and and mono and iodine is used for starts and your answer is B and with that Looney yes it's over to you all right M SES we are going to take a very short break and we'll see you straight after this welcome back M sers from that break just a quick reminder of what the Samsung prizes are so you get a chance to win one of three note eight while there's two left now cuz cisa won the other one one of three t 3 or one of three tablet 10.1 so if you want to win yourself those great prizes from Samsung simply download your show notes get your race number fill in the entry form and you will be entered into a lucky draw to sign a chance to win just a question here mhm from now way did I okay H shall I read the question from behind SC scen I just want to see who sent it all right can I read it so long from the back of your screen I have X-ray vision yeah of course okay the question is got it okay it's from oo wow I'll call you Benjamin mushasha how do non- green plants get food if they if they don't photosynthesize good question Benjamin wants to know how do plants that are not green we can't say non- green plants yeah we talk about plants that are not green in other words how do plants that do not have chlorophyll it's a complicated issue in terms of plants and no chlorophyll but we that we'll leave for another day but the fact that organisms all organisms that do not have chlorophile are directly or indirectly dependent on green plants let's take for example fungi fungi is a kingdom of its own the kingdom fungai or fungus and inside uh IND this or rather inside uh within this Kingdom of fungi we have the fungus plant called lyen or spelled Len lyen is a an organism that has algae on the inside and fungi on the outside like a sandwich almost the ele needs to keep moist so the fungus forms this layer around it to leave it moist whereas the algae has chlorophyl and the algae manufactures food and and that is how they coexist in this way okay in terms of that there that's one way in which non green plants will do that and let's take the bread mold for example the bread mold gets onto bread and it secretes it or rather it it entrenches its riseo into the bread and from the bread it absorbs the nutrients that it needs and that's how it grows the other fungus athletes foot ring worm Etc they get their nutrients from you once they get onto your body so that's how those organisms will uh obtain food directly or indirectly the other question was something to the effect we tried to read it and decipher your message there but I think you're trying to ask uh do you do a practical exam in this term yes some schools do the Practical exam in this term for 100 marks others may have done it at the end of the last term it all depends on your school if you haven't done it last term then obious you will do it this term yeah and some of our our questions that we have here for photosynthesis and respiration actually deal with those sprs and if you go back to your prior uh shows that where you did photosynthesis and respiration uh live here with Luan and others then they did those PRS on screen as well so go back to those shows and watch those things and watch the notes or rather download the notes and you can get it from there let's move on so where we now we are in question two the diagram below illustrates the internal structure of a leaf answer the questions based on it so they're giving you a diagram of a leaf and they're asking you questions let's look at the questions they say identify Parts a b and e as well as cell C and F Parts a b e and f and c and F there they telling you there so in other words all these labels must be labeled okay a what a area is this here this is known as the Palisade meesal and you learn this in grade 10 and again you repeat it in grade 11 because you need to know it here in photosynthesis and you need to know it in your transpiration when you deal with that okay B uh showing you the cell here that is the epidermal cell notice it's pointing to one cell or the whole region is Epi epid epidermis okay then C okay so that's the epidermal cell there the line is a little unclear it also could be in this case the line is unclear so he talking the epidermis and this one here then will be an epidermal because they say as well as cell seed so this is an epidermal cell and then this one here would be the epidermis good all right d what they saying a and cell D they not ask you for D but D pointing to structures within the Palisade misil there and this would be actually chloroplast e what is e there a space here it's an air space a hey a space and we want F cells F these are called God cells and we don't have a label for it but the space in between the god cells that space there is known as the sto just so we get all the labels correct okay there we go notice here they're talking about the cuticle in our answer here but if you look at the line the the line should have been then the line may have moved in in in in moving in in in copying the diagram if you want cuticle the cuticle is the structure here the line on the top right on the top there where is our pin okay where's our yellow good coming down there that would be the cuticle the line on the top right unfortunately it moved okay so that's why our answer would be a little bit intercellular air spaces epidermal cells G cells we've done all of that could State the role of each of the following the process of photosynthesis