hi welcome to educator.com this is the lesson on anatomy and physiology intro so we talk about anatomy and physiology as subjects they kind of go together you could take them separately in a school but i really think they belong together and here's why anatomy is the study of the form structure and location of bodily parts so let's take the pericardium for instance pericardium cardia or cartium derived from that means heart always perry usually means around surrounding so this is actually the sac that surrounds the heart it's made of connective tissue um in terms of this the volume that it contains a little bit bigger than the heart itself because it's wrapped around it it's located right here so those are some anatomical facts about the pericardial sac or the pericardium but the physiology of it is a bit more about what it's doing the study of the function of bodily parts and the processes involved with them how is everything in the body connected what is that organ doing with respect to the other one what's the function of these different parts so the pericardium if you consider the fact that inside of that sac there's a little fluid layer adjacent to the outside of the heart that fluid is kind of like lubrication for the beating heart and protective i mean think about it as like moving engine parts you need oil in your engine for it to function properly and the pericardial sac is about lubricating the heart and protecting it so there's some physiological facts associated with the pericardium when it comes to the parts of the body and what's in it you have to know about the building blocks of matter what are all molecules made of in the body what are all the tissues made of well it comes down to atoms all molecules are composed of atoms occasionally in this course you will see subatomic particles like protons and electrons and talking about what those do but more often it's atoms and bigger in this particular course so we talk about the different kinds of atoms on planet earth it really comes down to the different elements so if you remember the periodic table of elements from a chemistry course every single element its smallest functional unit is an atom so let's take the big three in the human body oxygen carbon and hydrogen so those three most plentiful atoms in the human body you're also going to see nitrogen calcium sodium phosphorus et cetera et cetera and we could list them all but yeah those are the atoms and of course if you remember from a chemistry course the inside of the atom is a nucleus with protons and neutrons with electrons spinning around the outside so if we put atoms together we're going to get molecules some common molecules you'd find the human body h2o water co2 carbon dioxide what we exhale and i'll also include o2 the difference between oxygen up here and oxygen down here is this is the gas that we're actually breathing in and using for aerobic respiration in our cells as a gas it's usually two oxygen atoms linked together with a covalent bond if we take a lot more atoms and put them together we're going to get what are called macromolecules and macro means big we're talking big molecules here these are also known as typically organic compounds because they're carbon based and have to do with life carbohydrates also known as sugars protein a very important one and let's also list dna that's another macromolecule rna these are all very big lots and lots and lots of atoms and these are the building blocks of life so when we put carbohydrates proteins fats dna stuff like that together in a very functional kind of form we can get organelles and organelles are pretty much the organs of microscopic cells all those working parts that allow a cell to stay alive most people have heard of the nucleus the brain of the cell kind of the control center where dna is stored and genetic material is expressed the ribosome ribosome is made up of mostly protein and pieces of rna which is similar to dna but the ribosome is the protein factory of the cell and let's also list mitochondria or let's say chondrion because that's singular chondria would be plural but this is the powerhouse of the cell responsible for making energy for the cell to function so when a bunch of organelles are arranged properly you get cells and cells i mean that's the basis of a biology class and of course anatomy physiology is a branch of that so we got to talk about cells um you can have red blood cells rbcs you you actually make at least a million per second and lose about a million per second uh that's amazing the the cycling of red blood cells inside the body also neurons neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system your brain is made of neurons spinal cord nerves made of neurons and let's go with macrophages macrophages are cells that hang out in your tissues we'll get to that in a sec and those swallow up foreign invaders they wrap their plasma membranes around and swallow up bacteria viruses stuff that doesn't belong in your body and destroy it when you put a bunch of cells together and they're organized in in the correct fashion and they have a purpose together we can call that a tissue one example of tissue in human body your epidermis the outer layers the outer few layers of your skin your integumentary system mostly dead cells you lose them constantly i'm actually losing thousands and thousands by doing this but i'll make some more don't worry other than that let's say cerebral cortex that's another example of a tissue cerebral cortex that's the outermost superficial layer of the brain you've got a lot of action going on in this few millimeters thick layer on the outside of your brain very well developed in humans compared to other animals so that's the cerebral cortex and how about mucosa mucosa that sounds like mucus right uh no coincidence so mucosa when we talk about the insides of organs that are secreting something you know letting go of some kind of fluid something that helps digest things for instance that layer that has a bunch of glands doing that business is called the mucosa so the innermost lining of the stomach mucosa organs hey speaking of stomach that's made of a bunch of tissues that help your digestive system so yeah the stomach definitely an organ the heart it's a well-known organ and i'm gonna name one that's not as well known the thymus yeah the thymus is an organ that helps with your immune system it's actually located just behind the breast bone or the sternum very close to your heart so that's the thymus and organ systems respiratory so all of those organs together associated with getting air in and out of your body getting oxygen into your bloodstream getting co2 out so you can exhale it the endocrine system which has to do with hormones not just sex hormones hormones