in this video we're going to talk about unusual functional groups in addition to the regular ones as well so the first one we're going to talk about is a very common one this is an alkane it's a hydrocarbon it's saturated it's filled with hydrogen and it has the formula c5h12 this is pentane this is a cycloalkane because it forms a cyclic shape this is an unsaturated alkane it's not filled with hydrogen the chemical formula for cyclopentane is c5h10 notice that it has two hydrogen atoms less than pentane so the ihd the index of hydrogen deficiency is one anytime you have a ring the ihd will be one this is called a bicycloalkane by means two since we have two rings now because we have two rings the ihd is two in addition to cycloalkanes alkenes are also unsaturated hydrocarbons for every double bond the ihd will be one so that's an alkene this is a diene or you can also call it an alkidine and die means two since we have two double bonds the ihd for this molecule is two this is also known as a conjugated diene whenever you have alternating double single and double bonds you have what is known as a conjugated diene this here is an Alka triene it's also a conjugated ion I mean a conjugated alkene now sometimes you'll have double bonds right next to each other this is known as accumulated diene which also has a special name Allen if the double bonds are far apart from each other where they're not conjugated this is simply known as an isolated diene now whenever you have a triple bond you're dealing with an alkyne if the triple bond is in the middle of the chain it's an internal alkyne if it's at the end of the chain it's called a terminal alkyne the ihd the index of hydrogen deficiency for triple bond is two this is Benzene the functional group is an aromatic ring this is also known as an arine the ihd what do you think the ihd for Benzene is we have a ring three double bonds that gives us an ihd of four so if we were to compare that to hexing which has six carbons 14 hydrogens we could determine the number of hydrogens on this every time you have an ihd of one that means you have two less hydrogen atoms then the number of hydrogen atoms in a saturated alkane so the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that could be on six carbons is 14. with an ihd of four four times two is eight 14 minus 8 is 6. so the chemical formula for Benzene is c6h6 now when benzene is on a very long carbon chain it's going to become a substituent as a substituent it's called a fennel in organic chemistry 2 you're going to learn about this intermediate this is called the Benzene intermediate and is typically found in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions so think of a Benzene with an alkyne function group inside of it so it's called benzene now let's talk about alcohols so this is an alcohol particularly it's a primary alcohol because the oh group is on a primary carbon the reason why this carbon is primary is because it's attached to one other carbon atom secondary carbons are attached to two carbon atoms tertiary carbon atoms are attached to three other carbon atoms so that's a primary alcohol this is known as a diol particularly a CIS diol so the word die means too we have two hydroxyl groups this is called a thiol whenever you see the prefix style think of sulfur now in gen chem you know oh minus this is hydroxide in organic chemistry you're going to see something similar and this is called it's it's like a strong base just like hydroxide but it's called alkoxide so instead of oh what you have is or but both are strong bases now if o h is hydroxide and o r is alkoxide what do you think Sr negative is you deserve 20 bucks if you can guess the right answer this is called a thiolate ion I would be very surprised if you got that right so that's the thilay ion this is an ether it's abbreviated r o r what do you think this is if we replace the oxygen with a sulfur and we get the group r s r what is that called this is called acai ether it's also called a sulfide an organic sulfide now what if there's two oxygen atoms instead of one between the carbon chain what do we have here so this is no longer called an ether it's a completely different class of compounds this is called an organic peroxide it's highly reactive now what if we replace the two oxygen atoms with two sulfur atoms what do we have now this is called a disulfide so this is a sulfide this is a disulfide or an organic disulfide now typically you'll see these disulfide Bridges whenever you have the oxidation of a thial group so cysteine is an amino acid with a thile group when two cysteine molecules get oxidized they will form a disulfide bridge so typically you don't count to that functional group in maybe biochemistry when you go over amino acids now I'm pretty sure you've seen this in your bathroom or something this is called this is H2O2 and it's hydrogen peroxide hydrogen peroxide along with the organic peroxides they typically form they're typically associated with radical reactions in organic chemistry now what if we have a three atom ring with an oxygen what do you think that is called this is called an epoxide it