Okay. So last time what we have covered the basic classification right you are new student here. What's your name? Sanjana. Sanjana. Last time you were absent in that class, right? So we have started the classification system. Everyone got the complete completely whatever we classified the animals into five kingdom mona protesta and fungi plant and millia the difference was mainly five. Okay. So first was that unicellular. Good evening everyone. uh unicellular unicellularity and the multisellularity. Okay. Then the second was proaryot and ukariots. Right. And the third was your cell wall. Right. And the fourth fourth was your nuclear membrane. Nuclear membrane was absent in why the mona in the why the mona why nuclear membrane was absent in the monas? Because this is proarot. Any double membrane organ any double membrane cell organ is absent in the procaryot. Why the procarot is the simplest cell you know during that evolution of the living organism from the chemical substances the proarot was formed the earlier right so that's why even whenever whenever you just when you start making anything you just make the very simple thing suppose that if you start making the pots of the soils you know so you don't make a beautiful wash you don't right you don't make a beautiful wash with so many carvings in there you just made a single simple glass or something like that you know that the simple thing with the evolution also. So the first and the simplest thing was form the proarotic cell that was devoid of any kind of particular cell organ right. So next and the last was nuclear membrane nutrition. Nutrition actually depends on so many things. Suppose that when we talk about the moneras are the protoraphic and the neutrophic both know. So why we are saying the protophrophic and neutrophic both. Okay. So suppose it and the first okay write heading heading make the make the heading moneras make the first heading after the classification moneras this kingdom consist when I'm saying all only then there is no any exception okay so but when I'm not saying so there is existence of exception okay so when I'm saying it consist This kingdom consist all the proariots. All the procariots, all the procariots organisms or simply we can say or simply we can say all the bacterias all the bacterias comes under this kingdom or under the mona. All the bacterias comes under the bacterias they are unisellular. They are unisellular. Second point, devoid of Second point, devoid of Devoid of cell organals except devoid of cell organ except except specifically specifically double membrane cell organ. Specifically double membrane cell organ such as such as Akansa I think your mo uh your mic was on. Nucleus mitochondria mitochondria eri and so on and so on. It has a presence of it has the presence of this is your question. Ribosomes. Ribosome is one of that cell organal which is present in both ribosome. Which is present in both ukariots and proariots. Why? Because ribosome is one of that organels which is useful which is which actually involved in the functions of ribosome is your protein synthesis. So we'll understand this concept concept. Okay. Why there's a requirement of the protein synthesis. Okay. Suppose that if even we are ask if if we are saying any kind of any kind of whatever in present in our body h so that is your known as biomolecule. So suppose that they have some kind of genetic material. Do we know about the concept of the genetic material? Do we know this concept genetic material? Anyone? Your name is Dyanka right? Dvyanka was another one. Sorry. Okay. Whatever. Tanya, do we know a concept of the genetic material? Anyone? Look first of all we need to understand what is the gentle okay have we heard about the DNA and RNA what is that what is DNA and RNA this is your genetic material simply this is your genetic material when we are saying actually these are combinely your known as nucleic acid you know so first of all before starting of any concept just Understand? Suppose that we are making notes chapter by chapter h but in the biology, physics or chemistry and any subject all the topics are correlated with each other. It is very obvious the question will not come into your examination. Suppose that if you are covering the first classification so that does not means question topic. Question always come with your correlation of topic. So what is the genetic material? Genetic material is that kind of material which is transferred. H genetic material which is transferred from one generation to the next generation. H generation gene gene generic material say we term we coined the term gene and from gene we form the word is generation. As we say some simply okay this is your new generation. Akansa. Yes. Heredited material. Yes. Very good. So you what is a very common word in all these three your gene. Okay. So whenever we are saying we are inheriting some kind of property from our parents suppose that body DNA or RNA genetic material. What is the DNA RNA? DNA for that have a particular kind of coding that's completely fine no need to worry about it okay I'm just trying to relate it if I'm saying ribosome or another genetic material or we simply if we cover the viruses so have you heard