usually uh are helping to regulate all kinds of organs uh in your body and what they're doing and how much of it they're doing and how about cardiovascular running out of room there but yeah the cardiovascular the heart blood vessels how you're pumping blood around your body and organisms you and me we are organisms of course made of cooperating organ systems and down the line all of the stuff's in us and it is very important all of it together so the relative positions uh those are very important when we're talking about anatomy and physiology so instead of saying like oh yeah that thing is to the left of that other thing or that thing's above it you can be very specific about how items are related to each other how tissues are related to each other inside the body so that if if i do a handstand and all of a sudden now my heart is below my stomach even though my body's upside down we can still use the same relative position based on where the heart is related to my stomach in my body regardless of how my body's oriented so the first one we'll talk about is anterior versus posterior and we could also say ventral versus dorsals the same thing in a human body these are all relative terms meaning i can't just say this statement the heart is anterior anterior to what or if i said the brain is posterior well posterior to what so it's all relative relating one part of the body uh to another so anterior always means towards the front like the front of my body posterior towards the back and ventral versus dorsal same thing in a human body so ventral that's the front side dorsal like a dorsal fin on a fish towards the back side let me draw some some quick human bodies for you just for the sake of labeling some of this stuff big torso on this guy all right so anterior versus posterior so when we're talking anterior definitely towards that side and posterior towards the back end for instance we could say the heart which is behind my breastbone is posterior to the sternum or breast bone which i'm tapping here because the heart is more towards the back than that particular bone we could then flip those two subjects those two organs or parts and use the term anterior i could say hey the sternum or breastbone is anterior to the heart because it's more towards the front now remember i mentioned that in the human body this is the same the reason why i specified that is because take a dog for instance a dog his or her head is pointed a little bit differently than ours with respect to the spine so if i drew a dog body here you would see that anterior on a dog is actually more towards the face not necessarily more towards the chest region because the dog's chest when it's standing up would be oriented towards the ground and the head would be you know that way or that way so you can see how dorsal on a dog is different than posterior dorsal on a dog would mean towards his or her back side where a dorsal fin would be and posterior would be towards the buttocks region or the tail but because of our posture it's the same in the human body so you can use these interchangeably anterior is to ventral as posterior is to dorsal same thing all right superior versus inferior this is about what's above or below let's use green okay superior versus inferior so superior more towards the head inferior more towards the bottom of the body here's an example earlier i mentioned heart and stomach so the heart right about here the stomach just down here we could say that the heart is superior to the stomach flip the terms you could say the stomach is inferior to the heart and like i mentioned earlier if i do a handstand it's the same thing another example let's say the eyes are superior to the mouth the mouth is inferior to the eyes medial versus lateral medial as the name states kind of means like median towards the middle medial along the midline so if it's closer to the middle of the body you're going to call that medial relative to whatever is lateral to it lateral meaning towards the sides either side so let's take the spleen okay so the spleen is tucked under right here on your left side next to the stomach and the liver is actually much more in the center so is the stomach we could say that the stomach is medial to the spleen which is more towards the side the spleen is lateral to the stomach so more out towards this way is lateral and more towards this way is medial med that's what that says med proximal and distal let's use black these terms always have to do with the limbs arms and legs always and it's a better term than using let's say superior and inferior for instance uh when we're talking about the arm i could say that my finger bones also called phalanges are distal to my humerus which is the upper arm bone here um distal means farther away from the trunk of the body regardless of where i put my arms that's the truth my fingers here are the farthest away from the trunk compared to everything else on the arms or the legs so proximal is the opposite i could say that my humerus is proximal to my phalanges my finger bones so that's how those work we could say it with the legs too we could say the kneecap or patella is distal to the femur which is the uh the thigh bone the actually the biggest bone in the body so let's uh let's do it here on the leg uh distal farther towards the bottom or away from the trunk and procs yep with arms and the legs and finally superficial and deep i'll go back and use red again so uh superficial more towards the surface the epidermis around the outside of your body is the most superficial structure deep means below farther inside the body so i mentioned the word mucosa in a previous slide mucosa is the innermost set of tissues in the stomach so you could say that the mucosa is deep to the serosa which is actually the outer layer of the stomach when we go back to skin we could say that the dermis which is below the epidermis is deep to the epidermis and vice versa the epidermis on the outside is superficial to the dermis so i'm just going to highlight a superficial part in yellow see the outside of this person's body is superficial just a reminder there of what that specifically means and those are the relative positions they're going to come up a lot when we talk about organs and tissues in future lessons body planes very important in terms of the study of the human body taking views or nice pictures of the insides of organs and how tissues are related to each other so if we uh if we took let's say the heart and the heart oriented just like this in my body if we took it out and then cut it like this so that you could see through the most anterior from the previous slide or ventral layers and inside the heart that would be a coronal or frontal cut so you could see that in blue here this plane that's going