looks like an ether but it's in a ring instead if that is an epoxide what is this so this is called an arine oxide also known as Benzene oxide now instead of a three atom ring you can have an oxygen in a four atom ring three carbons in one oxygen if you see this this is called occitane now sometimes you'll see this where there's an oxygen there's two oxygen atoms in a ring so we have four carbon atoms two oxygen atoms this is called an oxane specifically a dioxane now the oxygens they're one four apart let's say this is atom one two three four so this is specifically called one comma four dioxane now what's going to happen if we replace the oxygen with a sulfur in the epoxide functional group what do you think this is going to be called this is called thigh Irene we have a special prefix we don't have the thyroid part but we do have thi now there's another special class of cyclic ethers that I want to discuss if you're taking organic chemistry one you're going to see it when you go over sn1 sn2 reactions so this is called a crown ether specifically this is called a 12 Crown 4 ether there are 12 atoms in total four of which are oxygen atoms and 12-4 the remaining 8 are carbon atoms now you do have other categories of this type of ether what I'm going to draw is the 15 crown 5. ether so that's the 15 Crown 5 ether there are 15 atoms in total and five oxygen atoms the 12 crown for ether is very useful for solvayden lithium ions the 15 Crown V ether it's bigger it can solving a bigger ion in this case the sodium ion and the 18 Crown six ether is used to solvate the potassium ion so now let's move on to the next one let's talk about this functional group so we know this is an aldehyde anytime you see a Cho functional group you know you're dealing with an aldehyde this here is a ketone the aldehyde has one R Group the Ketone has two R groups the aldehyde has the hydrogen at the carbonyl functional group so here's a question for you if this is an aldehyde what is that and if this is a ketone what is this so this is still an aldehyde it also has a special name an alpha beta unsaturated aldehyde this is the alpha carbon that's the beta carbon the double bond is between you know the alpha beta carbons so it's an alpha beta unsaturated aldehyde but it also has another name it's known as an enol and it makes sense because here we have an aldehyde and we have an alkene whenever you're naming an aldehyde it ends in Al so for instance this four carbon aldehyde is called butanol so notice the suffix a l that tells you you're dealing with an aldehyde whereas if you're naming n alkene this is one butane so n is for the alkene here we have an alkene and aldehyde so it's called enol so if that's the case what do you call this one so we have a ketone with an alkene this is called an enone alkene plus a ketone enone it's also an alpha beta unsaturated ketone now if this is an aldehyde what do you call this let's say if we replace the oxygen with a sulfur what do you call it now so while you're thinking of that one I'm going to write up a few more go ahead and identify the function of groups if you know what what they are so on the left instead of an aldehyde what we have is a thiol so think of so if you recall a thiol is an sh group so like an alcohol but this thigh and then all ol here instead of the O Alpha thiol since we have an aldehyde kind of we have a l instead so thigh all they kind of sound similar thiol thiol it's kind of hard to differentiate them but the difference is in a instead of an o if this is a ketone what is that this is called thio Ketone so that one is easier to remember now if we replace the sulfur I mean the carbon with a sulfur but keep the oxygen there what do we have now so it's not a thio ketone it's something else entirely this is called a sulfoxide and if we have two double bonded oxygens on that sulfur this becomes a cell phone not cell phone but cell phone now we know this is an alcohol particularly this is a secondary alcohol because the oh group is on a carbon that's attached to two other carbons so that makes it a secondary alcohol this is an amine now it's not a secondary amine it's actually a primary Amine with a means it's determined differently for alcohols they're always attached to one carbon atom so the type of alcohol is determined by the type of carbon atom is attached to when you're dealing with a means the nitrogen can be attached to one carbon it can be attached to two carbons it could be attached to three carbons so the type of a mean is not determined by the type of carbon it's attached to it's determined by how many carbon atoms the nitrogen is attached to so for instance what type of amine is this is it primary second or tertiary this carbon atom is secondary this one is primary do you say it's a primary or secondary so it doesn't make sense to look at the carbon atoms in this case you look at the number of carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen so this would be a secondary Amine this is a primary mean because the nitrogen is only attached to one carbon atom so the rules are different when you're looking at amines and alcohols when