all right welcome ape Scholars sorry for the delay uh it's always an adventure getting a YouTube live stream set up because I do it so infrequently thanks for showing up though here tonight to this semester one apes exam review we're going to go through units one through five uh just getting a chuckle out of seeing the speculations on where I was in the chat had to get the camera ready and get the lroy so um my students know if you have me at grp good old crack of the lacroy sound that means we're ready to roll so here we go I'm going to limit the Preamble because usually there's a whole lot of jibber jabber at the front of these that doesn't need to be there so let's just get right into it this uh exam season all right first I want to start here uh what should you do if you are in one of these three camps so some people here are totally panicking totally unprepared if that's you uh go to the ultimate review packet get the free preview so you don't have to pay anything uh it's going to have the four-step plan that's going to walk you through what is the best way to try to pass that exam in just a couple days so that's what you should do if you're totally panicked totally underprepared uh there's a link in the link tree I think uh our moderator is here somewhere sharing that in the link tree um thank you Kyra for doing that uh I'll try to get the link tree pinned but anyway that's kind of all the links we're going to talk about today if you are worried stressed but you're somewhat prepared I would work on experimental design and math skills that's what I've been doing with my students a ton um there we go Kyra is spamming the uh okay how do I star there we go oh no I didn't mean to sorry guys bear with me here I'm uh relearning streamyard as we go there we go so hopefully we got that uh comment starred from Kyra or pinned uh so that we can keep that link tree at the top let me uh let's see oh sorry I went over to YouTube Studio that was a mistake it moves too fast sorry you're just gonna have to search the link Tree on my channel somewhere um I can't figure out how to pin it and the chat just is out of control so anyway I would work on experimental design and math skills if you're worried somewhat stressed but you're fairly prepared and then make sure to do your lowest units of review so review the units that you know you need to review based on practice test info uh and then if you're not sure what units you need to review nine six and five nine is 15 to 20% of the exam six is 10 to 15% five is also 10 to 15% so make sure to hit those units in your review and then if you're not too worried you're like pretty well prepared first of all uh thank your past self because you must have done some studying throughout the year you must have paid close attention in class taking solid notes you've clearly been thinking like a mountain writing like a scholar all year so thank yourself thank your teachers thank your parents that helped you get here um and then just do a little lowest unit review if your McQ is lower than your F frqs or if your fqs are lower uh do some practice of rqs these slides will be in the um Linked In the video description of the replay of this eventually so you can access these slides if you are wanting to access those all right if you have questions I will try to answer those at the break but there's no promises um there's already almost 2,000 of us here and the chat just moves so so fast so I will see what I can do I will try to answer uh questions at the break between units but no promises I'm going to try to get us through this in an hour uh without going too far over time so you guys can go do some more studying so I can go to sleep and teach my students tomorrow but if you have questions that I don't get to you can try this deep learning AI chatbot so some students actually former AP students turned me into a chatbot and I'll copy the link and and I'll put it in the chat and then if I can get it without it going away I'll pin it there we go so now you should have the Deep learning AI chatbot for me pinned uh in the chat so you can go check that out if you want to and it will give you answers to questions so kind of like having me there to answer questions for you uh it's been trained on my videos it's been trained on some open source textbooks so it should have pretty good answers for you all right let's keep this show on the road here what are we going to focus on today we're going to be going through units one through five we're going to focus on the most confusing Concepts in those units some must no vocab terms so for each unit there's some really important vocab terms that sort of like punch above their weight class if that makes sense like using these will really elevate your F frq writing and increase the chances that you're earning points on your F frqs and set of missing points and then we'll go through some tricky F frq questions so you actually get to practice a few frq questions here today while we're going all right going to be more focused on the content here in units one through five than the chat for the next unit so through unit one but I do see a lot of good lock-ins in in the chat so I was just going to throw one of those up on the screen yeah let's get a good lock in this is one of my ape Scholars favorite favorite phrases H shout out to Alex if he's here from SE hour Alex from SE hour is just as he says he comes to class he says Mr SM I'm stupidly locked in today um so shout out to Alex and jaydon from sea they're always locked in so there you go get channel in that that lock in energy all right on we go to unit one so we'll get that ticker there so we know uh what we're looking at and then you guys can kind of follow along if you're wondering you know where are we in the course and also how important is what we're going through right now so unit one ecosystems here we go uh really important to have some basic carbon cycle information down but this is the more complicated stuff so what I'm doing today is I'm going through the hardest stuff that I think you're going to have the hardest time uh remembering in the moment and when when you're on the exam the stuff that you can't understand is easily on your own whereas the simpler stuff you can learn from you know videos ultimate review packet your teachers review packets AP classroom videos the videos on my channel so I'm just going through the hardest stuff here today all right so direct exchange this is a mistake that a lot of students make they talk about gases like breaking down or kind of dissolve well dissolving would be the word you'd actually want to use um but they talk about gases like breaking down or breaking part you want to talk about gases like CO2 dissolving into ocean water so there's this direct exchange the dissolving of CO2 back and forth between the ocean and the atmosphere because of this when we increase CO2 in the atmosphere it also enters the ocean leads to ocean acidification so remember that what happens to the atmosphere from a CO2 standpoint happens to the ocean algae and phytoplank can help us out by taking CO2 out of the ocean using it for photosynthesis and then organisms like Coral or mollusks or some zantin are going to potentially take it in and use it as their calcium carbonate shell so they're going to actually sequester for a longer period of time that carbon and then eventually they can actually die fall to the ocean bottom become sediments on the ocean and be buried over time become incorporated into you know calcium carbonate sediments that become part of sedimentary rock like Limestone so over time those organisms can kind of die sink to the bottom and become part of this long-term carbon sink at the bottom of the ocean so this is again one of the more kind of complicated uh steps here got a great question here from uh great username read my mind we're going out of the nitrogen cycle next so shout out to that user who knows right where we're going so in the nitrogen cycle you've got all these steps and it freaks a lot of students out I don't try to get my students to be so concerned about memorizing every single step as much as I want to make sure they remember nitrogen fixation it all starts with the nitrogen in the atmosphere that has that triple bond between the nitrogen atoms that can't be broken easily I should say by plants being fixed by bacteria that's the biotic process of fixation and those bacteria are nitrogen fixers they live in soil so there's freely living nitrogen fixers in the soil but they're also living in the root nodules of some uh plants such as legumes so these legumes they don't actually fix the nitrogen themselves and put it in the soil but the bacteria living in their root nodules nice little mutualism another unit one concept they do the nitrogen fixation add it to the soil so that's an important distinction there and you want to make sure if you're focusing on the nitrogen cycle fixation is one of the key vocab terms you should know and one of the key Concepts you should know look at that we got our first frq example the day describe an advantage of crop rotation using legumes on soil fertility so take a second to think about that one maybe say your practice answer in your head go ahead maybe type it in the chat maybe we'll give a shout out if there's a great answer in the chat but I'll give you just a second uh because again retrieval practice is key I've been saying this in all my videos you can't just listen to me talk about these Concepts you can't just read the slides that are in my link tree you've got to practice recalling it so try answering this question see if you you can answer in the chat or answer in your head and then I'll show the answer in just a second remember it's a describe so let's get two layers of detail I'm seeing a lot of puts more nitrogen in the soil replenishes it with nutrients these are more like identify level prompts so let's see if we can get a describe level prompt more nitrogen in the soil yes that's true but how okay this is the closest answer that I've seen so far this one might be this one might be it although I added this before I saw some other so let's see if AE got it an advantage of crop rotation using looms would be nitrogen fixation it provides installing usable nitrogen for plant usage and fertilized soil we're close we're really close with this answer I don't know if just saying it provides nitrogen fixation we'd really want to say it's going to increase or have improved but you you were really close here um to earning this point so you'd want to clarify that adding those doing that crop rotation will improve or add more nitrogen fixation all right Lots of great answers