B is the cuticle in this case here let's see right and it's transparent it allows light to pass through also because it's waxy it prevents water loss d d is the chlorop plusus obviously and absor sunlight contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis e coming back to our diagram e the intercellular air spaces and that is very easy it is to allow the gases to move through so carbon dioxide is coming through through photosynthesis and moving in so it allows the gases the more spaces it is can diffuse easily and oxygen can diffuse out during photosynthesis tabulate two differences between cells C and F cell cell C that one there the epidermal cells and F the guard cells they both epidermal cells notice this is also theep this the upper epidermis this is the lower epidermis huh this is the lower epidermis here at the bottom the lower epidermis that is the upper epidermal but these specific cells here are different from other epidermal cells and they want you to tabulate these differences and the differences are simple in the epidermal cells has no chloroplast the epidermal cells are transparent they allow light to pass through obviously the guard cell has chloroplast it's the only epidermal cells that have chloroplast and this chloroplast helps the guard cells to control the stomatal aperture the cell C the epidermal cells has St cell walls in the guard cells the inner walls are thickened and the outer walls are thin by the way just to C shells are bean shaped shells and I'm saying the inner walls are thick and the outer walls are thick sorry all right good that's what we're saying there and then lastly these are brick shaped cells elongated cells and these are bean-shaped cells so we linking now photosynthesis to the organ of photosynthesis and this is something else we must know the organ of photosynthesis mainly is the leaf it can also be parts of the stem that is green Etc the tissue in the leaf is the Palisade and spongy misop and the organ now see can you see we're going down from organ to tissue and we jumped even the cell we can talk of Palisade cells or parenchima cells and from there we go deeper in and we go inside the cell and we look at the organel the organel is the chlorop plus remember that good this question here is good because it combines the two and examiners like to ask this type of a question the schematic representation so the relationship between two biological processes in a plant cell now obviously at this juncture on this show it's not difficult to identify the two processes because we only dealing with two processes but when you write your exams there's other processes in that particular paper that you have to be wary about but the minute you see an organal X and an organal y it should tell you something but we'll talk about that just now so study it and answer the questions that follow that's straightforward they're giving you organal X look at organal X then look at organel Y and also look at what's Happening Here we can see from this diagram here glucose is being released by this organel and somehow it becomes pyic acid and then it goes into this organel and something happens there we also see an Arrow showing one going out there and two going in there and we we look at the labels here A and B and the numbers three and before again with arrows coming in and arrows going out again notice the homework before you start your question you got to analyze what's happening there first and then you get into the question identify organel X and Y X would be yeah the mitochondria good mitochondria mitochondria and why would be the chloroplast or pler okay there you go mitochondria and the plased or chloroplast name the biological process that takes place in the following organel again I told you in this show it's easy because it's either photosynthesis and uh respiration and you need to link it to these two things mitochondria cellular respiration chloroplast photosynthesis okay and and that would be your answer cellular respiration and photosynthesis the arrows one to 4 indicate the movement of gases into and out of the organal name the gases represented by 1 2 3 and four we go on the top we look at gas one gas one is leaving leaving uh the uh mitochondria yeah going out there and gas 2 is coming in the gas 2 is the one that the mitochondria needs for cellular respiration and that would be oxygen and that one going out would be the product and that is carbon dioxide they're not asking you about other things they're only talking about gases and here three is the gas that goes in and that would be carbon dioxide and four is the gas that's being released that is oxygen so again something that we learn from this and we got it there okay what we learn from this exercise is what get gas is needed for photosynthesis and what gas is needed for respiration gas needed for photosynthesis is carbon dioxide gas needed for cellular respiration is oxygen and the gas released during cellular respiration is carbon dioxide and the gas release during photosynthesis is oxygen now again misconception number 99 and that is most Learners in primary school they were told and they sing it here plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen and animals take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide wrong bong wrong bong zong whatever it's wrong it's not about plants and animals it's about the processes during photosynthesis carbon dioxide