hello students Mr villam here also known as the emo historian also known as the umbrella teacher cuz I teach with an umbrella cuz why not I'm an IGCSE history teacher and this is a summary video covering all the cor content from chapter 1 to chapter 7 in igcs history for option b it's going to be really fast but remember this is not supposed to replace a textbook but designed to help you to prepare right before you answer the IGCSE exam Hall with this video you can check all the important stuff that you need to know that you might have forgotten now before I start I want to say that it's never too late to turn things around last year my student Brandon he badly pass his mock exams but because he worked hard with so much tenacity he got an A star in history so this is tell you that it's never too late you put in a work especially for history you'll get it all right now this video was supposed to be made only for my online students but you know what I like to help so I'm making this free for everyone so if you like the video please support the channel so I can make more cool stuff for you guys now let's begin chapter one is about the leaders of Britain France and the US also known as the big tree also known as the winners of the first world war and how they punish The Losers of the war with the treaties first we have American President woodro Wilson who wanted to make the world a better place like Michael Jackson and didn't want to punish Germany and wanted peace he disliked his allies Britain and in France because he felt everything was a matter of right and wrong and he thought that they were wrong and selfish and caring only on their own Empires than the fate of the world he felt that Europe had started the war while America was the hope of the world Wilson also believed in self-determination which means that every nation should have the right to decide their own fate but this was the total opposite of British and the French who were imperialist with goals of controlling Many Nations under a single Empire so they were suspicious of all these talks of self termination the British and the French also wanted reparations from Germany AKA compensation for the damage caused in the war as they had buil up huge War deps and owed much money to America so reparations was a good way to get the money to pay back wison also came up with this thing called the 14 points which was supposed to bring peace to Europe but the other two didn't really like it as none of the 14 points mentioned about punishing Germany nor about reparations Wilson also wanted to create the League of Nations which in the end American Congress voted against it so although the League of Nations was created America didn't join French prime minister censu also known as the tiger of France wanted to crush Germany for the devastation Germany red in World War I and wanted back alas Lorraine he also wanted to break up Germany into small states so that they could never threaten France again British prime minister L Jorge wanted something in the middle he didn't really want to crush Germany CU he knew that if Germany was too weak France would take over nor did he want communism which was spreading from Russia to spread into Germany because it would spread everywhere else and because of this the big tree opted for this thing called the Treaty of Versa which punished Germany with b r a t b blame Germany had to accept blame for starting the war under Clause 231 R reparations Germany needed to pay 6 .6 billion a army Germany was limited to 100,000 men conscriptions were Bann no more Air Force and no submarines T territory Germany lost industrial lands and all its overseas colonies and had to return ales laurine to France next chapter 2 is about the League of Nations the League of Nations was kind of like an Avengers group of countries where the countries promised to unite together against an aggressive Force the league also had this thing called The Covenant which means a promise and the leak promised that it would discourage aggression from any Nations encourage cooperation through business and trade encourage Nations to disarm and to improve the living and working conditions of the people most important of all was Article 10 in the Covenant which talks about Collective Security which meant that countries in the league would collectively Supply armies from their own countries to the league in order to handle disputes this is because the league did not have its own Army the permanent members of The League was Britain France Italy and Japan and each of them would play a key role in the destruction of the league next is the League of Nations successes and failures in the 1920s and 1930s 1920s had some successes with the Arland Islands upper cesia and Bulgaria while CaRu and VNA were failures 1930s was a train wreck overall starting with the Manchurian Crisis when Japan claimed there was a bombing in the railway in Manchuria and proed Ed to invade it the league then took over a year to make this thing called the lighten report to go against Japan but by then Japan had decided to leave the league next the world disarmament conference was supposed to get everyone to disarm but by then Hitler came in and spoiled the Party by telling France to disarm but France was not willing to so Hitler took this as justification to rearmed and left the leag finally abisinia was invaded by Italy but the leag didn't want to impose any important sanctions like oil nor close Theus Canal because they wanted an ally in musolini to go against Hitler so Britain and France proceeded to make