hello everybody welcome back in this zoom video i am going to take you through some principles of classical conditioning specifically we're going to cover extinction higher order conditioning and stimulus generalization so classically conditioned responses do not necessarily last forever they can sometimes disappear or become extinguished if the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus so extinction is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response in classical conditioning extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus so here is a good example of extinction during the acquisitions phase right you have a conditioned stimulus followed by an unconditioned stimulus footsteps followed by food so what happens during the acquisition phase is the dog began to salivate more and more and more to the footsteps when footsteps is paired with the unconsistent food right so this is during the acquisition phase so eventually at day 15 for example or trial 15 the dog is fully trained to salivate when the dog hears footsteps even in the absence of food so extinction occurs when the dog hears the footsteps but then the footsteps the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by food the unconditioned stimulus right so the dog hears footsteps and the dog salivates because of the conditioned stimulus is eliciting a conditioned response but eventually over time if the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by food the dog will begin to salivate less and less and less until the dog no longer salivates to the sound of footsteps so when the dog no longer salivates to the sound of footsteps during the extinction phase you would say that his the dog's learn response has been extinguished often spontaneous recovery can occur after a learned response has been extinguished so after a response has been extinguished it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time with the exposure to the condition stimulus let's say for example that the dog's uh celebration was extinguished because the conditioned stimulus was no longer followed by an unconditional right so it became extinguished so maybe a day later or a few days later the dog hears footsteps so what happens is after the passage of time the condition response might occur spontaneously when the dog hears the condition stimulus in this case footsteps so you thought the response was extinguished but it actually wasn't fully extinguished so that's why in order to truly extinguish a learned response sometimes it might take multiple sessions where the conditioned stimulus is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus or extinction to to truly occur without spontaneous recovery in addition another principle of classical conditioning is higher order conditioning so a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus by being paired with a pre-established conditioned stimulus basically what higher order conditioning means is that you are using a conditioned stimulus to establish a second condition stimulus here's an example a dog bow is a conditioned stimulus right dogs do not have a natural reaction to a dog bone so a dog bowl is initially neutral but eventually dog bowl plus food right eventually the dog will begin to salivate to the site of the dog bowl alone if the dog bowl is paired with food so the dog bowl is a conditioned stimulus that eventually over time begins to elicit a condition response celebration let's say now that we turn the light on we show the dog the dog bow and the dog will begin to celebrate due to a conditioned response with repeated pairings of light plus dog bow eventually the dog will begin to salivate to the turning on of the light by itself right so in this case a conditioned stimulus a dog bow was used to establish a second condition stimulus in this case it would be the turning on of a light so here is a another example of higher order conditioning here is you have a condition stimulus a metronome the reason why it is a conditioned stimulus is because a metronome is um is initially neutral um dogs do not have a natural reaction to the sound of a metronome so if you don't know what the metronome is this is an instrument to to help with timing when people are learning to play the piano for example so the metronome will go so the sound of the metronome will help people learn to play the piano uh on time okay so the metronome is a condition stimulus followed by food and food is an unconditioned stimulus because food naturally elicits salivation in unconditioned response so eventually after repeated pairings of metronome and food the metronome will become a conditioned stimulus and naturally and not naturally but eventually the metronome the condition stimulus will elicit a condition response which would be salivation with higher order conditioning now you're going to present the dog with the black square the dog hears the metronome the conditioned stimulus and the metronome elicits a conditioned response salivation at the repeated pairings of black square plus metronome eventually the black square by itself will be able to elicit condition response so once again this is a conditioned stimulus is being used to establish a second condition stimulus this is higher order conditioning now let's give you a human example of higher order conditioning a swastika is a uh initially a neutral stimulus human beings are not born with a natural reaction to uh the nazi symbol of a swastika but because swastika is associated with great evil right you so you see a swastika and then you see pictures of dead people right and destruction so death and destruction is an unconditioned stimulus and death and destruction naturally elicits a unconditioned response which might be sadness or fear right so eventually right with the pairing of swastika plus death uh will it will elicit an unconditioned response right fear or sadness and eventually after repeated pairings the sight of the swastika in and of itself will be elit will be able to elicit a conditioned response would be fear or sadness that's just normal classical conditioning now imagine you meet joe okay and you say i mean joe was just a neutral person you don't like him you don't hate him he's just somebody that you don't have any any um feeling either way about joe okay so you meet joe but then you see that joe is wearing uh a swastika symbol on his on his t-shirt right and because swastika naturally elicits fear and sadness you're going to have a conditioned response of fear or sadness so after repeated pairings of joe plus swastika what's going to happen eventually the sight of joe himself will elicit a conditioned response which might be fear or sadness so this is like a human example of higher order conditioning so a third principle of classical conditioning is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning this occurs when a new stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response so let's say for example the dogs learn to salivate to the sound of footsteps okay so the dog