though in the chat well done you want to make sure though you're including that nitrogen fixation the whole point of this practice of our Q was to remind you guys that certain key vocab terms like nitrogen fixation really Elevate the chances that you're earning points on the exam um oh here we go one sec great shout out elvan cohorn cool name too um nailed this one this is like textbook quality answer here well done Ella all right trophic pyramid 10% rule I think a lot of us are somewhat familiar with the trophic pyramid but what I like about it is if you understand it well it explains a bunch so if you remember that all energy has to start at the base of the pyramid and flow upwards and that only 10% roughly flows on to the next level and that 90% has lost as heat or indigestible biomass there's kind of a pro tip like some organisms can eat the bones of all the other organism or the root of the plant or the bark of the tree or certain aspects of the plant that aren't digestable so it's not all just because of heat loss but you get the idea what this explains is population sizes so it explains why we can't have more rabbits than grass in an ecosystem and why we can't have more Eagles than snakes it also explains what happens if photosynthesis is limited so a big uh issue that trip students up on F frqs is is they'll say something like smog blocks the Sun and that's like bad for photosynthesis but if it's asking you to describe an ecological problem or explain um you might want to go a step further and say this is going to limit energy transfer from the plants that can't photosynthesize as much to the primary producers or consumers and this is going to have this whole ripple effect up the trophic pyramid so understanding the trophic pyramid and tapping down to an explain prompt can be a really good way to go this also explains why biomagnet ification happen so think about Unit 8 if you looked at this trophic pyramid and you wanted to know is there DDT in this ecosystem one place you might look is that eagle because it's eating everything that's below it by the fact that it has to eat all those snakes that ate all those rabbits that ate all that grass and so the trophic pyramid also helps explain biomagnification and then also why meat takes more land uh to produce you know a calorie than the amount of land it takes to produce calories from plants so it's roughly 10 times as much land because for every 10 calories of plant you produce you can only produce about one calorie of animal and so that just makes everything about 10% uh efficient when we're talking about meat production in terms of space and and water and whatnot all right here's our unit one must know vocab terms competition is a really important term to know try to use that in F frqs talk about invasives out competing natives or competition for limited resources maybe being a carrying capacity Factor nutrient availability talking about how many nutrients are in a soil can really elevate your F frq answer as opposed to just the soil is not good for growing plants um carbon sequestration so trees other carbon sinks being able to do that nitrogen fixation we talked about infiltration versus runoff is a big one remember when water hits a surface uh it basically it can evaporate also but in an Apes context we're often looking at how much of it is infiltrating the soil and how much of it is running off and we're going to get we're going to get into other Concepts that will get at that distinction here in a minute then you've got primary productivity which is the rate of photosynthesis happening the rate of solar to glucose energy conversion in an ecosystem just talked about the 10% rule and then energy transfer is a big one I've seen a lot of f frqs where students will say you know the arrows in the food web represent what eats what and that's not really what it represents it represents energy transfer so using vocab terms like that can really just elevate your writing all right I've seen a couple funny comments um and I gave myself a little picture of Nary here plus reminding myself to uh have a drink of water lroy in this case to Pace myself so we'll take a minute to do um uh shout out here for somebody's teacher uh Mr Pettit sounds like you got some dedicated ape Scholars and I saw a couple other kind of funny comments I'm not from Ohio but close someone else nailed it someone said Michigan I don't know if that's because it's one of my students or someone could just tell from my Michigan accent um but we'll do it we'll do a couple more shout outs now of course everybody's got theirs um got Mrs Jennings looks like you got some dedicated students here and we've got a oh got to do a Dr seor if you have a doctor for a teacher that's awesome so you gota sounds like someone with a PhD very very cool and then the last question here before we move on this is a cherry blossom cherry blossom is a phenomenal lroy flavor one of my favorites okay last teacher shout out for now we did get two so miss Gomez had a couple couple shout outs all right glad to see you guys are appreciative of your teachers um oh we did have one more shout out here although I don't know how to uh I don't know how to pin it but an tuber says Shout Out Mr Plumber and Miss Taylor please um yes absolutely if I could figure out how tock pin your comment I would do it but I can't so sorry all right let's move on to unit two we'll have a little bit more time for questions uh in between units two and three so resilience resilience is a big term this ability of an ecosystem to kind of bounce back or return to its add initial conditions after disturbance remember though populations can be resilient too so what I wanted to get at here is this idea that when we have a higher species diversity the ecosystem is more resilient but that's because there's a greater chance that some of the organisms some of the species I should say in that ecosystem can survive and then restabilizing it such as plants that provide habitat and food to animals that need that habitat and food in order to be an ecosystem the same thing applies at the population level though a population with a lot of genetic diversity has a higher chance that there's some organisms individuals I should say in that population that can survive the disturbance and then can repopulate the area uh and so you really want to try to understand if you can why there is that issue of um increased genetic diversity or increased species diversity leading to that resilience so it's good if you can uh actually understand why that happens all right we've got an frq example again already so try another one here explain how the species richness of an ecosystem influences its response to stress so we'll stop for a second and see if anybody wants to answer this in the chat while we're waiting for people I did notice this Super Chat thank you um apparently Dr vakka needs to stop using his yellow Jeep I don't know is it releasing a lot of air plutons uh maybe a lot of particulates coming from that exhaust pipe you know you could do a study on this so uh if you want to study this yellow Jeep you could put a rolled up manila envelope with a coffee filter stuffed in it weigh the coffee filter ahead of time put the envelope kind of rolled into a funnel with a coffee filter on it and run the exhaust through it for a minute and then you can measure once it's dried the particulates that have accumulated on the uh on the coffee filter so there's a way to actually quantify the the PM coming from the Jeep all right lot of great answers coming in let's see if we can snag one so we've got resilient in a lot of them that's good we're using that VAB term so this is a pretty solid one um I don't know if it's exactly where it needs to be it'd be nice to have that word resilience but we do have recover so a higher species richness will allow for a higher chance that some species Will Survive the environmental stressor so that's good and that will help the ecosystem recover be it'd be nice to have something about how those plants support the animals in in the ecosystem or just working in that word resilience or resistance but this answer is pretty pretty close all right well done Anna on we go to ecosystem services so a lot of students get hung up on ecosystem Services they're really concerned about the difference between regulating and supporting and I just wouldn't worry about that so much it's not a huge key um definitely go with what's on AP classroom which is um uh a little bit different than one of the classifications that I have in my slides but I included a disclaimer slide um that's in my link tree if you want to really dig into this but I wouldn't I wouldn't be super concerned about um the provisioning and or I mean the regulating and supporting ecosystem Services the thing to remember is I have the dollar signs here to remind you that ecosystem services are typically going to come back to a human benefit so a lot of times students get them confused with just like things that are happening in an ecosystem in general and so you want to try to make sure you're keeping them straight from like ecosystem functions or habitats and connect it back to a benefit for uh humans right so a provisioning ecosystem service we take something from it a regulating ecosystem service it stabilizes conditions that we rely on like storms not being so bad they destroy our crops or our homes I think we actually have another RQ example already so let's try another one here since we got a break to I did notice got another um get another Super Chat so I'll try to try to honor those if you hey if you've got 20 bucks that's burn a hole in your pocket and you want my answer to Drake or Kendrick you know uh more power to you I guess so you know the Drake song is a little catchier at first but the fact that Kendrick dropped 10 minutes after and how deep he went with with all of his information I mean I have to say if one of these two men is thinking like a mountain and writing like a scholar it's Mr Kendrick Lamar definitely um he is definitely the one thinking like a mountain and writing his bars like a scholar um so I'm gonna have to go with Kendrick uh on this one I did see Kendrick Lamar in concert with uh baby Keem over in Detroit that was a great show uh so yeah I would have to go with Kendrick Drake has some pretty you know he's got some good songs but more of a Kendrick uh fan in this beef favorite Frank Ocean song self-control easy uh great song but it's hard to pick a favorite I guess actually because they're all so good okay back to the regular schedule programming here uh let's see if we can find somebody with an ecosystem service that's being interrupted o