this secret hor level pack which promised musolini 2/3 of abisinia but it got leaked and thus the League's reputation was ruined and Italy left the league and from now on the league became irrelevant Japan Germany and Italy then went on to form the axis chapter three is about how International Peace was broken and to do this we have to talk about Hitler Hitler's dream was commenting leban Strom AKA Eastwood expansion and to do this he first broke the Treaty of Versa By REM militarizing the rhyland this was one of his foreign policies which simply means the things that he wanted to do outside Germany the artist including committing angless which means reunification with Austria incorporating all German speakers into Germany like those in the sud deathland and destroying communism now remilitarization of the rhyland was a really risky thing to do because Germany at the time wasn't fully rearmed yet and if France retaliated Germany would have lost so Hitler gave specific orders to his troops to retreat if they face retaliation but lo and behold the British and the French did nothing and Hitler made a fancy speech congratulating himself on his success Britain thought that the Rin land was Germany's backyard so they felt that had the right to be there while public opinion in France was strongly against the French government from doing anything Hitler then joined musolini to fight in the Spanish Civil War which made them BFFs and he also tested out dive bombing techniques of his LOF offer which then developed into the famous Blitz Creek that he successfully used in World War II now the Spanish Civil War was important to Hitler as it drew him closer to Italy and then they formed the Rome Berlin AIS h also hoped that by helping Franco in the Spanish Civil War the fellow fascist leader would also be an ally to Germany the Spanish Civil War was also used by Hitler as dress rehearsal for the European War next Austrian Chancellor shus snik was having problems with Austrian Nazis in Austria so he asked Hitler for help but Hitler instead scolded shnick for two hours straight and demanded the nais to be allowed to join the Austrian government and appointing SE in court as minister shik didn't want to do that and so he held a pleite in Austria pleite just means voting and it was made to allow the austrians to decide whether they want their country to be independent or not but sh snake also made the voting age 24 years and above because there was way too many young Nazis that admired Hitler but Hitler found out about this and so he was so angry he invaded Austria coming back to his hometown hailed as a hero and gave a fancy speech congratulating himself again next Hitler sets his sights on Czechoslovakia more specifically this area called the Sudan land the Sudan Germans complained to Hitler that they were not being treated fairly by the Czech government so he told them to create a crisis there by making unreasonable demands the president of Czechoslovakia Bennis then sought help from British prime minister Chamberlain but he was like oh man we don't have a treaty between us man so I really can't help you so Bennis sought French Prime Minister dader for help and he was also like you know I we have a treaty but I'm a new guy so I can't really help you either now with the support of musolini Hitler then told his generals that he was going to smash Czechoslovakia realizing the severity of the issue Chamberlain then met Hitler at Munich and told him oh Mr Hitler I'm going give you parts to sudet land but pray please don't invade Czechoslovakia now this was part of British policy of a peaceman which means giving your enemy whatever he wants in order to avoid war or as Winston chur puts it as feeding a crocodile hoping it will eat you last Hitler responded positively to this and told Chamberlain yeah no worries I'm only interested in parts of the Sudan land and only if the Sudan Germans really want to join us and chamlin was like wow this him guy is pretty reasonable if I give him what he wants I think he's going to be satisfied but he wasn't just a few days later Chamberlain met Hitler again and Hitler said no I want all of the sud that and Chamberlain was like wait what and Hitler say like you see the checks they are mistreating my sudet and Germans so don't you understand I need to rescue them and Chamberlain was like No And this was this is simply unreasonable it's going to lead to war so they both met again one last time in the final meeting but this time with molini and daladier joining the whole of Europe then held their breath as the leaders of Britain Germany France and Italy decided on the fate of Czechoslovakia in the end Chamberlain and daladier supported a pacan saying yeah we're cool with Germany getting the sud the only guy that wasn't cool with this was Bennis the leader of Czechoslovakia he was like what the hell guys why you giving away my but he really couldn't do anything cuz they were the winners of the first world war and they had made a decision Chamberlin then went back to Britain and received the hero's welcome and with the Munich agreement on his hand he declared that now it was peace for our time but was it though not really cuz you know what Hitler did he invaded czechslovakia so was the appeasement fair or was it simply done it's a little bit complicated Chamberlain was an honest man and thought that the other leaders were honest as well when he returned from Munich he told everyone that Hitler now respected him but in private Hitler said that Chamberlain was a worm and they would like to kick him