I've combined and summarized the content for my issues and debates videos into this issues and debates rev Vision Video if you don't understand any of the content I cover here go to my long videos for a full explanation but if you just need a reminder of the key points quickly this is the video for you but don't just use this video I've got a psych boost app and it's designed to test your knowledge of all the topics in level psychology actively using flashcards it's on IOS and Android and you can use it for all of paper one for free if in said you want tutorial support videos with questions from all free papers you can access over 16 hours of these as well as hundreds of principal resources over on my patreon but enough of that let's get started gender and culture bias in Psychology bias when a psychologist pre-existing beliefs and viewpoints influence their theories and data interpretation bias comes from personal experiences cultural background education political beliefs and gender related experiences universality is the claim of zer behaviors apply to All Humans regardless of differences in gender biology or culture if a hypothesis is not tested on a diverse sample this claim is an assumption and may not be generalizable gender bias in research happens when researchers stereotypical views about male and female Behavior affect their theoretical assumptions this leads to misrepresentations of actual male and female Behavior Alpha bias is the assumption that there are significant differences in Behavior between genders often leading to an overemphasis or exag duration of these differences between males and females B monotropic Theory beta bias is the Assumption there are no significant differences in the behavior of males and females often leading to an underestimating or minimizing actual behavioral differences Asher mgm's research androcentrism psychologists and theories that tend to reflect and support a male Centric view of the world this bias is due to the fact most psychologists who developed these theories were male cultural bias refers to interpreting and judging human behavior based on cultural norms and experiences ethnocentricism is when researchers consider their own culture or ethnic group to be Superior or the norm and use it as a standard for evaluating other cultures awor strain situation cultural relativism in Psychology is a principle that human behavior should be understood within the context of the culture where it occurs taking into account that culture's Norms values and beliefs dealing with bias Henrik 2010 found findings are argued to be Universal but are culture biased as they're conducted on weird participants Weston educated industrialized rich and Democratic 68% of research subjects in a sample of hundreds of studies in the leading psychology journals came from the United States and 96% were from Western industrialized nations to reduce the weird bias and psychology it's important to use diverse samples or replications across multiple cultures van aor bias within psychology can be reduced through greater diversity and equal representation among researchers this includes encouraging more female researchers to reduce androcentrism and to limit ethnocentrism indigenous psychology should be encouraged research that's conducted by individuals who are native to or deeply understand their culture under investigation bias within psychology can be reduce for a reflex approach which involves researchers actively reflecting on their beliefs values and experiences self-awareness helps the researcher recognize how these personal factors might influence a research process for example helping to identify stereotypes that could affect the interpretation participant Behavior bias and Reporting psychological findings can be reduced by clearly stating that the theories findings and conclusions are limited to the gender or culture represented in the sample and any claims of universality or difference should be supported by empirical data Free Will and determinism as a science psychology relies on deterministic cause and effect relationships to explain phenomena and make precise predictions these causal explanations are validated using the scientific method which involves formulating and testing hypotheses under control conditions hard determinism behavior is set by forces outside of our control internal or external with no role for free will soft determinism traits and behaviors are to an extent dictated by internal and external forces however we do have some level of control Free Will over our Behavior through conscious thought processes cognitive psychology Free Will individuals consciously decide their behavior without deterministic constraints humanistic psychology biological determinism behavior is set by genetics including the role of evolution and biological processes such as hormone and neurotransmitter levels and the functioning of brain structures biological psychology environmental determinism our experiences in the world shape our Behavior we've learned to behave in certain ways based on factors like reinforcement and growing up in a certain culture behaviorism and social learning theory psychic determinism innate drives shaped by child's experience form unconscious forces that determine Behavior examples include conflicts among the id ego and super ego fixations during psychosexual development stages and defense mechanisms used by the unconscious mind to Shield the conscious mind from anxiety psychodynamics the Free Will perspective has Faith fidy people have the conscious experience of agency feeling like they have the ability to choose their actions however determinists would argue this feeling is an Illusion by assuming the scientific principle of cause and effect applies to human behavior psychologists have successfully predicted and influenced Behavior such as the development of drug treatments implications of accepting a fully deterministic