about the corona virus everyone we have heard about the corona So corona virus genetic material that is your RNA. What is that genetic material and what is that means when we are saying it is transferring from one generation to the next generation. Okay. Do we do we know there are so many other kinds of diseases which are caused due to the viruses. Can you tell me any diseases which is caused by the viruses? Flu. Next. It is one of one of the very famous disease which is caused by the viruses. Thank you. No sir. Thank you. is not caused by the viruses any other disease. It's one of the very fatter disease in the world which is caused by the virus. Think thanks. Good. Say it loudly. AIDS. So what we what we know about the AIDS concept just make a dictation. What what we know about the AIDS? It is almost unccurable. H why it is unccurable? Actually acquired immune immuno deficiency syndrome. This is the name of the disease which is caused by your virus named HIV. Okay. So simply what happened? Simply what happened? HIV body the HIV the the body of the HIV like this don't go with the structure my drawing is very bad so HIV key body may this is your this is a genetic material of the HIV whatever other living organism that that all the living organism have certain certain kind of genetic material. Okay. So why the genetic why the why the medicine of the HIV or the viruses is very is very rare because medicine is whenever any kind of medicine works on this viruses what happens it just change or replicate into a new form because genetic material that is your RNA okay tell me this thing very simple if this if there is certain kind of a structure this and if a certain kind of a structure Which is more prone to the change? Which can be easily changed? The first one A or B? Tell me very simply say now class should be communicating you know it's not like only I'm talking and you guys is whatever you know just tell me which is which is more easy to change. Everyone knows this but we can change it any form that's that organism which having the RNA B is your RNA okay and A is your DNA so in human body when we are saying that we have some kind of characteristic which are transfer from our parents to the us that particular kind of genetic material is your DNA. Simply genetic material is something that which is coming from our parents. Suppose that sometimes okay this is like a mother or this which are similar like a father but we have heard certain kind of diseases are transferred from parents to the offspring. AIDS yes can also be transferred. So why we say that? So during the gamm is your sperm and ultimately fertilizing the sperm gamut. So during that gam formation certain kind of material transfer from the parents to the child concept easy complicated the process because we are reading because we are covering the science it is very obvious. So we need to know so what it is present in that sperm or in the ova that is coming in the jagot that is making that is help in the making of the jagy. Color blindness. Color blindness. We know what is the color blindness. We are the patient of the color blindness not able to differentiate between your red and green. This is a normal color blindness. Right? So suppose so some kind of disease which are present and you know what some kind of diabetes also some kind of diabetes also can be transferred from the parents to the child. It is not compulsory but some kind of okay why diabetes generally occur? Diabetes. What is the diabetes? As a simple we are just doing the conversation because whatever we are writing in our copy of course but whatever we are science is not only it should be in your mind also. So diabetes what is simple meaning of the diabetes overweight. Exactly. Insulin generally suggested do not eat sweet foods. So diabetes generally bodyucinal layer. So most of the inside fine blood vessels they absorb them muscles whatever the sugar or the carbohydrate is become low. So when what happened in the diabetes patient how we are relating with the diabetes with that ribosome just try to understand that blood glucose suppose that you are a person I am a person because in the diet I'm taking so much sugar and I'm just taking taking so much sugar so ultimately our body will response blood sugar manage that is your one of the hormone that is your tension disease that can be transferred from one generation to another generation and that disease is regulated by one of the hormone that is your insulin insulin insulin insulin relin Insulin is your hormone or nature protein or protein formation help. Now we get to know that means that protein is one of that thing of any living organism that is required to live. Even even they are even they are proariots but still they also want to survive so they will survive with the presence of that protein and that protein formation occurs form with the help of that that's why the question has been asked from this which of the cell organ is found in both the proariot and the ukarot nucleus nucleus mitochondria er or the ribosome why we are saying ribosome present in both of them. Okay. It has the presence of ribosome that has a function of the protein synthesis. Next, bacteria has presence of genetic