down the stairs Britain was also concerned with the British Empire more specifically the dominans also known as the self-governing countries that were the most powerful voices in the Empire mainly Canada Australia New Zealand and South Africa all of them supported a peacan so if Britain was going to go to war they ain't going to get any backup the USA also known as the guy that ultimately helped to win World War I was now a sleeping superpower they were isolationists and they were not willing to help and lastly a peaceman also gave time for Britain to rearm during this time Chamberlain felt that rearmament hasn't gone through enough yet so it made total sense for him to do appeasement in his mind next Hitler sets his sights on Poland and at this point Chamberlain said after this I cannot trust the Nazi leaders again so Britain and France told Hitler that if Hitler invades Poland they are going to go to war with him but at this point Hitler was like War you guys again sure buddy now over at the Eastern side Stalin felt war was coming at this point he was willing to join anyone he actually wanted to join the Allies but there was one problem they did not allow him to enter Poland to defend Poland to send troops into Poland and Stalin was like hey what the hell guys isn't Hitler our main enemy why are you not allowing me to defend Poland which used to be M and they were like no no no Stalin Poland is an independent country you ain't taking it over so Stalin was frustrated but then Hitler then wrote a love letter to Stalin saying it is desirable for our two states to enter into a new relationship without losing any time I propose that you receive my foreign minister in Moscow he have the fullest power to sign the pack I should be glad to receive your early answer Stalin was impressed by the letter and replied to Hitler the next day thank you for the letter I hope that the German Soviet non-aggression pack will Mark a decided turn for the better in the political relations between our two countries now what they were talking about is this thing called the Nazi Soviet pack the Nazi Soviet pack was a non-aggression pack made by Hitler and Stalin which meant that each site promised not to attack one another there was also a secret offer in the pack to divide much of Eastern Europe between Germany and the USSR and also to divide Poland up between themselves this pack was important to Hitler as he needed to be sure that when he invaded Poland he would avoid a two-front war between Russia and Britain as was right in the middle of them but this fact was also really surprising as Hitler was a fascist and wrote in mamp that he wanted to crush communism his foreign policy of lanstrom AKA Eastwood expansion also meant invading Russia yet here he was making an agreement with the leading communist country Stalin himself also hated Fascism and declared them as enemies of the states and this disect was more of a marriage or convenience between them with the Nazi Soviet pack Hitler was now confident that Britain and France would not fight back against him and proceeded to invade Poland but this was to be Hitler's big mistake as Britain and France then declared war on Hitler and this causing World War II to begin chapter 4 is about the origins of the cold war in World War II America Britain and the USSR joined forces to stop Hitler and by the end of the war the USA and the USSR became the new superpowers but due to that in ideology they were ultimately going to become enemies and start the Cold War in February 1945 when it was clear that Germany was about to lose the war the Great War leaders Roosevelt of America Churchill of Britain and Stalin of M Russia met at Yalta to decide on the fates of Europe they decided to divide Germany into four zones between them between the USA French British and the Soviets Berlin was also divided into four the Allies also agreed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe for the countries that were liberated from Nazism and Stalin also promised to send troops to help in Japan after the Nazis were defeated they also agreed to create the United Nations AKA League of Nations 2.0 to promote world peace and since Stalin suffered great losses during the war the other leaders agreed that Eastern Europe would be Stalin's spere of influence in order to ease his concerns of future invasions but when the leaders met the again a few months later at pots them things began to go very wrong American president Roosevelt had died and was replaced with Harry S Truman aka the guy that dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima Nagasaki and he was extremely anti-communist compared to Roosevelt who had got along with Stalin this further exacerbated the attention between the countries due to their difference in ideologies the USSR practiced communism while USA believed in democracy and capitalism trumman had also hoped Atomic weapon would dictate terms at pot them and didn't reveal the secrets on how to make the atomic bombs which Stalin took as a sign of distrust and an attempt by the USA to win worldwide power churcher was also replaced by Clement at Le but he failed to reconfirm the promises made at Yalta of re-elections in Eastern Europe in addition since Nazi Germany the common enemy of the three countries had already been defeated there was little reason for three of them to work together Stalin had wanted Germany to pay reparations for the damages caused to the USSR but Truman was not interested in in this due to what happened with the Treaty of Versa and so Stalin interpreted this as