here we go Sophie well done Sophie Asian carp are invasive not invasive but your reader would give you that point probably because context they know you mean invasive which out compete native that's big you want to use that phrase out compete negatively impacting the provisioning resources and causing harm to local fisheries and the econ economy that word Fisheries is Big because you didn't actually say what the provisioning resource was at first and then you went to it by saying it's Fisheries um so that helps for sure all right okay an tuber we appreciate it but it is uh look after the exam let's just do a music live stream we'll do that and then we can get all these out of the way but yeah self-control great great um Frank Ocean song but on we go yes great job Sophie great music opinions too in the chat you love to see it uh so Sophie's point would have been this decreased fishing due to carp out competing native so very well done Sophie yeah we got to stop hijacking the chat with music even though these are great conversations it's a great Point Novo yep we got to think like a mountain right like Scholars here so keystone species this is not a question that I'm asking people to try answering I just wanted to put this definition on the screen because the definition comes straight from uh an old frq which is that keystone species a lot of students just think they're important or they just think you know they're really key or like the ecosystem would be gone if you took them away or something like that but we want to try and be precise here we want to say things like they have a large environmental impact relative to their abundance so think about this you know not many beavers relative to how they literally create a whole new ecosystem by flooding these rivers with their dams and creating these ponds that create these whole new Wetland ecosystems that bring in all these other organisms so even though there may be only you know a few dozen beaver in an area they have this huge impact relative to how many of them there are the other idea is that you have reduced ecosystem stability when they're gone or the reduced uh ecosystem function kind of when you take them away uh so they increase the stability they increase the functioning of the ecosystem the transfer of energy the literal stability of the ecosystem we're talking about mangroves that like anchor the coast right so then describe how the dams built them can make them a keystone species so we've got they're going to create a habitat or they're going to modify an existing habitat there's going to have fewer floods which keeps the ecosystem more stable when an ecosystem floods lot of disruption soils lost organisms die we get a disrupted ecosystem so notice how these answers are getting at this stability of the ecosystem that's added by what the beers are doing so we really want to think along those lines how does the ecosystem benefit stability wise energy flow wise functioning Wise from the addition and maintenance of a keystone species all right unit two must know vocab terms I'm going to get Quizlet sets with all these in them with definitions um so that we don't have to spend tons of time on them here on YouTube so if you're watching this replay especially a lot of people will watch the replay go to the comments or the video description and there'll be a Quizlet link and it's going to have definitions for all these terms too we talked about resilience the reason that I have genetic species and ecosystem diversity is it's so important that you specify one of these three levels if you're talking about biodiversity on an exam if you just throw biodiversity out there it might help you out on like a describe prompt you're getting at kind of why biodiversity is decreasing let's say but if you can speak specifically to genetic diversity species diversity or ecosystem diversity you're really elevating the quality of your answer ecosystem service remember we want to con connect those back to things like provisioning resources or tourism like a cultural resource range of tolerance range of tolerance is a good thing to say instead of like the species the organism is going to die let's say the temperature exceeds its range of tolerance now it might have heat stress or might have an increased respiratory rate and that's going to cause it to die or have stress so it's better than just saying the thing died it's better to say something more specific about its range of tolerance being exceeded and then some sort of effect that's happening specifically because of that adaptation is an important term to try to use as well when we talk about the adaptations that organisms have to survive in an ecosystem uh or evolution is happening because natural selection is favoring the organisms with an adaptation that allows them to survive in that ecosystem and then of course keystone species uh we just went over all right we're making good Pace here um we're 30 minutes in and we started a little bit late we're already in unit three so that's good um we'll do another just break for me to catch my breath see if we have any teacher shout outs in the comments oh oh that's not the question I meant to highlight okay this is the one I was going for got Miss Watson she's cool and fun she's a citizen in three countries Canada Brazil and Germany she's really awesome and a great teacher and would love a shout out yeah sounds awesome uh I've been to Canada I've been to Bolivia which is right next to Brazil but I haven't been to Brazil been to some of the forests that they share I've never been to Germany but dishinger is German part of my last name um so all right um let's see oh I know your teacher well Mr de Ron and he is absolutely goated yes he is he's the best yeah he and I know each other well uh he's a great guy and a great apes teacher all right got Miss stz there's there's so many I I love the love for your teachers um but there's just so many we've got to keep going we got one more here uh Miss herlocker hopefully I pronounce that right we got all the trophies there cuz you're such big fans of her and then we got one last one here before we go on can you shout out Camille and Paul thank you King smees all right oh and he's got his own YouTube channel too funny moment and clips fail and reacts that's good go check them out okay on we go to unit four unit three sorry uh biotic potential biotic potential is a term that can show up on the exam but I don't think we emphasize it enough in class as teachers it's just basically the maximum growth rate so if there were no limiting resources how fast could an organism grow sometimes this is called the intrinsic rate of increase although that term is a little bit older I don't think you'd expect to see it on this year's exam but you never know uh doesn't hurt to have some of these terms in your back pocket the other reason I want to pull pull some attention to this term is that we use the letter R here to sort of of denote this massive like exponential growth rate that happens with biotic potential and that's why we call our selected species our selected because our selected species grow really rapidly usually at first they do run up against limits eventually but at first they grow really rapidly uh and they're capable they have a high biotic potential they're capable of a fast growth rate so the maximum growth rate of an R selected species like a spider is faster than the maximum growth rate capable of let's say an elephant uh and so they both have a biotic potential but one is higher the spider than the other the elephant then when we have logistic growth which is what happens more with our K Strategies when they bump up into that carrying capacity uh we get a leveling off and we call this the logistic growth so there is initially some rapid growth but they hit a you know competition is an upper limit or they hit an upper limit of resource availability or space or any of those uh constraints on population size and that's where the K strategists get their name from so instead of trying to memorize the K andr strategist you can remember K strategists typically reach that caring capacity size and they stay pretty stable there they usually don't have massive die offs and massive increases in their population because they take really good care of their young they grow slowly they're kind of slow and steady wins the race so they exist near their carrying capacity that puts that an advantage puts them at an advantage in a stable ecosystem that's not fluctuating really dramatically because they can adjust of those resources that are there and kind of slowly raise their young and just exist you know close to that caring capacity all right time for a little math so I haven't seen an frq about this in a while um this question is well timed so I also will put it up yes I have a video from last year I'll dig it up and make sure it's on my link tree later tonight you can put formulas in your calculator and that is not cheating it's totally legal it's in the College Board handbook like this specific phrase it's like students do not like caps locks do not have to clear the memory in their calculator so if you want to store there's basically like four formulas this would be one of them CBR minus CDR over 10 equals the growth rate as a percent um you could store rule of 70 if you can't remember 70 divided by the growth rate you know if you can't remember that one you could store it you could store NPP minus gpp or NPP equals gpp minus RL you got to get it right if I'm going to give you an equation and then you could store percent change new minus old over old times 100 that's really it though um someone asked a question here this is a good question so I'm going to put on the screen what about dimensional analysis there's no formula for dimensional analysis dimensional analysis is just this idea that actually I don't even really know totally what it is other than that little railroad I'm not a math teacher you guys dimensional analysis is like get your unit conversions and get the units on opposite sides of the division line and get rid of them um that's how I teach it again not a math teacher so uh I don't even know where the where the phrase actually comes from other than your you know changing units but there's no formula for it that's the hard part about it I have a video though that works on it that you should check out just search Apes math it's also in the um four-step study plan that I recommended for people at the beginning of this um that you can find the free preview of The Ultimate review packet and so I would definitely practice dimensional analysis uh there's just no formula for it so there's really nothing