right through this person right through the middle of their body that's a coronal or frontal cross-section or plane so if we took the heart and cut right through it this way that's a frontal section uh we can do the same thing uh with the face specifically they're interesting images of the part of the skull where the the nasal bones or or the deep ones at least are just back there and you can see all the twists and turns of your nasal conchae and you'll see sometimes these visions of that part of the skull and it's a frontal cut sagittal let's do that in red so sagittal is actually this uh particular direction so if if this is the x-axis you could call this a y-axis um so a mid-sagittal cross-section means straight through the middle but this is also a sagittal one this is a sagittal one this is a sagittal one as long as it's oriented this way in terms of how the organ is cut so let's take the heart again a sagittal cross section would separate the left and right sides of the heart so that's sagittal and finally the third dimension transverse also called horizontal planes or sections that's anything that's like this so a good view inside the abdominal cavity in terms of how the organs are positioned relative to each other what's deep you know what's lateral compared to other structures that's how you would do that you would take a transverse or horizontal section straight through the abdomen like this um if we did it with the heart you'd be able to look down inside of the the ventricles the lower chambers or inferior chambers and the atria which are superior to that so these body planes very important for cutting through organs or getting a good view of the insides of your body and finally these are abdominopelvic regions this is applying some of the terms we've already gone over in this lesson to specific terminology with the parts of the body they usually come from latin terms like the word inguinal having to do with the groin or the term gastric having to do with the stomach so we'll label some of these regions and there's a few ways you could split up this part of the body in terms of talking about the regions so the two main ways the two main ways we're going to start with four quadrants so we could take this whole section here and split it up right next to where the navel is that's right on top of the navel really that's the cross section of these four quadrants and since they're called quadrants we know they'd have to be four so when we're looking at this person's body the right and left side is relative to him or her not relative to the viewer so if you're looking at my heart your right is actually the left side of my heart the left atrium and left ventricle and vice versa so with this particular guy even though this is on your left this is called the right upper quadrant r uq right upper quadrant so of course next to it over here would be the left upper quadrant makes sense you can probably guess what's inferior to that or below it the right lower quadrant and of course the left lower quadrant the right lower quadrant or lower right quadrant comes up in emergency rooms now and now and then because of an appendicitis if you ever experience a really sharp pain in your right lower quadrant or lower right quadrant go to the er we're talking sharp unbearable pain just down here below the stomach below your small intestine the appendix is actually a little little worm-like looking pouch coming off the beginning of your large intestine and if that gets infected and is not removed through an appendicitis it could kill a person so it's better to be safe than sorry if you have an appendicitis-like pain get yourself vr and that would be just down here in the uh the right lower quadrant then we move on to this particular one here we can divvy it up into nine regions let's use blue for that looks like tic-tac-toe those are the nine regions so let's start with the uh the superior parts right here remember it's the right side even though to us looking at it it's the left this is the right hypochondriac region what hypochondriac doesn't that mean somebody who thinks they're getting sick all the time yes that is one translation of the word but hypochondria also in latin could mean below bone or under bone and look in this part of the abdominal pelvic region you do have the lower or inferior parts of your rib cage or thoracic cage right here so the organs hidden under here some of it's the liver gallbladder a portion of this kidney here under the right hypochondriac region so on the other side left hypochondriac region and you can see that the liver not much of it's located over here but you do have a portion of the stomach a little bit of the pancreas and a part of the left kidney central right here or or medial to those regions you would say that this is the epigastric region which pretty much means over the stomach or above the stomach so that's the epigastric region when we look at this part here you can see the l3 l4 l5 and l2 is covered by that line same thing over here these regions you can call the lumbar regions because they are located right next to the lumbar portion of the spine l3 is lumbar three it's the third lumbar vertebra and the same with these we'll talk about those in a future lesson so this is the right lumbar and this is the left lumbar here you can call this the umbilical region because of that navel your belly button and finally we got three left this one down here you can call the hypogastric or pubic region it's below or really inferior to where the stomach is and and most of your digestive organs hypogastric can mean that or we can also call it the pubic region and it's obvious why that is here and here there's a couple names as well you can call this the right inguinal region and left inguinal region which means right and left of the groin area if you've ever heard of an inguinal hernia that's the area that would be located in uh hernias will come up in a future lesson and the other one we could also say is the iliac region and i'll explain why in a sec so this is left iliac right iliac because the hip bones or your pelvis bones each one of them it's actually two that fit together are actually known as ilia one of them's an ilium the other one is the left ilium right ilium left ilium and then the crest or kind of the peak of that hip bone that we feel below our waistline i'm touching them right now they'd be right right here and right here so they they actually are the lower parts of them and and part of the crest is actually found in this area it's called the iliac crest that that little part um so the lower parts the whole thing that makes up the majority of your pelvis they're known as ilia so that's why you could also use these terms the iliac regions thanks for watching educator.com