Anatomy and Physiology Concepts for the ATITs Exam

Blood Flow Through the Heart

• Blood returns to the heart via:
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Superior vena cava
• Pathway:
  • Right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle
  • Right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs
  • Lungs (oxygenate blood) -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium
  • Left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle
  • Left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> body
• Correct Answer: D (Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, then through mitral valve to the left ventricle)

Depolarization Phase of Action Potential

• Definition: Electrical signal travels through neurons.
• Ion Involved: Sodium ions (Na+)
  • Flow into neuron making inside more positive.

Order of Structures for Air Inhalation

• Pathway:
  • Nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
• Correct Answer: A

Insulin Production in the Pancreas

• Cells Involved:
  • Alpha cells: Produce glucagon, increase blood glucose
  • Beta cells: Produce insulin, decrease blood glucose
  • Delta cells: Produce somatostatin, inhibits insulin/glucagon
  • Gamma cells: Produce pancreatic polypeptides, regulate pancreas activities
• Correct Answer: B (Beta cells produce insulin)

Fight or Flight Response

• Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, prepares body for action.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
  • Rest and digest, conserves energy.
• Correct Answer: A (Sympathetic)

Pericardium and Heart Roots

• Pericardium: Two-layer sac around the heart
  • Inner layer: Serous pericardium
  • Outer layer: Fibrous pericardium
• Surrounds: Heart and roots of great vessels
• Correct Answer: A (Great vessels)

Voluntary Motor Control in the Brain

• Cerebellum: Coordination and balance
• Medulla Oblongata: Controls automatic functions
• Frontal Lobe: Voluntary movement, motor cortex
• Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information
• Correct Answer: Frontal Lobe

Kidney Filtration Unit: Nephron

• Structures Included:
  • Bowman's capsule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Glomerulus
• Not Included: Gallbladder
• Correct Answer: D (Gallbladder not part of nephron)

Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Filling

• Diastole: Ventricles relax and fill with blood
• Systole: Ventricles contract
• Correct Answer: Diastole

Semicircular Canals in the Inner Ear

• Function: Balance and spatial orientation
• Located in vestibular system.
• Correct Answer: B (Balance and spatial orientation)

Study Tips:

• Focus on pathways and key terms for each concept.
• Relate functions to physiological processes (e.g., sodium ions in depolarization).
• Practice regularly to reinforce knowledge.