you're determined if it's primary secondary or tertiary now if this isn't alcohol what type of functional group do we have here if we put a double bond right next to it and if this is an amine what is this so while you figure that out I'm going to draw some more structures if you know what the other ones are feel free to mention it as well so instead of an NH this is going to be an n o h so here we have an alcohol function group and an alkene if we can combine all within we get an enol here we have an amine with an alkene combining those two we get enamine or enamine now if you have a carbon double bonded to an n instead of an enamine this is called an I mean or an amine this is called an oxide I will be very surprised if you got that one if you've never seen it before now this is very familiar this is a a carboxylic acid now what happens if we replace the oh group with a chlorine or if we replace it with a bromine what do we get so this is called an acid chloride and this is called an acid bromide if you put them in water they will generate a carboxylic acid this will be replaced with the oh group now what do you think this is so instead of r c o o h which is also our co2h you'll see this is rco3h in Oracle 1 and Oracle 2. so if you remember this functional group this was an organic peroxide and here we have a carboxylic acid so when you combine those two you get a peroxy acid so combine peroxide with carboxylic acid peroxy acid so anytime you see rco3h you're dealing with peroxy acid now what's going to happen if we replace the oxygen with a sulfur atom what do you call this and what if we switch these two what would you call that functional group now what if we kept this the same and replace that carbon with a sulfur what would you call that and what if we add another double bonded oxygen to that sulfur so what are the names of these different functional groups so let's start with this one actually these two they have very similar names they're both called a thio carboxylic acid you can refer to both of them as a thio carboxylic acid so if you see this carboxylic acid just add value to it but how do we differentiate between these two so no the one on the left is called a carbo sioic s acid the acidic hydrogen is on the sulfur the one on the right it's also called a carbo thioic but instead of an S acid it's called an oacid the acidic hydrogen is on the oxygen but they're both known as thio carboxylic acids now this is not a thyro carboxylic acid that's something else entirely this is called asulfhinic acid and this one is even stronger this is called a sulfonic acid sulphonic acids are strong acids they have a PKA in the in the negative range depending on what the R Group is the pka can be like negative two sometimes even as high as negative seven for tsoh paratoluene sulfonic acid in contrast to carboxylic acid typically has a pka of around four to five if there's no electron withdrawn groups attached to it if you add an ewg to it the pka could drop to like two to three four carbslic acid what if we replace both oxygen atoms of a carboxylic acid with a sulfur what is that called and what if we don't have the double bond o on the sulfur what if we just have that what would you call these two functional groups so this one it's still similar to a carboxylic acid because oxygen is sulfur they're in the same group they're both calcagens in group 6A so it's still a carboxylic acid but it's called diethyl carboxylic acid because we have two sulfurs instead of one you can also call it carbo dye thiotic acid now this one it's still an acid we have an oh group with attached to a sulfur so this hydrogen it does is still relatively acidic but this is called a sulphenic acid with an e so instead of sulfonic acid sulfenic acid now let's move on to esters so this is an ester now what would you call a cyclic Ester what's the name for this type of functional group a cyclic Ester is known as a lactone now what if we replace the or group with an Sr group what do we get there and what if we replace the double bonded oxygen with a sulfur how does that change it so feel free to think about those in the meantime while I draw a few more functional groups both of these functional groups are known as thioesters the one on the left I've seen it referred to as thiol Ester and the one on the right I've seen it referred to as thiono Esther but they're different categories of thioesters so if you see Ester just add a file to it now what do you think this is because we're talking about Esters you know it's a type of Ester this is a sulfonate Ester remember if we replace the or with an oh group it becomes a sulfonic acid so switching the oh with an or group it becomes a sulfonate Ester on the right what we have here is called a phospho Esther now you'll typically encounter phospho s let me say that again you'll typically encounter phospho Esters in Biochemistry when you're studying DNA phospho ethers they're found in DNA molecules it's the bond that connects the phosphate group to the ribose sugar now let's move on so what we have here is as mentioned before and a mean but particularly a primary Amine since the