is consumed is used and oxygen is released during respiration cellular respiration oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released so even in plants when they re when cellular respiration takes place oxygen is what is used so you must get that right name the pigment found in part label B and that is obviously the chlorophyll pigment there State the function of that pigment we know already from the past it traps regant energy explain the process that takes place in part label a part label a is there in the stroma that area there the Lumen the stroma of the uh chloroplast and that would be the dark phase of photosynthesis takes place where organic molecules like carbohydrates fat and protein are formed notice you don't need to know the chemical reactions that take place you're just simply saying that it's the dark phase of photosynthesis and compounds are being made there and last but not least describe the biological importance of the process that takes place in organal y and that is the chloroplast and therefore that is about photosynthesis what's so good in other words what's so good about photosynthesis first of all photosynthesis releases oxygen so therefore it helps in a balance of oxygen in nature it also uses carbon dioxide so therefore it is helps in the balance of carbon dioxide as well and lastly because green plants are the only plants that can manufacture food using the sun's Ray they are important in food production they are producers Looney all right mindset is we're going to take a break but just to tell you if we don't get through your questions during the show we do have a help desk so you can go on to www.m mindset. co. zhel disk where you can send your question and it will be answered guys so don't swe if you don't answer it help disk is there for a reason so we'll see you straight after this break welcome back mindset is from that break I hope you guys are enjoying the show and you're learning more and you're learning extra with us because we're Going the Distance together guys and we trying to help you run this L slab of great 11 because we want you to be Matrix next year so Aslam we have a question from Messiah George does glucose turn into pyic acid yes yes yes yes let's go back to our diagram good question there and there's this diagram is telling you that during photosynthesis glucose is manufactured so the plant is has made this glucose now when the animal or the plant itself in its cells it has as glucose now during the process of cellular respiration in the first phase of cellular respiration known as glycolysis glycolysis let's look at this diagram again I think we can learn a lot from this diagram but let's just first answer your question during glycolysis glucose is converted to pyic acid then during the second part of cellular respiration crab cycle the pyic acid goes through a series of reactions and it goes into the mitochondria after that and in the mitochondri series of reaction where ATP is made plenty ATP in fact here plusus 36 molecules and in glycolysis two molecules of ATP 36 ATP together if you have the whole respiration aerobic respiration that means when oxygen is present we can make 38 molecules of ATP for every glucose molecule that we use so now let's go back to this diagram again good I'm glad you actually took us back because I I'm seeing something different in this diagram from what the question was actually talking about so you look at the diagram nicely you can see they could have told you here process a process B and process C huh they could have even added that into this Dimension and what is process a what's taking place in this diagram photosynthesis why because glucose is being manufactured so photosynthesis there from there we go to respiration this is respiration after that and what's the first phase of respiration known as glycolysis also an airobic respiration that means oxygen is not used to this process and glucose is broken up into two molecules of pyic acid these pyic acid undergo a series of changes and they move into the they taken into the mitochondria where they continue with this series of reactions and at each step some energy is taken up to make ATP and remember what do we mean by make ATP we mean that we have this situation A with p and p that is a DP Adine D phosphate two phosphate and then we have a with another p and another one and another one p and triphosphate ATP when we say energy is used to make ATP we mean that the ADP plus P gives us ATP and ATP minus the P will give us ADP so this cycle is continuing all the time when we use energy we take that phosphate out we break that Bond and the energy is released for us to do work now the ADP is on its own and when we put the phosphate this phosphate is associated the third phosphate is associated with energy okay so that's what we are saying here so when we saying ADP makes ATP we mean we use energy to bond these things together and in this way the energy is then trapped in that area when we use this energy we can look at this energy as spending you know spending you know if I tell you you know the whole month you've got 500 R you must break it up into every day you're going to do the matth in your head and you're going to say look on Monday I'm going to spend this Tuesday I'm going so 0p is our spending we have these 38 for every glucose molecule that we and we have plenty glucose I mean if you drink a fuzzy drink how much of