Truman wanting to rebuild a strong Germany against the USSR these disagreements would further increase in subsequent events Stalin himself was no angel as he didn't keep the promises of pre-elections in Eastern Europe made at Yalta instead he imposed Soviet rule in Eastern Europe Soviet troops stayed in Romania and their re-elections were rigged with the Communist taking over the same thing happened in Czechoslovakia in addition to the murder of non-communist politicians there the rigging of Elections and murder also happened in Poland and the same thing happened in Bulgaria and although Hungary had elections we saw the small holders party winning 57% of the vote against Hungarian Communist party which only won 177% the Russians refused to allow the winning party to form a government and allowed the Hungarian Communist party in state despite the people's wishes Yugoslavia was the only country that Stalin didn't there to mess with due to the their leader Tito Tito's political party won 96% of the vote and also though Stalin tried to assassinate him a couple of times Tito then wrote Stalin a letter saying stop sending people to kill me we have already captured five of them one of them with a bomb and another with a rifle if you don't stop sending Killers I'll send one to Moscow and I won't have to send a second and that was the end of that communist in Greece was also fighting hard to overthrow the monarchy but it was at this point that Americans finally got involved with Truman giving the famous speech known as the Truman Doctrine the Truman Doctrine was a policy of containment which promised to help the any countries threatened by Soviet aggression trumman also asked Josh Marshall to come up with an economic plan to help Europe recover from the devastation in World War II this came to be known as the martial plan or the martial a which gave 17 billion to 16 European countries to rebuild the economy and infrastructure it could be argued whether this was done out of altruistic purpose as although it helped Nations like France and Italy who were facing severe food shortages to recover these countries would then buy American goods and this would create create jobs in the USA due to the greater demand for US exports and there was also a caveat in receiving the aid which was that countries needed to not be communist to be eligible for the aid and this was interpreted by Stalin as economical imperialism by the USA and designed to ensure the domination of the USA over Europe and thus he banned Eastern Europe from receiving the aid so martial a could be seen as another way of containing communism next USA Britain and France combin the zones of Germany that they occupi to form from a single economic zone known as bizonia and introduced a new currency to help Germany recover Stalin on the other hand insisted in keeping his zones weak so that Germany would not be strong enough to threaten the USSR but then the people in Berlin in his Zone saw a big contrast between the zones and wanted to leave in order to solve this problem Stalin decided that the only way was to force the airies out from Berlin and thus he initiated the Berlin blockade all supply lines to West ber was blocked by Stalin and gas and electricity supplies was cut off in response Britain United States and France then organized an airlift bringing supplies such as medicine coal food sweets and candies into West Berlin and by April 1949 this has reached 8,000 tons a day and Stalin couldn't do anything about it because if he tried to shoot down the planes it would risk starting a war and it became clear to Stalin that the blockade had failed he then gave up and lifted the blockade in May 1949 the consequence of the Berlin blockade was the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization AKA NATO NATO was designed to stand up against communism and member states agreed to defend each other if one of them was attacked it also allowed the USA to have missile sites close to the Soviet border USSR then formed the Warsaw pack in response to Nato where members in the pack agreed to help each other if one was attack act and this was also a way for the Soviet Union to keep control of the military forces in communist countries chapter 5 is basically how well America contained communism in the Korean War Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War Korea had been ruled by Japan up until to the end of World War II where Soviets liberated the northern half and Americans the southern half there were then bitter hostilities between the North communist leader kimil s and president singman re of South Korea and this spil into Warfare when North Korea overwhelmed the South's forces Truman was then determined to stop the spread of Communism but he knew it would look better if the rest of the world if he had the support of the United Nations and if it was a un intervention in Korea rather than an American one in a normal dispute the USSR would have used its right to veto to block the call of action by the UN but the USSR was boycotting the UN for not letting communist China join the UN so the resolution was passed pass and Shuman claimed that it was a un sponsored operation and 18 states provided troops and support but the overwhelming Force sent to Cora was Americans led by American General macat the UN forces then drove the North Koreans beyond their original border of the 38 parallel within weeks but Maca did not stop and the US had reached the Yellow River at the border of China China's leader maong then warned them that if they press on China would join