nitrogen only has one carbon attached to it now what happens if we add a carbonyl group to the amine what does this become so this is a familiar functional group you know what to be an amide now what do you call a cyclic amide let's say if it's part of a ring system what is it now cyclic amides are known as lactums so instead of lactones which are cyclic Esters lactam like think of amide those are cyclic amides now looking at the amide function of group what happens if we replace the double bond o with a double bond n what is this is called amidine or amidine it's kind of similar to an Emmy but instead of this being a hydrogen or an R Group which will make it an immune the R Group is an nh2 so that's the difference between an immune and an amadine now what if we added another carbonyl group to the amide functional group so where the nitrogen is in the middle what is that notice that it looks very similar to this so if it's an oxygen in the middle this is called an anhydride but if you have a nitrogen in the middle this is called an imide very similar to an amide but you just have two carbonyl groups instead of one so that's an mide now let's compare the imide with other functional groups I'm going to redraw it so that's the mide what do you think this is so we have one carbonyl group with two nitrogens attached to it that is a carb amide a good example of that that we have in in nature is urea so urea is a type of carbamide if we were to replace the oxygen in urea with a sulfur group this becomes thio urea so Yuri is a carbamide that's the functional group for that now what if we replace one of the nr2 groups with an or let's make this a different color what does it become now so why are you thinking about that I'm gonna write up this one so what if we replace both and our two groups with or groups so this is a carb amide this one here is a carb a carbamate with an m Ester this part here you can see is the Ester part and this part looks like the amide part so carbamate with an m a m Ester now this is not going to have an m in it this is carbonates instead of carbonate so we have an N instead of an m but it's also an ester we can see this side looks like an ester so that's the difference between a carb amide a carbonate Ester and a carbonate Ester now what do you think that group is called and let's compare it with this one so with the NO2 group attached to a carbon chain that's the Nitro group if it's no this is the nitroso group so here how this is how the Nitro group looks like it's an R with a nitrogen attached to a double bonded oxygen and a single bonded oxygen this oxygen has a negative formal charge the nitrogen because it has four bonds has the positive formal charge in a nitroso group it looks like this you have a nitrogen double bonded to an oxygen and it has a lump here the nitrogen is neutral now what do you think this is oh o n o this is nitroso oxy so we have an oxygen in between the carbon and the nitrogen so the nitrogen is not directly attached to the carbon atom as in the case of the other examples so it looks very similar to the Nitro star group but there's an oxygen between the carbon and a nitrogen atom so that's nitroso oxy if you see N3 this is azide and it looks like this so you have three nitrogen atoms the nitrogen in the middle doesn't have a lump here the one at the end has a negative formal charge the one in the middle has a positive formal charge so that's the azide ion now if you see r N2 this looks like this think of nitrogen gas this nitrogen has a positive formal charge now the next one is the Azo group it's N2 as well but between two R groups so that's the ASO functional group now what is this functional group called this is a very familiar one so you should know this and let's add an oxygen between the R Group and the carbon atom and what happens if we switch the nitrogen with the carbon I mean with the oxygen let me draw a little different so on the left this is known as nitrile in the middle this is the cyanate functional group and on the right side this is ISO cyanate when we switch the nitrogen and the oxygen now with that being said what would you say for these functional groups for the nitrile what happens if we switch nitrogen and carbon what do we get the nitrogen is going to have a positive formal charge the carbon will have a negative formal charge so they won't be neutral in the case of the nitrile functional group now in isocyanate what if we place what if we replace the oxygen with the sulfur it might be more accurate to draw this way what do you call that and for isocyanate what if we replace the oxygen with the sulfur atom what will be the name for that new structure so on the left instead of nitrile this becomes ISO nitrile we switch to carbon and the nitrogen now instead of signing this is called thio cyanate and instead of iso cyanate this is called ISO thio signing so those are some additional functional groups that you want to be familiar with now we know this is an alcohol and we know this is an alkyl halide specifically an alkyl chloride you have alkyl bromide Ico alkyl fluorides alkyl iodides but this is an alkyl chloride now what