you can put in your calculator that's going to help you out with that and then one last question here before we go on um there's going to be a video on this so off the top of my head like I don't know I haven't used a TI 83 since I was in high school and or college and so there's a video that I have though that teaches you how to do it and I'll I'll put it on my link tree all right then we've got doubling time almost every year there is a question about doubling time um it it just it sneaks its way into exams and so I would memorize the doubling time it's just 70 over the growth rate as a percent is the number of years it'll take to double so for example 70 divided by 1.2 which is the global population growth rate whenever I pulled that data probably 202 that would give us a global population doubling time of 58.3 years I don't I know if that's going to happen because of a bunch of TFR factors so I don't know that Earth's actually going to double we may not hit 16 billion I think demographers think we're going to hit 10 or so 10 or 11 and we'll actually talk about some of those reasons why in a minute but just from a math standpoint if the 1.2% growth rate stayed constant we would double in 58 years all right let's do a practice this one has a little Wrinkle in it so be careful here see if you can figure out how to do this practice excuse me this practice at RQ while people are working this out Eric asked a really good question the biggest mistake that students make on the math it's not knowing how to do dimensional analysis um I want to say that like almost every frq from the past 3 years which is you know six different sets of F frq that are publicly released almost every one has had at least one dimensional analysis question so the biggest mistakes students make is they don't get comfortable being able to do dimensional analysis they don't get comfortable just being able to do unit conversion and that's why that math review video I have is so important and that's why practicing dimensional analysis is so so important there's an extra dimensional analysis practice sheet in my four-week study plan I know you're thinking the exams in 3 days I don't need the four-week study plan but just go to my link tree and grab that four-week study plan just for the extra free dimensional analysis practice that's in there if you're worried about it so Eric phenomenal question you need to be able to do dimensional analysis now a lot of people are giving the number of year or I'm sorry the number of years but they're not actually giving the year so I'm seeing a lot of people that are getting to 256 but a lot of people are just giving the doubling time in years um the problem is I think they required you oh no you're good uh 2056 so yeah when you add the 37 and you know Point whatever you can round down to the nearest whole number and that's going to give you 2056 so well done Lily along with quite a few other people who got to uh 2056 that's why reading slowly and reading every question twice is really important a lot of you just got to that year but you didn't notice that the question said calculate the year not the number of years so yeah that is how you would do that one there here's somebody who showed Oh that was more than I meant to show I meant to show this person who sort of did the steps so this person had a nice way of setting up just just showing kind of all their work there so that people can understand how we got to that question here's another one yeah this this is a good um definition of dimensional analysis going kilometers to meters uh we're going to do some dimensional analysis practice on Wednesday night so there's actually going to be a third live stream that I didn't put on my channel yet but I just know people need the math practice so much and they need experimental design practice that we're going to do some we're going to do another live stream Wednesday night so show up Wednesday night and we'll do a little last minute review all right uh now we've got the stages of demographic transition what I like about this is it reviews birth rate death rate and kind of affluence and and government policy and other things as well so in phase one which really there are no stage one countries you have both birth rate and death rate are really high but then in phase two you get things like access to clean water increased food stability more access to health care and the death rate just plummets but the birth rate stays high and that leades to really rapid population growth so a lot of countries are in Phase 2 these are what we would maybe say developing um I think developing isn't maybe as politically correct these days as a less developed country um but uh you get the idea when we talk about yeah the development of an economy kind of moving along from from agrarian to to industrialize then when we get to stage three the death rate really has dropped quite low and the birth rate starts to come down as well and when that birth rate starts to come down the population growth slows so the population is still growing but the growth is slowing on the age structure diagram at the bottom that's where we get that kind of house shape where we get the stable sides and then we get it kind of coming in towards a Peak at the top so it looks sort of like a house um you can definitely say developing in an FR frq someone will know what you mean and I I I think in many places to a developing economy is is still the accurate kind of phrasing to use I just know sometimes there's a whole bunch of classifications for this and developing is fine I wouldn't get hung up on it stage four countries are like sometimes called highly developed or postindustrial these are where the society has gotten so affluent and the citizens are pursuing so much higher education and so much career and then frankly just like vacation and Leisure opportunities that they just have so few kids that the birth rate actually drops down to the death rate or even lower they're going to get a birth rate down like under two um maybe even lower than that and that's going to lead to a population that either shrinks if there's no immigration or grows just a teeny bit um so Japan is a good example good good work on the comments here Japan's a good example I don't think the US is quite considered stage four it's a good question I would considered more late stage three our birth rate is below 2.1 but we have immigration that leads to still uh net growth of the country uh and the and the birth rate isn't like dramatically dramatically low um so Germany and Japan are more of your your classic example so there's another another good example well done all right let's get to some unit 3 must know vocab terms we talked about rnk selected already generalist and specialist remember uh to I think everybody kind of knows the generalist and specialist distinctions but it's good to actually talk about their their Niche narrowness or their Niche broadness or their food their specific food requirements or their broad food requirements talked about biotic potential and carrying capacity remember your age cohort so if you've got an age structure diagram frq question which there hasn't been for a long time so you never know you want to think about the pre-reproductive 0 to 14 reproductive age 15 to 44 and post reproductive age 45 plus and you want to compare the relative sizes of those so when you get a really big 0 to 14 teenage cohort indicative of a huge population I shouldn't say huge population indicative of a large population growth rate relative to the 15 to 44 but when you get to that more stable size where our 0 to 14 you know base of our pyramid is similar in size to the 15 to 44 kind of middle of our pyramid the reproductive age folks then you're getting closer to stable population size or very slight growth that's more like your late stage two into stage three or really stage three uh and then if your 45 plus is is actually larger than either the population below or is pretty big in comparison to those two then you're getting closer to stage four population uh or stage four um stage of of demographic transition affluence just means wealth uh so as a country becomes wealthy as its citizens especially its girls it's women become more educated TFR drops total fertility rate so this is because one just knowledge of of contraception knowledge of um yeah the female reproductive system the ability to go to school for longer the ability to pursue jobs and put off that first age of having a child all of that drives TFR down as countries become wealthier and women uh and girls get access to more education we did the rule of 70 already and then we just did our Phase 1 two and so um yeah um someone asked a good question you could certainly use the increase in contraceptive use as a rationale and F frq for TFR to drop that typically happens as the country becomes more wealthy um economies can produce contraception they can build more hospitals with doctors that can prescribe contraception so there's a lot of reasons that affluence brings with it contraception and and then of course a lower TFR all right and a good definition here just for people that are wondering one more good comment here just four stages in Apes why I don't know but I'll tell you guys a little funny Insider baseball in the first week of June um Apes teachers go to Cincinnati and that's where I got this shirt here the AP environmental science um reading so some of your teachers may go to Cincinnati too and do the do the exam grading but we're there with econ macro and micro and we're also there with human geography so sometimes when we're eating lunch we see uh we see AP Human Geography teachers and they'll talk to us about like why is why is there no fifth stage of demographic transition and and I didn't really pay close attention to the conversation that was happening but I just thought it was funny that when I was in Cincinnati eating lunch in between grading you know frq all day I heard an apum Geo teacher and an Apes teacher and they're kind of debating like why does our CED have five stages and ours only has four so um I know you said earlier no still not from Ohio I make the journey from Michigan down to Ohio to grade exams down in Cincinnati okay we'll do um we'll do just a couple teacher shoutouts in between units here Mr Park has a watch party in Indiana for his students that's awesome he turns 53 on Wednesday Happy Birthday Mr Park excellent that is that's awesome a watch party for the live stream that that's pretty cool um all right we also got a shout out here for Miss Seward sounds like she's amazing okay and then last one here for now this is a great one inspires Kevin to