materials. Bacteria has presence of genetic material. Okay, tell me just just simple concept. I just want to ask this question. has been started. So this this normal question DNA most probability or RNA most probability what is the higher chances to form everyone online students also tell me as the evolution has started from the simplest organisms so what are the chances to presence of DNA or the RNA maximum and why yes who said who who has to answer yes RNA Java true why the RNA will be hired Okay. And RNA can convert into another form. So we can relate with this thing organisms. They had to have to evolve. So human it doesn't occur. Right? very simple because we are not in that very evolving scenario you know we are the most stable and the complex can sustain in harsh areas. Yes. Yes. Rakshit very nice. So what happens look humans or the even if you talk about the animals so humans are highly evolved there was evolution up to that they are not really they're not very good with that computers that is not working very nicely but our brain Next generation while the physical activity will be very reduced for So this is evolution. Next generation has been increased because because the physical activity has been reduced but according to dependence of the external environment there are the evolution. So why as this process then we cover this process is known as translation So when the HIV and they have a different kind of RNA different Ultimately vaccine is made up of that viruses itself. We'll cover any other we'll cover it later. Write it down. Bacteras may what was the last one? Bacteria has presence of genetic huh bacteria has the presence of genetic material which they transfer which they transfer which they transfer in their offsprings in their offsprings with the process of cell division. with the process of cell division. The outer covering or the cell wall of bacteria The outer covering or the cell wall of bacteria is generally made up of is generally made up of peptidoglycen. Peptido glycon what we are saying generally that means not in all there is exception in some of the bacterias in some of the bacterias it is also made up of it is also made up of mucopeptide mucopeptide Bacterias are generally cosmopolitan in nature. Bacteras are generally cosmopolitan in nature. That means this this is your cosmopolitan. That means they can found That means they can be found everywhere and anywhere. They can be found everywhere and anywhere. Look that's why we said human are not possible to live thereact human can survive or any other organism can survive? No. But bacteras can survive there because they have different kind of modifications. Even bacteras generally we say But at the bottom at the bottom of the sea bacter because they have a different kind of modification bacteras type then we write about one of the bacteria that is ary bacteria. So suppose that what what occurs if we go uh if we go into the very very cold area or suppose that if we go in the bottom of that sea what will happen why can't we not survive why can't we survive sorry why we cannot survive the bottom of the sea tell me we can't survive yes pressure is too high so what happens blood pressure. So what I'm thinking to live on that top of that mountain what can we survive there? No. Why can't we survive again? There can be another factors also simple atmosphere. Good. Atmosphere one of the factor as we heard about oxygen concentration as we go up as we go up the concentration of the atmospheric pressure has become reduced. Oxygenationally oxygen is surviving. When we talk about the evolution, evolution is very interesting. Due to the change in the diet habit, there's a oxygen level. Yes, very good. Oxygen level is less. Okay. Fine. Everyone is answering that. So whenever we try to response. This is not very suitable. Some people do hiking because Atmospheric pressure. It is very high which is maintained by your external atmospheric pressure. But as we go up to the mountains that pressure is become reduced. Sometimes the person can die with the brain hemorrhage. So when we talk about the concentration of gases generally we say up to 8 to 10 kilometers atmospheric pressure but bacteras can survive thereific you're very specified no I want such kind of food I want only mineral water or sparkling water. No, no. I want only sushi h and I have such kind of c blanket to cover up myself. So, do you think you can survive there? Very simple. They don't want any kind of a specification. So, so they just modify themselves that way they can survive everywhere. Now write it down. Bacteras are Bacteras are many types. Bacteras are many types. Uacterias, aribacteras, sinoacteras, syobacteras, moplast. They specifically if the question will be asked even in four most of the survival rate most of your disease causing bacterias are your aracter they are very harmful You have you have you have you heard about this concept that even in the human body this type of bacteria are found where not in this time but yes in the digestive organs. Have you heard about this concept? organ.acterial We have not rightact medicine proacting that growth. It's okay. Okay. So bacteras can be both positive and negative. So in our in in the