happens if we combine those two groups into one let's say we have a chlorine atom and the hydroxyl group adjacent to each other so this particular molecule has a special name it's called a Halo hydrant it's when you have an alcohol and an alkyl halide right next to each other now what about if we have a CN group and an oh group so we have an alcohol and a Nitro group on the same carbon what do we call that so instead of halohydron this is called a cyano hydrant because we have a cyanide group instead of a halogen so the suffix doesn't change hydrant I think of like something hydrated like water the oh group you know if you had a hydrogen to it becomes water but here we have like a Halo alkane or a halogen here we have a cyano group so that kind of helps you with the naming now what if we have an nh2 group with an oh group on the same carbon what is that called this is called a carbinol Amine so carbinol for the alcohol and then aiming for the nh2 group now what would you call this let me draw that better let's say if there's two or groups on the same carbon what's the name for that here we're still going to have the same two or groups but there's going to be a hydrogen instead of an R Group here so this looks like an ether carbon oxygen carbon but because the or groups there's two of them on the same carbon it has a different name this is called a ketal it comes from a ketone this is called an acetal it comes from an aldehyde but sometimes this may be called acetal so when you see this just know this is a keto this is an acetyl but sometimes both are commonly referred to as acetals the word acetal is used more often than Ketel so just I want you to be aware of that now instead of two or groups what if we have an o h and an or group what would you call that and what if we replace the R Group with a hydrogen what happens then so this is called a Hemi Tau when I think of the word Hemi I think of like hemisphere half so we have half of an alcohol group and half of an ether group so it becomes a hemichita and this is a Hemi acetone now what if we replace the or groups with sulfur atoms instead what happens sometimes the r groups can be connected you can get like a protecting group these two are very similar in terms of functional groups the only difference here is the hydrogen and the arc the R Group and this needs to be an o so all we got to do is add file to this this is a thio Keto and this is a thio acetone this is a thio hemiketo and this is a thio Hemi Acosta what if we have two hydroxyl groups on the same carbon this is a diol specifically a gem dial this is a vicinal dial because they're on adjacent carbons but not the same carbon now let's go back to carboxylic acids so that's propanoic acid if we add a hydroxyl group to this carbon what do you think this is going to be called so this becomes an alpha hydroxy acid here we have butanoic acid the first carbon is the alpha carbon the second carbon is the beta carbon the third one away from the carboxylic acid that's the gamma carbon so the hydroxyl group is on the alpha carbon so it's an alpha hydroxy acid perhaps you've heard of it as a at aha this is used in lotions particularly for the purpose of exfoliation there's also bhas so if the hydroxyl group is on the beta carbon what you now have is a beta hydroxy acid in other words BHA ahas are more acidic than bhas when I looked up online according to Wikipedia the pka for this was around 3.9 and for this one it's 4.5 when the hydroxyl group is closer to the carboxylic acid it's going to make this oh group more acidic propanoic acid has a pka of 4.9 so ahas are more acidic than bhas they have a lower PKA value this particular aha is called lactic acid so now you know the difference between Alpha hydroxy acids and beta hydroxy acids what would you call this functional group and let's compare it to this one so here we have a ketone and a ketone so you can call that a Dye ketone but it also has another name a beta Dia ketone so relative to this ketone the other one is on the beta carbon this will be the alpha carbon this is the beta carbon so it's a beta dicetone now the Ester has more priority than the Ketone so relative to the Ester the Ketone is on the beta carbon so this is called a beta Keto Ester what would you call this functional group and let's compare it to this one so here we have a carboxylic acid and we have an amine so when you combine a carboxylic acid and an amine you get an amino acid which are the building blocks of protein this particular amino acid is called alanine but notice that the nh2 group is on the alpha carbon so this is Alpha alanine now what do you think the other one is called by the way the majority of amino acids out there are alpha amino acids this one is a beta amino acid I put Alpha instead but notice that the amino group is on a beta carbon so it's a beta amino acid specifically this is known as beta alanine now the body actually uses beta alanine along with the other amino acid histidine to make the dipeptide carnosine carnosine is found in foods and foods like meat chicken and stuff like that but that's beta alanine it's an unusual beta amino acid