view include potential access to education and unemployment if violent offending can be predicted this may lead to interventions before a crimes committed arguing that behavior is due to a single determining factor is likely an oversimplification it's more accurate to consider Behavior as coming from the interplay of multiple factors holism EEG research by Leber 1983 showed a Readiness potential that appeared to make decision less than a second before awareness of a conscious decision suggesting that the conscious choices we experience are an illusion the nature nurture debate the nature nurture debate is an argument about the extent to which behaviors are due to the influence of nature biology genetics hereditary or nurture experiences learning environment nature philosophical nativist such as dayar assume biological hereditary genes is more important in determining behavior that of knowledge is present from birth and eight nurture philosophical Empires such as lock as human learning environment is more important and determining Behavior as knowledge comes from an interaction with the world the mind starts as a blank slate or tabular ARA the majority of psychologist take a complex view on the origins of behavior assuming a relative importance of each factor and an interaction between nature and nurture psychological theories closer to the nature perspective include the genetic expasion for OCD the mo Gene theory of aggression the genetic basis of schizophrenia bal's monotropic Theory and evolutionary theories psychological theories Clos to the nurture perspective include the covered love theory of attachment ainsworth's attachment Styles behaviorist theories or phobias social learning theory and cognitive theories interactionism goes beyond assessing the relative importance of genetic nature and environmental nurture factors in shaping Behavior it suggests that genes in the environment actively interact and influence each other the diis stress model individuals may inherit a genetic nature predisposition for a mental health condition diis the expression of disorder doesn't happen unless it's triggered by an environmental nurture stressor Freud argued that children experience biologically driven innate psychosexual developmental stages as the age Freud emphasized the interaction of these innate stages with a child's unique life experiences during each stage Ford and schizophrenia concordance rates are higher in monotic twins than in diotic twins suggesting genetics however the absence of 100% concordance implies that genetic and environmental factors play a role Tak a dichotomous View Behavior can benefit treatment development for instance assuming OCD is entirely due to a nature genetic factors affecting serotonin transport led to the creation of ssris as a treatment accepting Behavior as primarily influenced by nature or nurture has significant implications such as reduce sentences for criminals with certain genetic markers under the argument that they're not fully responsible nature and nurture interact through epigenetic modification DNA has chemical marks that influence how the DNA is expressed and environmental experiences can alter the epigenome especially in children holism and reductionism reductionism is studying complex phenomena by breaking them down into their simplest components and testing the individual elements empirically this is based on the scientific principle of pass the argument that the best explanation is the simplest one that fits the evidence biological reductionism biological psychology reduces complex human behavior to basic biological elements such as the presence or absence of neurotransmitter related genes environmental stimulus response reductionism behaviorism explains Behavior through simple stimulus response mechanisms for example they argue that adult behavior is a result of reinforcement in childhood holism argues a truly valid explanation of human behavior needs to include the whole person including fundamental biological environmental factors also complex social cultural experiences and how each of these components interact with each other levels of explanation explanations vary from those that are lower or fundamental level focusing on basic components or units to those at a higher more holistic multivariable level biological reductionism is considered the most basic level of reductionism then psychological explanations at are mid-level including including environmental stimulus response reductionism sociological explanations are a high level and holism is the highest level of explanation reductionism is a scientific approach as it enables objective testing of variables in controlled experiments helping to establish causation the holistic approach is unscientific as it can't isolate individual variables from empirical testing practically reductionism supports the development of empirical testing of treatments like drug therapies holism has resulted in client centered therapy and individualized therapeutic method that addresses multiple aspects of an individual's life reductionism is overly simplistic overlooking the complex interactions between multiple behavioral causes whereas the holistic approach might Overlook the significance of individual Elements by focusing two broadly on the whole reductionism can't account for complex aspects of Human Experience understanding the activity of each neuron can't explain Consciousness it's likely an emergent property not reducible to any one factor considering the the trade-offs between reductionism and holism should help researchers find a balance between reductive objective and empirical methods and also attempt to gather meaningful information ideographic and noetic hey there I just still watching I'm guessing you'll find this video useful as I release content right up to the exams don't forget to subscribe so you know when new videos are uploaded noetic research uses a