beat a human every single day Kevin I don't know if you've told Mr Johnson this Mr Johnston but Kevin make sure to tell Mr Johnston this because that is what teachers hope to do all right on to unit four unit four is also you'll notice 10 to 15% of the exam um oh last one oh I also know Miss gums oops not that one um well miss miss brager too but uh there we go we got to give Miss gums a shout out uh I do know Miss gums through the Apes teacher Community online she is awesome and great uh great work being a good ape scholar of hers Ryan okay on we go we'll do more at the end of unit four and five but we got to keep this train moving holy smokes a lot of lot of text here so let's let's dig into this though this is an important slide permeability is how easy water drains through a soil and it's something that you should be able able to link to different things like groundwater contamination but also to how you would want to build a landfill so putting more clay in a landfill lining is going to be a lot better low permeability leech's not going to get through pore space is how large and connected the pores are so soil has larger pore space that allows for greater permeability you want to be careful with the term porosity it's kind of counterintuitive technically if you ask like an agronomist someone who studies soil Clay is more porous because it has more total empty pore space in it it's just that those pores are tiny and not connected but because there's so many clay particles it actually has more por space I know that's kind of counterintuitive uh but that is why I avoid the term porosity I would not use the term porosity itself on the exam if you want to write about Poe space or size write about pore space or size if you want to write about permeability how fast the water goes through write about permeability um okay on we go all right buckle up everybody I got to take another drink of lroy for this this is a brutal slide um one of the most complicated slides in the course but I'm going to go through it here with you to hopefully help you understand it better so sun is most direct at the equator that's a key fact back of unit 4 that helps understand helps you understand a lot of things because that sun is more direct at the equator that warms the air at the equator and warm air particles move around becomes less dense and it starts to rise as it rises uh it's under less pressure is further away from Earth surface so it expands um as it expands it cools we call this adiabatic cooling because it's not cooling because of actual heat transfer it's cooling because it's rising and expanding so when the particles get further apart uh physics Ash physics I don't teach physics but physics states that that air will cool as it expands in volume now it's cooler so it can't hold as much moisture and because it can't hold as much moisture some of that water condenses and Falls to Earth as rain so this is why we get the tropics this is why we get the heavy rainfall that we see at the equator that air then rises again because of latent heat Rel so when that water condenses and Falls as uh rain we get some heat release and that actually warms the air temporarily which causes it to rise even further so now it continues to rise and eventually hits the tropopause the tropopause is basically troposphere below Stratosphere above it hits it and that sort of acts like a cap that causes it to spread out so now it starts to spread out and then as it gets to 30 degrees just because of how far it's been spreading out it starts to sink down there and when it sinks it has less moisture because it's rained at the equator it's lost a lot of moisture but also uh it's sinking back down to earth so it creates high pressure and very dry excuse me high pressure dry desert-like conditions because it doesn't have very much moisture anymore and it's sinking back down to earth literally pushing on the Earth surface but it's also getting closer to Earth's surface so it's under more pressure from the atmospheric layers above so that leads to uh these desert like conditions that form at 30° the final thing I Know It This is complicated the final thing is that that air is going to flow from 30 degrees back towards the equator basically because of the low pressure created by the air leaving at the Equator so that's what causes it to flow from 30 degrees north and south back towards the equator I know this is really complicated but huge shout out to Brennan it is convection but with air that's basically what it is is um it is it is a convection current all right now let's go on to when it gets really interesting the Coriolis effect so because Earth is spinning and spinning from west to east uh objects have this appearance of being deflected like if you were to stand at the North Pole and throw this baseball straight down towards the equator it's going to have this appearance of Landing uh you know not the direction you thre it because of the Earth spinning beneath it so it's going to have this appearance of Landing kind of to the west of where you threw it because the Earth is spinning west to east the opposite direction so even if it goes straight the Earth has spun while it's traveled uh and so what happens is you get this wind that comes from 30 degrees north going back towards the equator it's deflected the opposite direction of earth spin so to a lot of students that makes sense they get that here's the hard part why does it switch from 30° moving towards 60 Dees why does it now deflect to the east with the direction of earth spin this is super comp complicated um and the GIF that I was hoping would help explain it doesn't load apparently you can't show the GIF through uh whatever this platform is called stream there so that's a huge bummer there's supposed to be two trains and one train is traveling faster than the other and then you're kicking a soccer ball from the faster train towards the slower train so the soccer ball goes in the direction of the faster train so imagine there's a train at 30° Earth is spinning faster at 30° than 60 degrees so that wind traveling from 30 towards 60 ends up ahead of the location it was aiming on 60 because the 60 degree Earth is traveling slower the reason it's traveling slower is because uh of the smaller circumference at 60 degrees versus 30° so 30° has a bigger total journey to make in 24 hours compared to 60° smaller total Journey to make in 30 hours 30 hours 24 hours um okay I realize that is incredibly complicated but I wanted to try to touch on this at least there is a 4.5 video on my channel that you can go watch if you are totally lost the key thing I would say if you're totally like I cannot remember any of that if you can remember that 30 degrees to the equator we're getting these trade WIS that go uh from east to west sometimes we call them the Eastern trade WIS if you can remember we have those there and then that we have the Westerly in the US right so 30 to 60 degrees where most of the US is we're getting our weather from the West think about like when I'm in Michigan I think about looking at Wisconsin or Chicago to see if we're going to have a snow day um that's how I remember we get the westerly's there if you remember those two details that will help a lot so if you're really confused by all of this but you can just memorize that between 30 and zero we get that those Eastern trade winds and that's because the equator is spinning faster than 30 degrees so as you go towards the equator it's like the equator's zooming kind of by it sending those those wind uh currents deflecting to the opposite direction uh that will that will help a lot especially when we get to elino and linia speaking of which elino and linia I know these are complicated terms but let's go through them here so before we we understand elino and Lino we have to remember a normal year and then we also have to remember this happens in the equatorial Pacific uh and so Spanish speaking fisherman off the coast of South America first discovered this and it typically sets in around Christmas time which is why they call El Nino or the arrival of the little boy AKA baby Jesus so bet you didn't know that was the origins of helinho maybe you did um um back to the normal conditions though in this part of the world equatorial Pacific in the normal conditions uh we have the trade winds blowing east to west what that does is it blows this warm surface water that accumulates because of the sun heating the surface it blows it from east to west and it upwells cold water uh off the coast of South America because the cold deep water brings nutrients and oxygen up to the surface leads to great fishing and so if you're a Chilean fisherman you know pretty good conditions in a normal year due to that upwelling it leads to kind of Rainier warmer pressure over the uh Australian kind of Southeast Asia side of this uh region then when we get to an elino year the trade WIS reverse and that's really the main thing they reverse or the uh weaken reverse on an frq I think you could probably get away with saying either one um but they basically are not nearly as strong and that leads to this warm surface water pooling up near the coast of the Americas instead of being blown away and that shuts off the upwelling so now the upwelling is kind of suppressed because our thermal Clin or that kind of um gradient between the warm surface water and cold water beneath is flat it's not allowing that cold water to up well and bring those nutrients uh and oxygen up to the surface that fish need so it's also going to be bad for fishermen off the coast of South America we're going to have drier conditions um po potential drought uh on the west side of this region so over by Australia and Southeast Asia and so that's going to be an issue for them agriculturally however you can also get increased rains and heavy flooding uh in the Americas so that can be kind of an excuse me economic problem and then when we have linia year I like to remember La for larger direction or larger intensity of the normal wind direction so we're still going east to west but it's just more intense Trad winds so it's actually going to put even more rain and more warm surface waters over in Southeast Asia and Australia and the upwelling is going to be even better in linia uh it's going to lead to drier conditions though on the America side of this region all right here we go for some mustow unit for vocab we got permeability we talked about that soil texture remember that all soils have some percentage of sand silt and Clay so you could get them put them in a jar let them settle and you would see what is their percentage of sand silt and clay and that would tell you a