the war but MacArthur and Truman was after a bigger price which went beyond containment they saw an opportunity to remove communism entirely from Korea and they were not put off by M's warning and this was a big mistake as MacArthur had underestimated the power of the Chinese when 200,000 Chinese troops armed with modern tanks and planes by the Soviet Union and taught by their leaders to hate Americans joined the North Koreans and initiated a blistering Counterattack and together with the treacherous coal and blinding snow storms Jagged Mountain forested mines and treacherous swamps which was familiar to the Chinese pushed the UN back into South Korea it was at this point that Shuman and macartur fell out as Shuman felt that saving South Korea was good enough but macartur wanted to carry on in the war and threatened to use nuclear weapons against China Shuman then removed MacArthur from his position as commander and brought him home the fighting ultimately reached a stalemate around the six parallel in 1951 and by March 1953 the the Chinese and North Koreans were less confident due to the death of Stalin and they finally signed an Armistice in July 1953 next is the cubaan missile crisis in the 1950s the USA and Cuba had a great relationship with each other due to Cuba exporting sugar exclusively to Americans America also supported Cuba's right-wing dictator Batista although Cuba was making millions from this Arrangement the Cuban Society was still poor as most of the money went to Batista and his corrupt friends and this was a step to to far for socialist Rebel Fidel Castro who then initiated a campaign that oued Batista's government in order to return Cuba to its people Castro then nationalized all American firms in Cuba so money would be redirected back into Cuba and with the money in hand he spent it on healthc care and education some Cubans then left Cuba for America and claimed that Cuba was falling into the hands of Communism and because of this America stopped trading with Cuba which threatened to destroy Cuba economy Cuba then needed to seek a new customer for exporting sugar and this was where the Soviet Union came into the picture by threatening Cuba due to the fears of Communism America had directly drove Castro into befriending the USSR despite him not defining himself as a communist the new American president JF Kennedy knew that he had to show that he was able to stop this new communist threat in Cuba and thus he funded the Bay of PX Invasion where he supplied anti-castro Exiles with with arms and equipment for an invasion of Cuba this were funded and trained by the CIA and upon landing at the Bay of Pigs American bombers then attack Cuban airfields but in three days they were defeated by Cuban troops and tanks Kennedy decided against sending more air support for other Exiles and they were all captured and killed within days this results in Castro seeking a closer relationship with the USSR and the ussr's leader kusf thinking that he could bully Kennedy because this was a big embarrassment for Kennedy the biggest problem for Kennedy now was also the discovery of a missile Base in Cuba it was estimated that the missiles there could kill 80 million Americans 20 more Russian ships was also moving into Cuba to sply with more missiles canedy now needed to prove that he could solve this predicament and Kennedy's advisor known as XCOM gave him five options to choose from number one do nothing this was silly because the missiles will still be there number two all a fulls scale invasion of Cuba this may also lead to war with the USSR not a good thing three order an air strike against the missile bases in Cuba but what if it caused a Russian Casualty that would lead to War as well number four ask Russian to remove the missiles but Russia will simply say what missiles number five put a neighbor blockade on Cuba this will stop Russian ships from sending more missiles and with would at least look like Kennedy was doing something useful Kennedy opted to blockate Cuba but kusf was determined to ignore it and continued to deliver supplies to Cuba kusf then sent Kennedy two letters one stating that he would remove the missiles if Kennedy removed the blockade and promised not to invade Cuba while the other letter stated that he would only remove the missiles in Cuba if America removed missiles from Turkey which would threat in the Soviet Union in the end Kennedy decided to remove the missiles in Turkey for the removal of missiles in Cuba but made sure to keep it secret next is the Vietnam War a long time ago Vietnam used to be under the control of France and together with Laos and Cambodia it was known as Indochina but when France was defeated by Germany in World War II Japan attempted to take over Vietnam but was met with communist resistance by vietman led by hin Min when Japan was defeated in World War II they left Vietnam but the French returned to exert control America also supported France funding them with $500 million a year to contain Communism and to establish a non-communist South Vietnam to prevent the Domino Theory to happen the domino theory was the idea where if one country falls into communism other countries around them would follow suit so they were worried that if Vietnam was to be become Communists Laos and Cambodia would also become Communists when it was clear that the French was still losing a peace conference was organized at Geneva where Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam along the 17 parallel with the promise of free elections but America was afraid that Communists