glucose is in that fuzzy drink or if you have a slice of bread is how much of starch is in there that's going to become glucose during nutrition which we're going to talk about by the way next week nutrition is the focus of next week so in that way there's lots of glucose and the T ATP is then in your units that you're going to spend over time so there we are talking about that now if oxygen does is not present then obviously we can only have glycolysis and there's a different pathway which we're going to talk about a little bit later in another question I'm hoping I've answered the question of that and I've also showed you how we can add to this question there was another question there about nutrition and about assimilation what does assimilation mean assimilation simply means we're going to talk about it next week but the question is there let's get it out of your head now I don't want you to bite your nails till next week and say what is going to be the answer what is going to be the answer so assimilation simply means when this energy that you have digested the food you have digested becomes part of the cell and how does something become part of the cell it is when it is sent to the cell somehow how is it sent to the cell from the small intestine when it's absorbed it will go into the capillaries into the blood cells from the blood cells it goes to the liver where something is going to happen to it depending on what type of food is it is it a carbohydrate is it a fat or is it the protein a process takes place there and after that process some is being stored and whatever which we will talk about next week and the rest then goes to the heart the one that the body needs goes to the heart from the heart it is then sent to all parts of the body where it is used that is not assimilation that is transport that's why I felt I must answer the question the way the question was posed is that called assimilation when it's trans that is transport now when the food in its smallest form comes to the cell the cell then takes that food in and uses that food in different ways either during cellular respiration or it can use that food to make bigger food to store that is what assimilation means assimilation means when the food reaches the cell itself not the red blood cell the other cells in the body the normal body cells in the body the red blood cell and other blood cells or the plasma even not the red blood cells is not even transporting food it's transporting oxygen the blood plasma the liquid part of of the blood is actually transporting the food that's transport one is digestion when we break down the food after we digest we absorb the food that's in the small intestine through the valy therea it's in a bloodstream it must be trans ported from there hepatic portal vein to the liver and from the liver to all part to the hepatic vein to the heart and then to all parts of the body transport once the cell gets this food and when the cell uses the food assimilation in other words when the food becomes part of the cell this is known as assimilation any other questions yes can we just do questions very quickly let's do quickly um pleasure m is asking what what is the function of chloroplast what is the function of clast who's that pleasure yes pleasure that means you're not watching us and if you were in front of me then we would have done something else would you pleasure because then it's not a pleasure to answer this question pleasure okay good pleasure the question is what is the function of chloroplast and we've answered that question long time jalo means long time no then Dal is a long time see you talking different language me I talk another language I know where I come fromo means long time ago okay what you saying Dalo dala dala yeah Okay so we've answered that question eons ago in my language also okay what do we mean by that why I said that we asked that question long time what is the function of chlorophyll and by by extension what is the function of chloroplast chloroplast is the part in the cell that has the pigment called chlorop and what can it do it can absorb the Rays of the Sun and convert that into chemical potential energy in other words if you look at the organal chloroplast it is the organel the main enzon for photosynthesis without chloroplast photosynthesis is not possible good okay another question from SW what is a god cell do in a structure of a cell God cell in a structure of a cell remember the diagram we had earlier shall we go back to it let's try here we go there's the diagram okay here's the god cells and I told you the god cells God the god cells is guarding this opening the opening is called the sto so the god cells job is to open the stom or to close it in other words it is controlling the size of the pore the sto is not a structure it's simply an opening mainly mainly at the bottom of the leaf in the lower epidermis it can be found on the upper epidermis in certain aquatic plants especially but here we have it there and the job of this God cell is to either open or close the opening all right why is this important if that opening is open all the time then water vapor is going to be released from that opening all the time when the plant feels that you know what there's too much water being lost here so the G cells then close when they close the plant limits water loss that is the job of the G cells okay cool thank you and then is asking what happens