lot about them it would tell you about their nutrient holding capacity more clay helps retain more nutrients uh it would tell you about their permeability more sand allows more water to quickly permeate through um so that's an important soil factor to understand the troposphere and the stratosphere the it's important to remember the difference between these is Ozone is bad in one and good in the other for humans in the troposphere it's an irritant damages are lungs our eyes leads to smog um but in the stratosphere it's like allows life on Earth and so it's really important to remember troposphere is down near Earth stratosphere is that next layer up um tropospheric uh ozone formation yeah not helpful for human life whereas stratospheric ozone formation and maintenance critical for human life lroy critical for me making it through the end of this live stream talked about the trade winds and the Westerly um having known those prevailing wind patterns is important insulation we didn't talk about so the amount of solar radiation coming into an area um is is important it can be measured in watts per meter squared so take an area of land how many watts of light are coming into it Greater at the equ equator less at higher latitudes that explains things like biodiversity explains things like temperature patterns on Earth surface temperature patterns got the rain shadow effect um that's 4.8 so go check out the 4.8 video if you have no idea what that is uh it is an important concept to know basically on the windward side where wind is hitting the mountain and traveling an air mass traveling up it we're going to have more rain it's going to be drier on the leeward side or the side facing away from that body of water uh where the wind is is coming up that mountain and then a watershed so all of the land basically think of it a land funnel draining into a central body of water so my students and I are in the Grand River Watershed in Grand Rapids our school's named after it and then we have a little tributary of it called Buck Creek that we're going to clean up uh next uh the week after the exam actually and so uh yeah if you're looking for a good post exam project ask your teacher if you can go clean up your local tributary of the larger River or lake that's in your Watershed all right I'm going to take just a little bit of a break do a couple more teacher shout outs or questions before we get to unit five and we'll wrap up um only about a half hour late all right got a shout out here from real cringe to miss sandstrom she's about to get married it would mean a lot looks like you've found the channel helpful so that's awesome got another shout out here miss McLendon oh physics and apes so she's a true true scholar all right you love to see it love to see it all right got another um trophy series here please shout out Mrs mayard she tries very hard to teach us and she has surgery on exam day oh wow yikes well we hope her surgery goes well well um everybody here in the Apes Community let's wish Miss Maynard a a a good surgery oh we got another teachers are getting injured out here Sean's teacher too U Mr McIntyre tours ACL but he still comes in to teach every day because he's the goat excellent that's true dedication tearing the ACL and and coming in to to teach anyway all right we got we got a couple more here um uh Miss lore at Commonwealth Governor School looks like your students appreciate you uh so that's good all right we got Miss RP it looks like CD MHS excellent um okay we'll try to get in these the Super Chat ones quick just because I know people really want these shout outs Miss Jansen she's an amazing teacher that's awesome glad to hear it looks like she's she's got some other students in the chat here as well uh Miss Goldsmith shout out Miss Goldsmith looks like Tom is a dedicated scholar of hers all right we could do teacher shoutouts all day but we do have unit five to get through uh we got one more here hi to Mrs Watts posted live on classroom excellent lots of fun all right last one because it made me laugh a warning to your friend for the Apes devil burning fil F I don't know why that made me laugh so hard um we all burn fossil fuels we're trying to transition off them to get to clean noncarbon emitting non CO2 emitting non SO2 emitting non particulate matter emitting sources of energy but you know we all do have to burn some some fossil Fields but um yeah I don't know something about this one the Apes devil and the mountain emojis just cracked me up okay that was good I needed that thank you thank you um film is that Hunter S Thompson in your uh in your pick there we need film to answer this in the chat if this is Hunter S Thompson and you're reading like Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas or uh 84 on the campaign Trail says oops o Miss mittman yeah we'll give her a shout out too says yes it is all right film we need to know your favorite or fim sorry we need to know your favorite Hunter S Thompson um book in the chat and then we and then we'll move on all right while we're waiting we'll do uh one more shout out Mrs Kennedy and Mrs kler excellent looks like you've got two ape Scholars love to see it all right on we go to little more review unit five coming down the home stretch here we'll do one more round shoutouts questions at the end so lot going on in this screen but it's because clear cutting uh and which is one of the most common forms of deforestation has a ton of effects that you should be able to actually pay Beyond with be able to pair with clear cutting Beyond just knowing that like deforestation equals bad we want to go deeper than that we want to write like a scholar and not just leave it at we shouldn't DeForest so soil erosion is obviously probably number one in terms of the things you're going to think about but if you compare with that the fact that the loss of those root structures those kind of stabilizing root structures that anchor the soil in place that's going to take you kind of to the explain level of being able to explain this it's it's also then going to send those sediments into local streams so look at this picture on the screen and you can see all those sediments flooding into those streams increasing turbidity decreasing sunlight penetration increasing nutrient loading in the Stream so all these knockout effects that happen from when you clear cutting area and take away the stabilizing root structure of the soils you also get hotter water and hotter soil temperatures because now there's no Shade that's having that and that's allowing that sunlight now to just penetrate and just hit that soil completely exposed hit that water completely exposed uh and warm it up and so that's going to lead to less dissolve action in the water it can kill macroon vertebrates uh that are literally the UV radiation is just too much for them to handle um so it can really alter the microclimate uh and and alter the the biodiversity of an area when you clearcut and then finally you get destabilized land so you can have flooding and landslides uh and just all of these things can can alter this soil going going forward without those those roots and those trees present there all right GMOs GMOs are genetically modified organisms um they are they have benefits and they have advantages that's really the theme of unit five is like all of our land uses have consequences but they also have advantages there's reasons we use land in the ways that we do uh so while we're at it let's get our Banner correctly updated unit 5 is is 10 to 15% of the exam but it's the reason I have unit 5 listed right up there with 9 and six is because it shows up on frqs over and over and over again uh and so it's just one that I really think is worth spending some time reviewing so with the GMOs one of the benefits is larger yield per acre we can get more plant out of the same plot of land typically we can make the plants resistant to bacteria which could sorry we can give them bacteria bacterial genes I should say uh such as the BT Gene that allows them to then resist pests uh and so we could potentially spray fewer pesticides and not have to have humans exposed to them and non-target species exposed to them but then we're also going to have the consequences that come with decreased genetic diversity so having all of our species uh of corn in one field be basically genetically identical instead of having a bunch of genetic traits that are diverse it's going to be more susceptible to disease and we can just lose varieties of natural cultivars that may have genes that are important in the future or that are important to resist disease or provide different growing conditions and different soil conditions all right synthetic fertilizer along with it urif foration everybody's favorite vocab term in Apes so when you use synthetic fertilizer it of course is going to increase the yield it's going to increase the profits you're going to get more crop a yield out of the same area typically especially um when it's targeted to that species when it's providing the nitrogen phosphorus and potassium needs for that plant that you're using it for can be kind of hyper targeted to really induce a lot of growth the problem is it's often applied in excess and then it's washing off of agricultural Fields into bodies of water and causing urif foration so algae blooms occur because there are all these excess nitrates in the water or all this excess nitrogen uh and then there's the other drawback that you have to use fossil fuels in order to create them and so they do require some CO2 emissions in order to create then we've got irrigation which of course same thing is going to increase yield per acre uh and it's also going to allow agriculture in parts of the world that are just too dry for otherwise but it can deplete aquifers so it can use up these groundwater deposits that we have that are limited uh and you can also potentially Drown Your Roots if you overwater uh with with irrigation so it can also lead to soil salinization so you get a couple drawbacks there then we've got pesticides of course same thing they're going to prevent pest damage to your crops so you're going to increase yield per acre um lose fewer plants to pests they can also pesticides can be used for human health to kill mosquitoes that have deadly diseases that kill people uh and so there are benefits besides just agriculture or reasons for using pesticides problem is the same with fertilizer except for it's not going to cause urif foration which a lot of students mess these up um pest aside pest killer fertilizer plant grower fertile to make more growth or to make more uh ability to reproduce so remember they're very different