Overview
These notes summarize key concepts, constitutional principles, and terms from chapters 1–7 of POS 2041, focusing on foundational elements of U.S. government.
Constitutional Foundations
- The 1st Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
- The U.S. Constitution outlines the structure and powers of the federal government.
- Federalism divides power between national and state governments.
- The Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution, protecting individual liberties.
Principles of Government
- Separation of powers assigns legislative, executive, and judicial functions to different branches.
- Checks and balances prevent any branch from becoming too powerful.
- Popular sovereignty means government derives its power from the people.
- Judicial review allows courts to decide the constitutionality of laws.
Political Participation & Rights
- Citizens can participate in government through voting, petitioning, and free expression.
- Civil liberties protect individuals from government overreach.
- Civil rights guarantee equal treatment under the law regardless of race, gender, or background.
Structure & Processes
- Congress consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
- The President leads the executive branch and enforces laws.
- The Supreme Court leads the judicial branch, interpreting laws and the Constitution.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Federalism — system dividing power between national and state governments.
- Bill of Rights — first 10 amendments guaranteeing individual freedoms.
- Separation of Powers — dividing government responsibilities among branches.
- Checks and Balances — mechanisms that let each branch limit the others.
- Judicial Review — courts' authority to declare laws unconstitutional.
- Civil Liberties — basic freedoms protected from government interference.
- Civil Rights — protections ensuring equal treatment for all citizens.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review all amendments in the Bill of Rights.
- Read chapters 1–7 in the textbook for deeper understanding.
- Prepare flashcards for key terms and definitions.