human body in the estim which help in the digestion process because that generally we have So what we see after some time decomposition what happens decomposition. So decomposition you know what is a very very important process for that environment. So bacteria decomposition generally bacteric. So what happens is they just start feeding on that destruct this body after some human body plant animal. This is the concept of the fertilizer. Just don't throw the plastic or any kind of undesissolving material. So after thatable work that means what we are trying to get the concept from here bacteras. Okay. decomposition process they can destruct any complex organism into that simplest form. Bacteras can do that and sometimeter that's why There can be multiple reasons. But some people take the probiotics. Probiotics medicines grow because bacteras are also important for your gut health. So that's why we take antibacterial medic they can be helpful too and microplastia is one of the very important concept. So look at that that look at that. That means some of the bacteras are not only depending on the others to make food but some of the bacteras can make their food by themselves. These are your syobacteras. They are not the decomposers. They just make their food themselves like the plants. So write it down after that. Cyinoacterias. Cyinoacteria. This is your one of the very important question you are writing answer you are writing. Cyinoacterias are also known as are also known as blue blue green aligy. Blue, green algae, malaria bacteras, typhoid. Good or Tell me. So tell me this thing actually question has been asked which of the following disease has been asked has been caused due to the bacteria or the viruses there's no play of bacterus just like your influena virus corona virus corona virus So tell measeneral typhoid. tuberculosis. Whatever we are feeding it is coming into your digestive organism. So this is your lungs. We seeactm immune system weak because of growth of that microacteria. Autorophic orphus there's a disease So bacteria can occur in the part of the bodyactase. Okay. So this form of bacteria which are feeding on the other body organ they are autorophic or hrophic. Everyone knows that rophrophic. Okay. Cyanobacterias are also known as your blue green aligy. One more thing last word but this is not aligy. Generally when we read about the aligy h we read about algae in your plants they are completely autorophic. Alligies just make their food themselves. They are completely but because that of the is found in the bacteras that's why blueg because they expect you to know these terms. So they are blue green algae. They make their food themselves. We are writing they make their food themselves. Due to the presence of due to the presence of light absorbing pigments. Light absorbing pigments. in their body. In their body with the help of them with the help please ma'am please repeat please. Okay. So cyanobacteras are known as the blue green aligy. H they do have they can make their food themselves. They can make their food themselves due to the presence of due to the presence of light absorbing pigment. Due to the presence of why the light absorbing pigment good very nice. Look why there's a need of light absorbing pigment because ultimately whatever the plants exception we'll talk about so plants make their food themselves h so anyone knows with and the process known as your photosynthesis so what happens in the photosynthesis why why we Good carbon dioxide photosynthesis. So for that we just try to link photosynthesis. What happens in the photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is your making of food. Making of food. That is your autorophic nutrition. We know this auto trophic nutrition. So what happen in the photosynthesis? That's it. CO2. Okay. or water. Okay. with the in the presence of CO2. Okay. With that C6 H12 06 what they make? They make glucose. And what they make but this whole process occurs in the present. This is your normal chemical reaction. glucose. But CO2 say if we making the glucose should be present this H will go into like that. So listen very carefully. This is also your question. And this breaking of water molecule occurs with the help of that sunlight. What is the main function or why the sunlight is necessary to break that water molecule? Write this definition. Write this equation because we are mentioning the autorophic nutrition. It's not necessarily plant. Whoever the organism occurring the process of the photosynthesis every kind of organism is occurring this thing you know. So this is your carbon dioxide and this is your water. Then tell me a clan dictate. Write it down. Everyone has written down. The sunlight. The sunlight is necessary for the breaking of for the breaking of or electrolyis or electrolyis of the water molecule of the water molecule. In the process of In the process of the photosynthesis, the photosynthesis in which in which CO2 or the carbon dioxide and water molecule in which the CO2 and Water combinely makes the glucose combinely makes the glucose in the plant in the plant and release oxygen. Gas and release oxygen gas in the environment. This is the mode of autorophic nutrition. This is a