large and representative sample of participants and findings generate new laws of behavior or support existing theories inferences are made about the broader population based on the behavior of the sample this process of generalization allows researchers to make predictions experimental techniques include highly controlled experiments and struct observations quantitive numerical data is collected scientific generalizations are made from the data to create universal laws of human behavior data tends to have high reliability arguably at the expense of validity ntic approaches include behaviorism social learning theory and bi logical and cognitive psychology ideographic research studies individuals subjective experiences behaviors and personalities there's also an attempt to understand the cultural social and environmental context that influences an individual as each individual is assumed to be unique there is usually no attempt to generalize Define general laws nonexperimental techniques including in-depth case studies content analysis and unstructured interviews qualitative words data is collected rich in detail on scientific idiographic data is unreliable as two case studies will always differ however data is arguably more valid truthful in its description of behavior ideographic approaches include humanistic psychology and arguably psychodynamics the ntic approach data is easier to replicate gather precisely and analyze using statistics enabling generalization of findings and prediction of future Behavior subjective bias is reduced through standardized methods and objective measurements however General Trends may not accurately represent every individual in a group fixed criteria users measurements do not give a complete picture of the individual the idiographic approach the rich and detailed information collected is a more valid perspective on human behavior while unusual cases are not generalizable they can generate new interesting areas of research or overturn incorrect theories however due to the depth and detail ideographic research can be a timec consuming process the Intensive data collection techniques can result in the researcher losing objectivity taking an integrative approach by using both methods allows researchers to combine the strengths of each providing a more holistic understanding of behavior ethical implications of research studies and Theory implications of research the consequences of constructing theories and conducting research for the participants and the groups they represent these groups could be small communities or entire social groups possible implications participants suffering due to a lack of protection from harm the public forming stereotypes groups studied suffering discrimination and governments using psychological findings to develop harmful policies socially sensitive research cabar and Stanley's definition studies in which there are potential consequences or implications either directly for the participants in the research or for the class of individuals represented by the research dealing with a socially sense of research reflexivity researchers should carefully consider their own personal biases beliefs and the influential position they and the responsibility they have to be objective and conduct research ethically care informing research questions is important so the group study does not misrepresented stereotyped ethics committees decide if the study should go ahead and use a cost benefit analysis considering the potential harms and benefits the research may have on the participants and wider Society researchers need to present their findings in a value-free way and make clear the limitations of their methods peerreview has a role in ensuring potentially harmful or misleading research is not published the true implications the costs and benefits of research are not known until after the research has been conducted and may only be clear many years after publication studies may have a high short-term cost but unknown long-term benefits controversy about conducting research in socially senstive Fields such as sexuality and gender may put researchers off working in these fields this is problematic as minority communities may end up being underst studied by psychologists examples of socially sensitive Research In psychology bal's theories of monotropy and maternal deprivation are a gender double standard placing pressure on the mother to sacrifice career goals to develop a strong attachment to their babies while minimizing the role of the father defining abnormality statistical and frequency an IQ below 70 is part of the diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability disorder people just beyond the cut off point set by psychologists may not receive the medical support they need genetic basis of aggression arguing that criminal behavior is inherited leads to the implication that the criminals are not entirely responsible for their actions this idea could negatively affect the lives of victims of crime who seek Justice mgms ofan research suggested that the perspective Germans must have been exceptionally obedient to go along with the horrors of the Holocaust was a stereotype most of us are capable of extreme obedience in the right situation don't forget you can now test yourself on the issues and debates unit with the Cy boost app if you want to try out the app all the topics in paper one are free and you can get it on iOS or Android if you want to see model answers to issues and debates questions or access my other resources there's also patreon speaking of patreon I do want to thank all of my patrons their support with the help of all of these students and teachers I'm able to teach part-time so I can work on the main mission of site based the development of a free to watch and hopefully high quality a psychology course so thanks to them good luck with your rision and I'll see you in the next side Boost video