hears and then they get food right so eventually over time the dog is going to salivate to the sound of the footsteps by itself but what stimulus generalization means is that any sound that resembles the sound the footsteps may elicit a conditioned response so it doesn't have to be that specific sound it could be a sound that sounds close enough the footsteps can potentially elicit that conditioned response of salivation so here's some examples let's say a dog in pavlov's experiment was conditioned to salivate to the site of a white jacket okay so the dog sees a person wearing a white jacket lab coat the dog gets the food the dog celebrates eventually over time the dog will never salivate to the site of a white jacket by itself right so the white jacket is the conditioned stimulus and the salivation at the side of a white jacket is a conditioned response now imagine pavlov said hey would you mind taking this dog home for the night because we're going to clean the cages just go with it and you say sure doctor dr pavlov so you bring the dog home and then your friend comes over and he wants to party and guess what your friend is wearing a white jacket so your dog sees that white jacket and slobbers all over your house right so that's an example of stimulus generalization the white jacket that your friend is wearing is similar enough to the white lab coat that it elicits a conditioned response stimulus generalization or let's say the dog hears footsteps coming down the hall and then the dog learns to salivate to the sound of footsteps okay now pavlov says hey would you mind taking a dog for a walk and you're like yeah sure dr pavlov no problem so you take the dog on the walk and you pass a clock shop right and when you pass the clock shop it goes tick tock tick tock tick tock right so that sound might be similar enough to the sound of the footsteps that might elicit celebration with your dog so that's another example a stimulus journal generalization so when you have stimuli in the environment that resembles the the conditioned stimulus enough uh that stimulus in the environment could potentially elicit a condition response so here's an example of of [Music] stimulus generalization um all right so you know this example we already covered it this is basic classical conditioning and with respect to learning how to salivate to a bill all right so you have chocolate chip cookies right which elicits happiness the chocolate chip cookies is unconditioned stimulus happiness is an unconditioned response right because cookies naturally make you happy no one taught you to be happy you just are grandmas are conditioned seamless because we don't have a natural reaction to the site of a grandma mutual response so after repeated pairings of grandma plus chocolate chip cookies we are happy because of the cookies and eventually we're happy when we see grandma by herself stimulus generalization would occur when anybody who looks like grandma can potentially elicit this happy response so that's stimulus generalization so we're not just we don't learn to be happy just to um seeing grandma potentially anybody who resembles her enough can elicit that conditioned response of happiness so so that's why have you ever met somebody and you just like that person instantly or maybe you don't like that person instantly well maybe classical conditioning can explain why you have those reactions to those people maybe it's because of stimulus generalization all right what is learned with classical conditioning you know what i'm glad you asked because i'm going to tell you for classical conditioning to be most effective the stimulus the stimulus to be i'm sorry the conditioned stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus i think i have some extra words there so for classical conditioning to be most effective the conditioned stimulus must proceed or come before the unconditioned stimulus so psychologists have done experiments where uh obviously did the experiments where the conditional stimulus was followed by the unconditioned stimulus right i'm sorry i said that wrong did the experiments for the condition stimulus was presented first then the unconditioned stimulus excuse me so uh the dog heard the bill it received food and salivation occurred eventually the dog began to celebrate to the sound of bill itself so yes classical conditioning occurs when the dog is first exposed to a conditioned stimulus then exposed to the unconditional stimulus yes it works psychologists have also uh did other experiments where the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus were presented simultaneously right so the food and the bill came at exactly the same time and eventually the dog salivated because the food elicited a unconditioned response which is salivation but the key question is did the dog learn to salivate to the bill [Music] when the condition stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together and the answer is no when the condition stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus were presented simultaneously classical conditioning did not occur if it did occur it took a long time much longer for the dog to salivate the sound of a bill and when it did salivate if it's elevated the condition response response was much weaker right so in general classical conditioning uh does not really occur when the condition stimulus and unconditional stimulus occur simultaneously psychologists also did other experiments where they flipped the order right so they presented the food first right the unconditioned stimulus then the bill then they presented the condition seamless right so i actually uh so the food right with illicit salivation but the big question is did the dog learn to salivate to the sound of a bale when the dog heard the bill after the food was presented what do you think [Music] the answer was no classical conditioning did not occur in other words the dog did not learn to salivate to the sound of the bill right so only classical conditioning only occurs when the condition stimulus is presented first followed by the unconditioned stimulus so what this tells psychologists is that classical conditioning is not merely due to associating one stimulus to another stimulus so classic goal conditioning is not due to associating for example the sound of the bell to food because the classical conditioning was merely due to associating bill to food then you should have seen classical conditioning in each of these three different experiments but instead we saw classical conditioning only occur when the condition stimulus was presented first and the unconditioned stimulus was presented so what this tells psychologists is that classical conditioning occurs because the first event the conditioned stimulus predicts the second event the unconditioned stimulus so once the conditioned stimulus loses its predictive power of the unconditional stimulus then classical conditioning does not occur okay class so then that is it for this zoom video and i will see you in the next one