mode of autorophic nutrition which occurs which can occurs by both plants and bacterias. Next point in the autorophic mode of nutrition. So this process is occurring through your cyanobacteria. So cyanobacteria do this process. Okay. Next point autorophic nutrition. While next point bacteria shows bacteria shows two types of auto nutrition. So, two types of autorophic nutrition. The first is your photorophic nutrition and the second is your cheo autorophic nutrition. Why there's a presence of the cheoic nutrition? Tell me why. Such type of bacteria can survive in the even at the bottom of that sea. H why? Because in the generally seeenally upper surface when we talk about the water bodies epi and the hypo then we talk about that cannot go deep down in that body in that water body. So we are saying that there are other kind of bacteras which are the chemropy and what what they do there's definitely presence of some kind some kind chemical everywhere they also are because whenever the volcanic eruption occurs there's a presence of so many gases. So there is one of the major gases present that is your sulfur we'll try to relate it when we cover the biogeeochemical cycle. So when we cover the biochemical cyclement what is the percent of yes 17 oxygen Very good. Carbon dioxide 0.5 sulfur sulfur is not present in the gaseous form in your environment that's why we have never read about why think about it very very common it can be very easy also Huh? Please. What did you say? Why the sul is not present in the environment? While I'm saying it is present in the soil but it is not present in the environment. So, please why it is not present? exit out. So these are not that heavy. Can we just do that oxygen? No, we can't. Right. for then we talk about when we talk about the SO2 sulfur dioxide that's evaporation have you heard about That means they cannot survive like that. They can make their food. They can photophrophic. They make their food in the pres of light. Simple. Photorophic. They make their food in the presence of light. In the presence of light. While the chemotrophics they make their food they make their food in the presence of some chemicals some chemicals such as sulfur such as sulfur. So when we sulfury oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and nitrogen because of that first of when we study about the chemistry. So when we study about the chemistry particles RBC, WBC, plasma blood Simple drop 50% of the body's problem can be solved through your cheese whatever the chemical is present in most of the amount Body cannot act properly. No, this is not magic. This is just simple science finger drying water. Waterfr some of the bacteras can feed on some of the oils. Have you heard about it? presulfactulfact they are known as write it on next Bacterias which make their food with the presence of sulfur in the presence of sulfur are known as thio spiralum. spiral. because of spiral body shape. Yes, you have a question. Say I'm here to answer your questions. Yes. What's your name? What's your name? Rashid. Rashid. Soil ultimately science is related with that. I'm not I will not bother with your with anyone's question. Okay. Because I'm here to answer your question. Okay. And it's good that you you guys are asking the question. So whenever you start when the formation of earth occurred. So there was mainly two thing. The first is your pangia. Have you heard about this concept? And the second is your panthalsa. Pangia was your land body and panthasa was your water body. So when the formation has occurred starting in the So many required oxygen So we cannot we cannot respire. Clog whatever we are just releasing we are taking inside of that body then we connect this concept it's not like I'm just telling when we talk about the chemistry hydrogen helium. This is all about the chemistry. This is your one of the question. So they don't ask this question otherwise the earlier question was which was the gas uh what was the gas which was not present in the earlier environment hydrogen nitrogen oxygen oxygen was not present when the earth formation has occurred sulfur was the most suitable to form that simple as that nitrogen or look here nitrogen or oxygen involvement gasous for because they phosphorus comp. So they can feed they can make their food in the present. Last point of they are known as the spiral. Next point write it down. Bacterias are different in body shapes. different in body shapes such as spiralum, spiralum, cokai or caucus. Coke or caucus comma shaped comma shaped comma simple. Next point some of etc etc last. Some of the bacterias Some of the bacteras also have the flagagula also have the flagagula which is generally which is generally a threadlike structure which is generally a thread-like structure and Help and help in the movement of organal in the movement of organal or bacterias or bacterias. Next draw my plasma four type of bacteria. Myopplasma is the simplest, smallest unisellular organism. Organism full stop. These are the bacterias. These are the type of bacterias. These are the type of bacterias which say which which do not have which do not have the cell wall which do not have the cell wall. So if I'm saying the statement is all the