to the fungus when all the moisture of the bread is gone what happens to the uh fungus when all the moisture of the bread is gone ah what do you think happens to you when there's no more water you will weather and die isn't it you would dehydrate and die if the food source goes away the fungus remember again I don't want to go into too much detail you don't do it in your syllabus but that would constitute unfavorable conditions for the fungus and generally the lower order organisms when they undergo or when they uh when they uh come across unfavorable conditions for example dry conditions or no food Etc or too hot or too cold they undergo sexual reproduction and they form what we call a zygospore a zygospore is a capsule like structure which keeps the spores of that organism within that until favorable conditions arise again and then meosis will take place and it will give rise to new fungi later but again it's not too much for your syllabus in terms of that it would either die or it will uh go into a dorant state until favorable conditions return is that it thank you yes good that's what we want guys we need your questions more than the questions that we have here because that means something is bugging you and we need to help you with that right now here a boy runs up a hill at 12 km/ hour the graph below shows the rate at which lactic acid accumulates in the blood and muscles while the boy is running when the boy stops running most of the lactic acid is removed from the blood and muscles and is eventually converted into various substances okay so they're telling you there the rate at which over time so as he's running up the heeld this is what's happening to the lactic acid H you can see what's happening to it there going up there and then it levels off more or less there on top and percentage of elctric acid converted into glycogen 20% carbon dioxide 60% glucose 4 4% protein 8% so that's information against homework that you have to read how much lactic acid was in the body's the boy's body when he started running so in time there when he started running there is it in this area there okay you can read it there's not it's between 20 and zero so obvious it has to be 10 huh 10 milligram you must give the units and the units are given to you in the graph milligrams okay next question describe the relationship between the amount of accumulated lactic acid and the time spent running so we want to know what's happening as time goes on as this boy is running and you got to explain properly as time passes as he's running the amount of lactic acid increases up to about 8 minutes at which stage it stays more or less constant just above 100 mg okay as you can see so basically this question is asking to read information not asking to remember as time spend running increases the level actually increases you can say it's a direct relationship I do not like that too much because it's not straight line it moves up but it also con it becomes a constant over time right when lactic acid is converted to other substances what percentage remains as lactic acid show all calculations when lactic acid is converted to other substances what percentage remains okay now you need to go here because this table was dealing with percentages H you can see we had that if it's a percentage what must be the total the total must always be 100% so we need to add these guys 60 + 20 and you'll need a calculator guys like us with this graveyard we don't need calculator because we didn't grow up with ob we grow up with the old system where we had to count on our fingers and our toes when the toes ran out then we start counting on our hair huh Loy 60 is 80 8 84 and 8 is 92% he how did he know that so quickly and he never had a calculator in the studio how he managed L okay so 92 100us 92 will give us our answer let's see if my calcula my head is working right ah clever boy Aslam 100 minus all of that percentage there and you get 90 is equal to 8% good under what circumstances is lactic acid now they asking you about your work up to now you only needed to answer questions from the information provided now they asking you hey where did you hear about this gtic acid where in your old cupboard of knowledge does it fit and there and because we're doing respiration you'll know but which time in when there's no Oxygen when respiration is taking place and there's an absence or there's very little oxygen that's what happens or the oxygen is not reaching the cells fast enough you running and you're running and you're not foit so you're your blood system is not working good enough to send the oxygen enough and there's not enough oxygen as well your breathing is not right and so on name and describe the process that results in the formation of Lac so if there's no or lack of oxygen what type of respiration takes place then yeah anerobic respiration anerobic what's happening anerobic respiration and in this particular case it's not just anerobic general it's they telling you what's forming and that is lactic acid so this is lactic acid fermentation mainly in the muscles of animals whereas in the case of plants it won't be lactic acid fermentation but it'll be alcoholic now this is not a plant that drinks too much of beer no alcoholic fermentation what it means is that the product one of the products of this ferment mation is alcohol right and that is why anerobic respiration is useful in the Brewing industry to make beer