AP World History Review - Units 1-5

Introduction

• Lecture covers units 1 through 5
• Exam Date: May 8th
• Sessions: Tonight (Units 1-5), Tomorrow (Units 6-9)
• Recording will be available post-session
• Super chats for shoutouts available until 9 PM Eastern
• Duration: Approximately 2 hours per session

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (1200-1450)

Big Idea 1: State Building in Song China

• Song China maintained rule through Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy
• Confucianism provided hierarchical order, continuity from Tang dynasty
  • Revival during the Song period
  • Expansion of civil service examination -> order, meritocracy
• Imperial bureaucracy: appointed officials implementing policies
• Buddhism influenced China from India via Silk Roads, leading to Chan Buddhism
• Song economy thrived due to Champa rice and Grand Canal, boosting trade and population

Big Idea 2: Islamic Empires

• As Abbasid Caliphate declined, new Islamic states like the Delhi and Mamluk Sultanates rose
• Rise of Turkic Islamic empires
• Spread of Islam through military expansion and trade
  • Sufi movement facilitated cultural adaptability
• Intellectual innovations: Algebra, trigonometry, literature
• Intellectual transfers: Greek classics preserved, Indian mathematics, paper-making adopted

Big Idea 3: South and Southeast Asia

• Influence of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam on state building
• Delhi Sultanate: Islamic state, majority Hindu population
• Vijayanagara Empire: Hindu kingdom established by former Delhi Sultanate leaders
• Southeast Asia: Hindu and Buddhist influences
  • Srivijaya Empire (Hindu), Majapahit Kingdom (Buddhist)

Big Idea 4: Civilizations in the Americas

• Strong states, large urban centers, and complex belief systems
• Focus on Aztec Empire (Mexica): tribute system, decentralized state, capital Tenochtitlan

Big Idea 5: African State Building

• Participation in trade networks and religion
• Great Zimbabwe: prosperity through trade, agriculture, gold
  • Swahili language as a blend of Bantu and Arabic
• Ethiopia: Christian kingdom, monumental architecture

Big Idea 6: Europe

• State building through religious belief, feudalism, decentralized monarchies
• Roman Catholic Church's influence
• Feudalism: King, lords, knights, peasants
• Manor system and agricultural innovation (three-field system)

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200-1450)

Big Idea 1: Expanded Trade Networks

• Silk Roads: trade luxury goods, particularly silk
  • Transport innovations: caravanserai, yolks, saddles, stirrups
  • Commercial technologies: paper money, credit, banking houses
• Indian Ocean Network: sea-based trade, facilitated by technological innovations
• Trans-Saharan Trade: connected North Africa with interior and West Africa
  • Innovations: Arabian camel, saddle
  • Key empire: Mali, notable figure: Mansa Musa

Big Idea 2: Cultural Diffusion

• Religion and belief systems spread along trade routes
  • Buddhism in China and Japan, Islam in West Africa
  • Swahili language, Timbuktu as Islamic learning center
• Scientific and technological innovations: Champa rice
• Rise and fall of cities: Samarkand, Kashgar, Baghdad
• Significant travelers: Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo

Big Idea 3: Environmental Impact

• Spread of crops: bananas in Africa, Champa rice in East Asia
• Spread of diseases: Bubonic plague

Big Idea 4: Mongol Empire

• Largest land-based empire, facilitated trade and cultural exchange
• Control of Silk Road, encouraged international trade
• Cultural and technological transfers through skilled artisans, ambassadors

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)

Big Idea 1: Expansion and Warfare

• Gunpowder as the main factor in expansion
• Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Qing
• Rivalries: Safavid-Mughal conflict

Big Idea 2: Power and Control

• Bureaucracies, art, centralized tax collection, large militaries
• Examples: Ottoman Devshirme, European divine right, Aztec human sacrifice

Big Idea 3: Religious Beliefs

• Protestant Reformation in Europe
• Sunni-Shia split among Muslims
• Sikhism in South Asia as syncretic religion

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450-1750)

Big Idea 1: Maritime Technology

• New shipping designs, naval technologies facilitated trade
• Portuguese Caravel, Dutch Fluyt

Big Idea 2: European Exploration

• Gold, God, and Glory
• Portugal's trading post empire
• Spain's Columbus-led exploration

Big Idea 3: Columbian Exchange

• Transfer of crops, animals, diseases
• Impact on diets and populations

Big Idea 4: Mercantilism and Labor

• Colonization of Americas, mercantilist policies
• Encomienda and hacienda systems
• Rise in African enslaved labor demand

Big Idea 5: Economic and Social Changes

• Joint-stock companies: Dutch and British East India Companies
• Triangular trade, syncretism

Big Idea 6: Resistance to Colonialism

• Maratha Rebellion, Pueblo Revolt

Big Idea 7: Social Changes

• Qing dynasty policies, Spanish caste system

Unit 5: Revolutions and Change (1750-1900)

Big Idea 1: Enlightenment

• Natural rights, social contract
• Reform movements: suffrage, abolitionism

Big Idea 2: Nationalism and Revolutions

• American, French, Haitian revolutions
• Enlightenment documents: Declaration of Independence, Rights of Man

Big Idea 3: Industrial Revolution

• Beginnings in Britain, factory system
• Urbanization, agricultural productivity

Big Idea 4: Economic Shifts

• Decline in Middle Eastern and Asian global manufacturing shares

Big Idea 5: Technological Innovations

• Steam engine, railroads, telegraph

Big Idea 6: Economic Changes

• Free market capitalism, transnational businesses

Big Idea 7: Calls for Reform

• Labor unions, Karl Marx
• Ottoman Tanzimat reforms

These notes cover the key points from the AP World History review lecture, focusing on state building, trade, cultural exchanges, technological innovations, and the social changes accompanying these historical processes. The content spans from the early 1200s through to 1900, focusing primarily on major empires and their expansion, economic policies, and social dynamics.