bacteras have a cell wall the statement is the statement is false generally the bacteras have cell wall true. So now there is a exception last we'll also know that there are some exception until we are not sure we cannot take the mark all only or always okay if suppose that I'm saying bacteria consist the cell wall so the statement is true bacteria consist the cell wall we have seen in the graphic but if we see bacteria always consist the cell wall because there is exception of your plasma So they are also known as they are also known as Joker of the Plant Kingdom or PPL. The question has been asked from the directly. So simply the question has been asked that which are the joker of the plant. So this is your microplasma. Okay. So because there's absence of cell wall and there is not any specific structure also and this is one of the thing up smallest unisellular living organism. So there are mainly three things to remember that they are known as plant ma'am they are means microp microplasma uh who think they are also known as zokara plant they are means micro microplasma we are writing about the microplasma right okay ma'am thank you this is one of the type of bacteria and we are writing about the feature of the microplasma so they do not have cell wall And they're also known as the joker of the plant kingdom because they do not have cell wall. So they just take the shape of anything inside of that if they placed in such podium. So take this shape because they don't have the cell wall. So that's kind of similarity important of course of classification that is not required for us because we covering the science that's why so we are not thinking Bacteras. Last bacteras are also divided into two types. Bacteras are also divided into two types. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Gram positive and gram negative bacterias. They differentiated they differentiated on the basis of on the basis of staining color. On the basis of gram staining color. On the basis of gram staining color. And also and also the difference in the cell wall. antiotic antibiotic. They do not get that much antibacter. against differenc Okay. Same amount of water. So on the basis of that bodyacterally cause the diseases they can survive in the hardest environment. Aracteras. Arias. A R C H A E. Arias are the type of are the type of the gram negative bacteras. The gram negative what I have just said they can survive against them and also that means type of gram they can survive they can survive in extreme temperature in extreme temperature bracket coldest and hottest animal cannot survive where you can bacter sufficient. Next question. Simple questionedly. The only one question has been asked and that is the unisellular a bus. Question repeatedly. Protesters are unicellular ukareots. Unicellular ukariots. The cell of the protesters. The cell of the protesters consist Various cell organals. Various cell organals including including the double membrane cell organals including the double membrane cell organals such as nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome and so on. They are classified into they are classified into mainly three categories. Mainly three categories. protest because as the cell got complicated, right? So they become as the cell complicated from the multisellular to the sorry from the proarot to the uni to the ukarots they just gradually transformed into that complication. So next class what is the next kingdom of the after the protest fungi so they just converted into the form of fungi. So fungi are not the organ level of complication but they are the complication of the tissue level. So write it down. Okay look the the proto what we have mentioned the proto when we read about the animal classification. Okay. So plasmodium plasmodium then your amieba. Okay. Any any can anyone can tell me have if you have heard about amiba and amoeba. Do we know have you heard about the amoeba and online students? Have you heard about another another organism is of antibiotic and is your parasite that mean this is hydrophic. Write it down here. Malaria when we writing about the malaria parasite then example question we can we will just write Parame. But this is true if you're writing all the protesters are the unisellular. Yes, all the protesters are unicellular without any exception that all the protests are un writing about the fungi all the fun then we write no fungiasium Plasmodium. Plasmodium malarial parasite. Then ant amoiba antibal parasite. Intestinal parasite of human. Next heading fungi. Oh, one more. One minute last. They are both autorophic and neutrophic. Sorry. They are both autorophic and hetrophic. But they are not chey hydrophic. They do not make food in the chemo. bacteras. That's why protesters maybe are not writing that they are cosmopolitan right down they are both autophrophic and hotrophic uglina. Yes. How can we write on they both autophamprophic bracket parasitic formic form antiba and plasmodium antiba and plasmodium because they are dependent on the another bodies. H for their food. Tomorrow we'll cover the fungi and the plants. Okay. Any question Rashid? Sure. Thank you. Whenever the question will be coming into your mind, just ask me. Okay.