hello everyone welcome to chemical safety and biosafety we shall talk about safety today let's focus on biohazards any of this video you should be able to identify biological hazards biological hazards you use them in Practical sessions in the lab some of you may in future with hospitals research labs and industries that use biological agents and this may expose you to biological hazards so knowing how to use and control them will keep you safe let's Dive In partial Hazard supply houses are biological substances that can harm humans and animals causing ill health let's focus more humans ill health can be infectious diseases allergy or toxicity they are all together four categories genetically modified microorganisms cell lines and biological toxins political agents include bacterial viruses parasitic protozoa and fungi now you can find them nearly everywhere in the water and soil even in or on the foods that we eat they can be used for research or industry industrial production of drugs Germans are genetically modified organic microorganisms and they are not naturally occurring they should be contained a lab or research facilities cell lines like Maybelline cell lines they are used in a production of Industrial Products these cells may be contaminated with biological agents if not handled properly lastly toxins are derived from biological agents especially bacteria they also consider biohazards and can cause harm to humans like what I've mentioned microorganisms are microscopic examples of biological agents that commonly cause human diseases are mycobacterium tuberculosis causing tuberculosis now you notice that microbacterium type causes consists of two words mycobacterium is the genus name tuberculosis is a species name now when you type they are in italics but when you write them please underline them now the next example is influenza virus causing influenza or flu for viruses do not italicize another example is size 12 causing copy 90. bacteria single cells the hot water cells cells are the simplest unit of life a cell contains a hereditary materials like DNA now inside the cell you have cytoplasm now this is a site where metabolisms occur to harness energy and also this where most of the important molecules are being synthesized a cell has a membrane that controls the molecules and entering and leaving the cell for bacteria they also have a cell wall that provides structural support here you can see bacteria of various sizes and shapes now bacteria are free living and they are found in various habitats right and most bacteria are harmless to men however some can cause scissors in men right we call these pathogens pathogens are disease causing like some of these bacteria are also opportunistic like meaning that when we are healthy we are harmless however when our immunity is low these opportunistic bacteria can may cause diseases in US now a lot of these pathogens are heterotrophs heterotrophs consume organic substances and this can come from living things bacteria can be carried in blood or body fluids we call them bloodborne other bacteria may be foodborne found in Foods waterborne transported in water and also they can be airborne carried by air persons are non-cellular they're not visible under the light microscope you have to use an electron microscope viruses can contain a hereditary materials like DNA or RNA they are protected by a protein shell called a capsid now because they do not have the components and cytoplasm viruses are not able to perform metabolisms to harness energy and synthesize biomolecules because of this viruses cannot reproduce on its own they need to get into the whole cell like animal cell or human cell to make more of themselves now for viruses we do not use the word reproduce we use uh replicate or replication now to replicate viruses need to make more proteins and for instance RNA they have to hijack the machineries of a whole cells to do it therefore viruses are parasects when they get into the whole cell and replicated it the whole cell will suffer some viruses are surrounded by membrane we call them envelope viruses those without envelopes they are naked are non-unvelop viruses now so let's uh recover capsids are made of proteins envelopes are made of lipids and proteins you can see viruses of various shapes and sizes here Ebola I have a influenza here Hepatitis B and also HIV over here like various types no um viruses can infect nearly all life forms those that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages I have an example here that you're a large T4 T4 fudge this can infect um for instance bacteria now viruses that infect humans may be DNA or RNA okay I have an example here II right notice that this envelope possesses a membrane that spikes on the surfaces or surface of the membrane this may be molecules recognizing the whole cells so the one over here is actually Ebola virus it's also enveloped now uh the parasitic protozoa that causes malaria is plasmodium the disease malaria is Vector Bond okay meaning that is uh is transmitted by a vector in this case the Edis mosquitoes plasmodium as part of its life cycle mosquitoes and uh part of it in humans you can see the parasite inside a human right blood cell is a single cells moles are multicellular most fungi do not cause serious diseases in humans in fact a lot of them are very useful to humans an example is saccharomyces cerebisca this is the biggest yeast bread making right and opportunist is an example is the candida albicans you can see the the picture of candida albicans here now an opportunist opportunistic pathogen right means that uh when our immune system is down it can actually turn around and actually attack us now most they can produce toxins that harmful to bed right however some are some can produce very useful compounds example they can produce antibiotics one example is penicillin produced by penicillium species chairmans are a living microorganisms and the hereditary materials usually is DNA Alpha bacteria okay now if we manipulate the DNA then now this bacteria can produce valuable products like enzymes hormones and therapeutic proteins one example is E coli this short form for actual coli they can be used to produce valuable products like insulin by manipulating the DNA of bacteria we can actually make them to produce toxins now cell line is a cell culture that can grow for a long time if given the right conditions a very good example is healer cells these are used in research biopharmaceutical companies produce therapeutic proteins or drugs they use troll cells a Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cells this these cells need to have very stringent conditions during manufacturing to minimize any contamination by microorganisms including mycoplasma species mycoplasma species is a Genus that does not possess a cell wall this makes them rather resistant to antibiotics especially those that inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls other possible contaminations include Hepatitis B virus hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus or HIV biological toxins are produced by bacteria or moles and they are harmful to humans one good example is a bacterium called clostridium botulinum it can produce a toxin which is a neurotoxin causing harm to the nervous system viruses do not produce toxins as they do not have the machineries to synthesize toxins which can be peptides or proteins we have come to an end to the end of the video can you remember the four categories of biological hazards see you in the next video bye