hello there geographers and welcome back to the Mr sin Channel today we're going to be reviewing unit 4 of AP Human Geography remember if you find Value in these topic review videos consider subscribing and checking out my awesome resources in the description of the video to start let's talk about a state and no I'm not talking about one of the 50 states of the United States a state is a geographic area that has a permanent population defined borders of sovereign government and is recognized by other states now one of the components of a state is sovereignty Britannica defines sovereignty as the ultimate overseer or authority in the decision-making process of the state and in the maintenance of order if a state has a sovereign government it means the government has control over its domestic affairs and also International Affairs so State can be a regional government like one of the states in the United States but it can also be a country when looking at different states around the world we can also observe different nations a nation is a group of people with a shared culture history Homeland and a desire to govern themselves notice this is different from a state which consists of a permanent population to find borders a sovereign government and is recognized by other states when trying to remember the difference just remember a state is referencing the government and land while a nation is referencing a group of people with a shared culture and history now one aspect of a nation that I want to highlight is a concept called self-determination this is the right or desire of a Nation or group of people such as an ethnic group to govern themselves Nations and cultural groups often seek control over their own territory in order to help preserve their cultural characteristics and history okay now that we've reviewed the concept of a nation and state let's talk about the different types of States we see in the world today the first is a nation-state this is a sovereign state that has a relatively homogeneous population citizens of the state often have a shared language culture and history oftentimes these states have been more isolated in history they also tend to be geographically smaller and are centered around One Nation today we could look at countries like Iceland or Japan as examples of a nation-state now let's say that a state has more than one nation within its borders well it could not be a nation state and in fact would be known as a multinational State these states contain two or more ethnic groups or nations with a history of self-determination these groups coexist as one state but remain culturally distinct traditionally these states will have one cultural group that is the dominant group and is in control over the political economic and social structures of the state an example of a multinational state would be the former Soviet Union and modern-day Russia or the United States of America just to name a few another type of state that we have is a multi-state nation this is when a nation stretches across different states borders which means the cultural identity is present in multiple States a great example of a multi-stay Nation would be the Korean we're located in both North and South Korea we could also look at the Kurds as another example of a multi-state Nation today the Kurdish population stretches over turkey Iran Iran Iraq Syria parts of Armenia and Azerbaijan speaking of the Kurds they're also an example of our next type of political organization which is a stateless nation this is when a nation has a history of self-determination but does not have a recognized State the nation lacks one or more of the following control over their political boundaries a government with Sovereign rule control over its internal and external Affairs or recognition from other states if we look at the Kurdish Nation we can see they speak Kurdish their religion is Islam and the Kurdish people do not consider themselves to be Arab they consider themselves to be Curtis the Kurds have a historical claim to the proposed nation-state of Kurdistan which was originally proposed after the Ottoman Empire fell however before Kurdistan could be an official state the Turks expanded their land and took over the soon to be Kurdistan today the Kurdish Nation still exists however they still do not have a recognized State making the Kurds a stateless nation and since the Kurds are also currently spread between multiple states there are also a multi-state nation other examples of a stateless nation would include the Bosque the Flemish the catalonians and the Palestinians changing gears a little into our next political organizations we have autonomous regions and semi-autonomous regions autonomous regions are located within a state and have a certain degree of autonomy from the state these regions can govern themselves and have a high degree of freedom and self-governance this means there is limited input and interaction from the national government an example of this would be Native American reservations in the United States semi-autonomous regions on the other hand have a moderate degree of self-government these regions have a say over their political and economic systems however the national government can step in when they feel like it is in their best interest this is the big difference between semi-autonomous regions and autonomous regions it's all about control and power semi-autonomous regions have less control over their own policy an example of a semi-autonomous region would be China and Hong Kong one last political organization I want to highlight is the concept of a city-state these states date back all the way to the Fertile Crescent a city-state is a sovereign state with political and economic control over the surrounding Countryside today we still have city-states that exist such as Vatican City all right so we had a lot of vocab in this video and now comes the time to practice answer the questions on the screen and when you're done check your answers in the comment section down below or in the description of this video also don't forget if you're finding value out of these topic review videos consider subscribing and check out my ultimate review packet for more help with your AP human geography class it's a great resource that can help you get an A in your class and a five on that National exam as always thank you for watching I'm Mr sin and I'll see you next time online