all right so we're going to start here in Chapter seven where we're going to review the surface markings this is gonna help you with understanding what surface markings are named for and also help you with learning them on the different bones so we're gonna be looking at a number of different markings so the first thing you want to look at our depressions and openings and the whole point of having these depressions or openings is passage of nerves but vessels ligaments and tendons so Furcal bones are pretty solid and so we need in order for nerves or blood vessels to pass through we're going to need some sort of opening so the first one here is what we call a fissure a fissure is a narrow slit that's present some of the best examples of fissures are going to be your superior and inferior orbital fissure that are in the eye so if you take a look here you can see that these fissures located here in the eye are gonna be a passageway for blood vessels and nerves and a fissure is what we call a narrow slit on the other hand we have what we call foramen a foramen is a hole or opening and it's gonna be larger okay so it's gonna be a hole and so here's an example of a foramen right here okay this is going to be what we would call dee frame and magnum the biggest one just to the sides of each of those you can also see some other frame in that are located here some are going to be larger than others we also see that there's what we call a fossa a fossil is a more shallow depression a fossa is not going to be an actual hole but it's gonna be a depression and so again here on the skull these little guys right here are going to be faucets this is going to be where your mandible actually comes in and attaches hey to the skull we also see that there's some fauces like on the scapula this right here is called the glenoid fossa it's going to allow for the humerus head to come in here as well as on the humerus itself down towards the bottom you're gonna see some fauces okay so these little indentions that you see here in the bone or what we call a fossa another one we see is called a sulcus a sulcus is a groove or furrow and so in the humerus again there's a sulcus right here you can see it it's right here okay this sulcus is going to be present between two elevated areas so it's kind of like the valley alright and so this is considered a sulcus the last one here we want to look at is called a me a de samme itis is more of a tube like passageway one of the best examples of the meatus is going to be what we considered the external auditory meatus ok so we see that it's a hole on the outside of your ear but it's gonna travel through here it's a tube okay and it's gonna have the internal meatus okay so it creates a tube light passage for your ear the next one we want to look at are called the processes and these are gonna help form joints or what we would call articulations so one example is going to be what we call a condyle these are going to be round knuckle like projections or Prout protuberances and so again on the skull if we look right here these guys kind of look like a knuckle here this is a condyle all right this is called the occipital condyle also on the mandible you'll notice it looks like a knuckle right here this is going to be this is gonna be the mandibular condyle also looking at the humerus if we look at the end right here these are gonna be condyles okay they make it a joint this is gonna be for your elbow and then the femur has some of the biggest condyles feel like here's how they look like I said a knuckles right this is another example of some condyles another one that we see that helps make with articulations is gonna be a facet a facet is a smooth flat articular surface and so if you look right here on this vertebra you can see that this flat surface here is what we call a facet this is where a condyle is actually going to come in we then see that there's a head region on some of these bones these are usually a rounded articulation and they're gonna be supported by a neck and so the femur again is another great example of there being a head so you see here you have the proximal head and it's gonna have a neck right here okay so you have the head of the femur you also have the head of the humerus okay so here's another head of the humerus and then the radius also has a head so this right here is the radial head have the radius okay so it gives you some examples the next thing we want to look at our processes which tendons ligaments are either the other connective tissue you're going to connect to all right so it's going to be a place of attachment and so an example of this would be a crest you just have a crest on your hipbones so this is one of the hips okay so this right here would be considered a crest a large area for attachment two prominent Ridge we also see some bones have what we call a spinous process these are more of a sharp slender projection and you can see that right here on the scapula okay so the sharp more slender projection is a spinous process also on the vertebra we see that there can also be spinous processes you can see them right here okay they're projections off of the ends of the vertebrae another one that we can see that our projections are called epicondyles now epicondyles are above the condyles all right and so if these are the condyles right here are these knuckle like projections these projections up here are the epicondyles all right so it's showing you a little bit higher it's the epicondyles another example would be here on the humerus this guy out to the side is an epicondyle right here okay so it's a projection above the condyles which are here so it's an epicondyle now again some other processes that can help hold tendons ligaments or connective tissue are going to be like a trochanter trochanter ZAR found on the femur it's these projections right here there's a greater and a lesser trochanter so greater trochanter lesser trochanter hey these are very large projections and these are only found on the femur we also have what we call a tubercle tubercle or more rounded knob like projections these are found on the humerus now we talked about the sulcus already that runs right through here these two mounds you see are little kind of mountains that make that valley those are what we call the tubercles okay so on the humerus you have these tubercles and the sulcus runs in between them the last ones a tuberosity and tuberosities are rough bumpy like surface that's found on the bone on the radius you see this bump that's right here this is a tuberosity okay so this is gonna be a tuberosity we also see on the hip okay on the coxal bone this is a tuberosity it's a rougher area right here okay it's called the ischial tuberosity and then we also have on the tibia this little area this bump that you see here is the tibial tuberosity all right so it's gonna be a rough bumpy surface marking on the bone