Overview
This lecture introduces mainland and island Southeast Asia, focusing on its geography, early kingdoms, cultural diversity, and the impact of diversity on society and government.
Geography of Southeast Asia
- Southeast Asia consists of mainland countries (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam) and thousands of islands.
- The region is mountainous, densely forested, and features many major river valleys.
- Its position between the Indian and Pacific Oceans made it a vital crossroads for trade.
- The Himalayas make overland trade difficult, increasing the importance of maritime routes.
Early Kingdoms and Settlement Patterns
- Important early kingdoms: Mons (Irrawaddy River, Myanmar), Khmer (Mekong River, Cambodia), Tai (Chao Phraya River, Thailand).
- Most populations settled in lowland river valleys for better resources and transportation, avoiding mountainous regions.
Cultural and Religious Influences
- Southeast Asia was influenced by South Asian religions and culture due to trade.
- Hinduism arrived in the 4th century BCE, contributing myths, gods, and architectural styles.
- Thousands of Hindu temples were built, reflecting this cultural diffusion.
Diversity in Island Southeast Asia
- Indonesia and the Philippines have extremely high population and ethnic diversity.
- The Philippines has over 7,000 islands and 100 million people; Indonesia has 17,500 islands and 274 million people.
- Java is the world’s most densely populated island.
- Indonesia is highly heterogeneous (diverse), with over 700 native languages and several practiced religions.
- Indonesia is the largest Muslim country (over 230 million Muslims); it also has 29 million Christians.
Impact of Diversity
- Ethnolinguistic and religious diversity complicate decision-making and mass communication in governments.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Heterogeneity — a high level of variety or diversity within a population.
- Ethnolinguistic — relating to the combined ethnic and linguistic characteristics of a group.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Respond to the lesson viewing guide questions on settlement patterns and the impact of diversity on government and communication.