and alcohol and wine etc etc so now we want to describe this process and again you don't have to go into too fine details you need to give us a broad outline of what happens first of all the name is anerobic respiration because they didn't mention it so you're going to get a mark for that and what happens energy rich compounds like glucose and phosphor are phosphor related using ATP and again you don't have to go into so much detail you just say are broken down into pyic acid so in other words what you saying glycolysis takes place first you simply say glycolysis takes place first huh after that if there's no Oxygen pyic acid this is the part of the answer that we need here and obviously you can see from here we can't give you five marks or something like this if there is no oxygen pyic acid is converted into lactic acid in animal that's what you need to say there okay remember uh the paper that we've taken this from is the old native syllabus where the child needed to know much more detail in the section describe how water is formed during the process mentioned in question 4.5 how is water formed and there when you say oxygen that's in respiration where oxygen is formed there not in that one there oxygen is used as a final acceptor of the hydrogen ions which have lost energy and oxygen combines with the hydrogen to form water simple simple explanation when oxygen is available oxygen is only used at the end for the hydrogen hydrogen plus oxygen will give us water I'm not going to give you the whole chemical formula and so on we're not going to go in you just need to say hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water remember if that oxygen is not there then this whole cycle stops and it stops there where we spoke about alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation good during an investigation a pot plant was placed and here's one of your practical stories in a dark cupboard for 3 days one of the green leaves on the PT plant was then partially covered with a t foil after the plant had been exposed to sunlight for 2 days the leaf was removed from the plant and treated as shown in the diagram okay so here's your story We taken out a leaf we had a turn foil there we taken that leaf and we are now doing all of the things here and this is your pre and I'm not going to go into the details we're just going to name the two chemicals labeled A and B there's a chemical here there this is boiling water and there's another chemical there there and the chemical inside there where I got the dots name these two chemicals if you know your work then you would say that these chemicals are ethanol or alcohol in the beaker and iodine solution in the other one why is substance a used here why is the alcohol used to remove chlorophyll from the leaves which part of the leaf the covered part the one where we had the foil or the uncovered part will give a positive result obvious it will be the uncovered because the uncovered part is getting sunlight and the covered part is not getting sunlight so what will we proving here what were we what were we trying to show we wanted to show that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis name one precaution you would take when performing this investigation do not boil the alcohol directly over flame because alcohol is inflammable it will burn okay use fors to remove the leaf from the hot alcohol and boiling water you can't going put your finger in there you will then burn huh uh this one here on the just look at the diagram we just want to know what's the aim of this investigation is to illustrate that oxygen is released during photosynthesis why was the test tube filled with water to make the apparatus airtight we want to find out whether any gas is produced therefore we must not have any gas to start with why was it necessary to leave the appar apparatus near a warm sunny window obviously so make sure that the temperature is right and we're giving the plant enough sunlight to make food in the process of photosynthesis name the gas it's obviously going to be oxygen and describe one way in which you would taste for this gas and here again you're going to take out the test fud and you're going to insert a glowing Splinter a glowing Splinter is if you you burn wood and you take away the flame the glowing FL Splinter means the wood is going to be red we put it in a test tube it bursts into a flame because oxygen supports combustion or we we can also use U steel wool and we put the steel wool inside because oxygen causes rust to Steel the steel wool would rust those are two tests for oxygen that we can do uh I don't think we can do this experiment here but let's look at it the first on gas bubbles we've done the same thing here I want to then go uh we can't go any further Looney that's about all we have time for today all so guys that's as far as we can go today I'm hoping that you've gone through your processes if you have any questions remember what Looney said on the help desk and we can help you there after yes thank you so much to Aslam for giving us a great lesson mindset is thank you so much for tuning in everything of the best for your exams have fun guys study hard and do your in everything that you do remember if we don't get to your your questions during the show help desk is there for you help mindset. for/ help days thank you for tuning in we love you and we'll see you same time same place goodbye from us