things but they're similar in sense that they run off of agricultural fields and then they can kill non-target species they can cause the thinning of eggshells in Birds they can cause interex um amphibians and fish they can be endocrine disruptors so there's a lot of problems with pesticides washing off into bodies of water then we've got Urban runoff too so it's not just runoff from agricultural fields that can cause local water quality issues it's Urban runoff and the reason that this can be more prevalent in in urban areas is because of decreased infiltration so when you put cement or asphalt on a Surface you're going to have a lot more runoff and a lot less infiltration into the groundwater and that runoff goes into a storm drain that eventually goes into a body of water now this is an interesting diagram because I was actually just in Virginia at a school that has the James River running right through campus almost um Virginia Episcopal High School so if there's any Bishops in the chat go Bishops um but I was visiting their school to talk about sustainability and I got to actually see the James River and the James River is I know it's teeny tiny on the screen but that's actually this tiny River emptying into the Chesapeake yeah looks like we've got some virgin Ians in the chat excellent go visit the James River it's cleaner today than it used to be because of the efforts to get um oh was it keone keone was this fertilizer that or not fertilizer this there I just did it um this pesticide that was being manufactured and and remnants of it were just being dumped right into the James River uh and so that has problematic effects for the fish in the river and for the ches peak Bay we've also got salt on the roads though if you're in Michigan like I am we put salt on the roads to melt the ice that can kill plants and insects we've got sediments really anywhere on Earth is going to have sediments in the runoff because there's loose soil bits of gravel rock things like that got fertilizer we talked about already pesticides we talked about already don't forget about oil and gasoline motor oil um the actual things like antifreeze brake fluid all that stuff that can drip down off your car and get washed off the pavement into the road into the uh River not all right here we go we got a double practice of our q and good thing because I need a little bit of a break before we go through the final few slides so give this practice of our q a shot and while we're doing that I'll try to give a couple either teacher shoutouts or answer a couple questions all right we got teacher shout out here Dr aldrid she's super awesome she's literally the goat will help you get a five excellent I hope you get a five that would be awesome oh there we go there we go Patrick a great apes educator sorry I should say Mr bicard um phenomenal Apes teacher met Patrick at Virginia Episcopal VES uh he's gonna be grading FR frqs too this year super excited great apes teacher go Bishops all right let's regroup though and come back to these practice cues I see a few uh frq answers coming through here so kind of a hint here o this person's super close Olivia um there's one thing that could be beneficial to add urif foration that does cause hypoxia there's one step missing here in between nutrification and hypoxia let's see if someone else has it okay this is a pretty good one increased use of fertilizers can lead to algal blooms which then causes urif foration decrease oxygen in the water killing marine life this is an awesome explanation the only thing we need here Nolan is where are those fertilizers coming from in an urban area uh so we would want to l this to fertilizers from Lawns or from Gardens or things like that um so we actually want to try to pair this urban area to why those fertilizers are entering the water in the first place so let's look at our answer key so we can see fertilizers used on crop lands wash in streams and rivers and then feed the growth of algy in the Gulf lake so someone had a great answer but it was just missing algae and then the other key to notice in this scoring guide is we need this mechanism to get from the land Which is far away from the Gul of Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico and that mechanism is rivers and streams in the Watershed and then the same thing I mentioned to that last answer I just put on the screen um impervious surfaces like in urban areas can increase the movement or runoff of lawn fertilizers or high phosphate dish detergents so I know this seems really specific um but we want to link this urban area to the Mississippi River and then to the Gulf Coast um or the Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and that link needs to be that there's lawn fertilizers because it's not typical to have a farm in the city so we actually want to kind of link that specifically to Urban uses of fertilizer like a lawn all right on we go to IPM integrated Pest Management um let's actually go back for one second here because this is a really good oh that was a good answer but this is the term I was looking for yeah urif foration and algae blooms are not the same thing if you have urif you have enrichment of nutrients in a body of water that doesn't just automatically decrease the oxygen levels you have to have an algae bloom first then the algae die and they're decomposed by aerobic decomposition and those microbes use up oxygen while break the dead algae down so this is a great question you don't utri forication and algae bloom are not the same thing urif foration is just creating enough excess nutrients that algae can bloom if the sunlight conditions and the weather and and temperature conditions are right then the algae bloom and then you get their die off after they consume all that excess nitrogen all of a sudden it's gone they overshot their caring capacity and then they die back and then the microbes break them down and that uses up the oxygen all right one other good question just because I've seen it a lot the vocab Quizlet um all the Quizlet sets are in my link tree so my link tree is in like every video description it should be in this live stream video description um if it's not Google like smees link tree or smees Quizlet it'll pop right up all right on we go so we can make it to the end oh IPM so integrated Pest Management great way to reduce pesticide use is IPM IPM is technically just the idea that you should use a handful of different methods physical um biological chemical to reduce pesticide you so you don't just have to douse in pesticides using some pesticides especially targeted with uh the right weather condition so they're not blowing away in the wind or washing away in the rain a ton that's still allowable with IPM IPM doesn't mean no pesticides it means let's minimize our pesticide use and use other things as well maybe like a bio control bringing in a natural predator crop rotation so we're planting corn and then peas and then radishes so that the corn Beetle that planted its larae sorry planted its eggs that hatch into larae they aren't just there ready for their food source that they need the next year because you switched it up on them you put you know potatoes or or beets instead of corn and so you're rotating that through it's hard for them to become established and then intercropping just interspersing one crop with another so you have row and row after row of alternating crops uh that's just going to reduce the habitat and food source for the pest make it harder again for them to just kind of like set up shop in this field that you have all right we've got a couple ways to reduce erosion you can have wind breaks so trees you plant along side of your crops literally just slow the wind down they physically block it the wind can't pick up and erode as much soil you have no tail so instead of chopping up mechanically mixing your soil leave the leftover Crop Organic Matter all that stuff in the soil kind of anchors it adds some nutrients back to the soil acts like a moisturizing layer uh and then you have strip cropping which is just another name for intercropping and again this can just help to prevent runoff put kind of denser cropping together so that soil that erodes from one kind of row gets caught by the next row and retained rather than carried all the way off the field and then we've got C rotation so crop rotation is important because it could be a way to uh prevent pest from just planting their eggs in the soil and then having them hatch and have their preferred food source ready but it can also be a way to restore nutrients if you do it with legumes so if you alternate a high nitrogen demanding crop like corn with a nitrogen replenishing crop uh like legumes like some kind of Bean or peas you're going to have the ability to kind of replenish the nitrogen remember though the peas or the beans they don't do it themselves they actually have to have the bacteria and the root nodules that do the nitrogen fixation so remember they can't just magically fix the nitrogen themselves they've got to have the bacteria in their root nodules all right got a practice fq here and yeah have at it I think we've got a couple more slides to get through after this practice frq and then we are uh done for the night while we wait for people to answer this question of how you can reduce pesticides while still maintaining a high crop yield Reed is going to get a shout out Reed is one of the greatest ape Scholars that I have ever had because Reed is just so passionate about environmentalism and climbing and reusable water bottles and just bring so much energy a class all the time and Reed was like a fan of Apes before we even had class together this year so Reed is just one of the best ape Scholars out there huge shout out thank you for thinking like a mountain writing like a scholar every day and making class a better class to have all right let's look for some answers here so Sophia's got a good answer a biocont controller introducing a natural predator of the pest can keep the population of the pest controlled and can reduce the population or the use of pesticides and that's a good one one of our go-to answers here all right we're going to keep it moving to our final or second to final slide one of our final slides must no vocab terms for unit 5 we talked about clear cutting we didn't talk about selective cutting though so remember in selective cutting uh you're going to leave a lot of the trees there and that's going to allow some of that soil to be anchored uh some of that Habitat to still be provided and not just basically make that ecosystem totally devoid of habitat space and of stabilizing root structure we went through crop rotation soil erosion is really important remember though that soil erosion is just the movement of soil from one place to another so it doesn't get destroyed I think a lot of times students have this idea that like the soil is gone but it's just picked up from one location and deposited in another so erosion can actually take soil from one place and put it in another and and add to the formation rate or the accumulation rate of soil in in one location so it's just a movement of soil from one place to another typically though it has a bad wrap in Apes because the ecosystem that is losing it is losing nutrients it's losing the ability to produce crops if we're talking about an agricultural field it's losing the ability to grow the trees and plants that support all the animal that live in that ecosystem so that's why soil erosion in an Apes context is almost always like a negative consequence of something um all right one more shout out David you're not cooked you are the opposite of cooked David is a student of mine he thinks he's cooked he's not cooked he's daveid is gonna cook the Apes exam um he's just being he's being humble he's not cooked at all uh so then we've got GEOS pesticides irrigation fertilizer these are like the big four of of the Green Revolution I guess you could have mechanis mechanization in there maybe but these are the really big ones um that I think you should try to review if you need to review some some agriculture they just keep agriculture just keeps coming up on frqs over and over again so somebody somebody on Tik Tok was like are you going to do F frq predictions I did F frq predictions last year they're all wrong I went like 0 for 10 so I don't know if I want to do frq predictions this year but part of me is like we've had unit five on every frq both sets from 2021 all the way through 2023 so part of me is like probably going to be unit five on the frq this year in some way shape or form a land use frq an agricultural F frq so I mean unit five it just keeps coming up it's a big unit and it relates to a lot of other units and so it's not a bad idea to study study unit five um intercropping we talked about IPM we talked about what public Transportation uh good good point here Olivia it decreases fossil fuel use because you can get a lot more people on a bus than you can in a car and so less gasoline used per mile of transporting someone on a big bus as opposed to a car um public transportation also though can reduce the need for parking lots and more Lanes on roads so if there's enough investment in it it can reduce runoff it can also reduce the harmful pollutant in the runoff if people are using the bus rather than driving their individual cars um so there is uh just a bunch of benefits of public transportation it can also reduce urban sprawl because then people kind of want to stay closer to you know the area that they're living because it's easy to get around it helps Foster a sense of place um buses yeah this is an interesting one so buses run on natural gas are many of them do which is you know has fewer air pluts released on on average than than like gasoline or than you know refining petroleum but what's really neat is if you're an ape scholar at my school in Grand Rapids we went to the wastewater treatment plant and our waste so when we flush the toilet our feces they go to the wastewater treatment plant and they go to the bottom of the settling tank and they get pumped as kind of sludge over to the biodigestor and microbes there turn our waste our poop into methane into natural gas and then they take that natural gas and they use it to power our buses so like in Michigan and in a lot of places literally your poop is powering the bus and I just think that's so cool all right gotta give a shout out to this one here shout out to Mr englman he's super cool and bikes to school screw greenhouse gas World speaker speaker speaker Mountain Emoji yeah thinking like a mountain for sure and riding a bike I used to ride my bike to school a lot more often I haven't very much this year but I'm going to this Thursday this Thursday on the Apes exam I'm I'm riding my bike into school got to got to for the ape Scholars okay this is bringing us uh kind of to the end of our time here together so remember um I'll be answering questions especially on Wednesday night there's going to be a urp ultimate review packet live stream kind of just for those people that are that have purchased the ultimate review packet kind of as a thank you to them you know for doing that but also just as a way to have like a much smaller group with a much slower going chat there will be less like kind of spamming of the chat so to speak uh and so it'll be a lot easier to to answer your questions there so I will be doing that on Wednesday night there'll be a link in the urp up on the leth hand side and the time will be in there as well um I'm going to add another live stream review Wednesday night so there's one tomorrow night same place same time unit 6 through 9 there's also going to be one Wednesday night that goes over like kind of last minute F frq tips like doing a little math practice little experimental design practice and then remember um I'll put this in the chat one more time but there is this deep learning chat bot which is kind of cool uh it's like I said it's trained on it's trained on my videos it's trained on an open source textbook it's trained on uh a lot of of information and it I think it has chat gbt as like a back layer to it as well uh but oh let's see let's get Kyra's comment pinned if we can um oh Kenzie wants a shout out to okay Kenzie deserves a shout out thank you for that readed Kenzie is another one of my AP Scholars Kenzie Works super hard she puts a lot of pressure on herself to do well in apes and she always asks me for like ways to improve but then what's really cool is she takes those ways to improve and she like puts them into practice and then she gets her next unit test back and it's like 15% higher or 20% higher so like Kenzie works really hard and takes the advice that she's given and like puts it into practice so huge shout out to her um that's awesome thanks for reminding me Reed that uh that Kenzie deserves a shout out um so one more time let me try to pin just because I know it's useful for people that um oh here it is replace pinned comment oh my gosh it's like a game to try to get something pinned in the chat there's got to be a better way to do it at any rate this deep uh learning AI chatbot is now pinned in the chat so if you want to open that up you can also just Google um deep learning environmental science or deep learning apes and that should uh bring it up and you should be able to find it that way all right an tuber um yeah let's give you one final I don't know how to I don't know how to pin your to comment but antu I think I mean this is just like we're I'm going to make a donation to like the local Sierra Club I think or the citizens climate Lobby for this an tuber um because he's spending like a small Village's GDP on super thanks tonight so uh we're we're gonna we're gon to make a donation an tuber to uh to Citizens climate Lobby great organization um because just I I do this because I want to help you guys I don't I don't do this to collect super thanks um you know that's not that's not why I'm here but and tu appreciate it uh but we're going to get an environmental science charity donation going in your name because you have spent uh a lot of Fone tonight on super thanks all right um yeah an tuber thanks for making it a fun chat I really hope all of you have a productive last few days of studying I wish I could do teacher shout outs every single teacher that was mentioned tonight I can't do shout outs for even probably 5% of them or 2% of them because you guys have such awesome teachers and you all want to thank them but tell you what if I didn't give your teacher a shout out because there's just so many of them I can't um what I want you to do is just like tell them what you would have told me in in the shout out like make sure you tell them that in person say hey Mr SME couldn't get to it but here's what I wanted him to say on YouTube so that you could see how much you are appreciated all right there will be two more live streams so if you didn't get your question answer tonight if you didn't get your teacher shout out answered tonight you'll have another opportunity tomorrow night same time same place 8 to 9 I'll be on time to that one hopefully I'll have better camera quality too um I'll try to figure out why my regular camera wasn't working and then there will be it'll probably actually be moved up to 7 pm on Wednesday but I'm going to do one on Wednesday as well right here on YouTube and then later on Wednesday like 8 o'clock I'll jump over to the ultimate review packet to do just that last minute Q&A session I won't have any slides to go through there it will be only your questions so if you want to make sure you have that kind of opportunity at a much slower Pace much slower chat to answer your questions uh then you can make sure to join that ultimate review packet uh live stream review on Wednesday that link will be there soon all right you guys know how we end things on the channel uh thanks so much for showing up tonight thanks for asking great questions answering practice of our cues U good luck in your last couple days studying remember these uh slides will be linked in the play uh description so if you're wondering what should you do uh let's actually end on a little bit more productive note because I know a lot of people are concerned so let's end right here so just a recap of this so if you're totally panicking totally unprepared go get a free preview of The Ultimate review packet you don't have to pay anything and that'll get you the four step plan for passing the Apes exam in under a week um I can't guarantee it's going to work but it's the best four steps to try to get you from totally unprepared to having a chance to pass if you're kind of prepared but you're stressed and worried work on experimental design and math come to the Wednesday live stream we'll do more of that and then review your lowest units um or if you're not sure 9 six or five and then if you're feeling pretty good you know thank your past self thank your teachers thank your parents who helped get you here and then just do some review of units 9 and six if you're more worried about McQ but if you're more worried about F frq just search hfq's and try writing a few more practice ones from the College Board all right everybody uh best of luck we're going to wrap things up here tonight as always think like a mountain right like a scholar