would win the elections and prevented the elections from happening and established the Republic of South Vietnam under the leadership of anti-communist DM DM was extremely unpopular due to his corruption and he was then replaced with another guy but the new government was no better and this gave rise to the support for a new communist movement known as the Viet Kong the Viet Kong then initiated a Guerilla war against the South Vietnamese government using the hin Min Trail to supply its Fighters with Manpower and supplies America then tried to invest more money into South Vietnam but it was the Gulf of Tonkin incident that got America to be fully involved in the Vietnam War Americans claimed that their warship USS madx was attacked at the Gulf of Tonkin by North Vietnamese gun boats in international waters thus American Congress gave president Lyndon B Johnson the authority to act and passed the golf of tonin resolution which resulted in the US sending troops in Vietnam in 1965 increasing this Army from 23,000 to 165,000 but despite the superior Army and Firepower that America had they were not prepared to go against the Guerilla Warfare of the Viet Kong the Viet Kong made effective use of the Jungle hiding and making surprise attacks and setting booby traps or planting explosives the US soldiers couldn't see their enemies nor knew who they were the Viet Kongs could even merge in with the locals as their clothing were no different from the villages to solve this predicament Johnson then initiated Operation Rolling Thunder a massive bomb Campaign which sought to destroy the whole chin Min Trail and the Viet Kong bases but this backfired as the Viet Kong took shelter in extensive network of underground tunnels and bunkers and it also made peasants more sympathetic to the cost ensuring that 40,000 peasants then came to repair the trail continuously the hoim Min Trail was also connected to Laos and Cambodia and the people there were not too happy about Americans bombing their area American also used Asian orange a highly toxic diolan which stripped leaves of trees so they could locate the Viet Kong and Napal a chemical that burned everything it touched despite all this the Viet Kong remained undefeated perhaps the biggest blow to the Americans was the T offensive a surprise attack by the Viet Kong which took Americans completely by surprise and although the Viet Kong were not successful the US government was not able to persuade the American people that it was a major defeat for the North Vietnamese as there was also High casualties among the US and extensive TV coverage showed them that it was wrong to support the war and that this war was totally unwinable this was also the first time America got to see all the horrific acts that happened in war they saw the barbaric nature of American attacks such as the mili Massacre coverage showed children being burned by Napal and people in villages Massacre sickened by this atrocity they began to protest against the war with nearly 500,000 troops in Vietnam America was also spending between 20 to 30 billion a year and Life Magazine calculated it cost 400,000 for each Viet Kong Guerilla kill in the end the new president Richard Nixon then initiated a policy called Vietnamization where Americans were pulled out from Vietnam although a peace agreement was then signed between North and South Vietnam the Comm later invaded the South and captured the capital within 5 months the domino theory was then fulfilled as later Laos and Cambodia also became Communists so how well did America do in containing communism in Korea Cuba and Vietnam in terms of containment the Korean War could be seen as a success with South Korea remaining out of communist hands though it could also be said that it was a failure as North Korea also remained communist the Cuban Missile Crisis on the one hand was also a success as Kennedy succeeded in removing missiles from Cuba and avoiding a nuclear war but at the cost of losing missiles in turkey and Cuba also remained communist the Vietnam War however was a total failure for containment finally chapter six is about the collapse of Communism this chapter can be broken down into the Hungarian and Czechoslovakian uprisings solidarity the fall of Berlin wall and garbach the Iron Curtain as it became to be known separated Europe into two sides with one the Democratic western side and the Eastern Soviet control side the Iron Curtain was also known as the countries that signed the Warsaw pack in World War II Hungary was on the losing side joining the AIS Powers fighting with Nazi Germany against Soviet Union forming part of the attack in Germany's invasion of Russia after World War II Soviet imposed communist control on Hungary installing the Communist Hungarian party with the tyrannical leader known as rakosi who used the secret police known as the abh to suppress freedom of speech and executing and imprisoning Des centers Hungary was also really poor and needed rebuilding after years of bombing and damage but most of the food produced as well as the industrial goods were all sent to Russia and as such the standard of living in Hungary was really low for ordinary people people in 1956 things reached a balling point and the hungarians thought that the change might occur with the death of Stalin in 1953 and the stalinization was spreading in Hungary thus this content was growing and rakosi wanted to arrest 400 denters but the new USSR leader kusf wouldn't let him and instead asked him to retire for health reasons on 23rd October students in Budapest then demanded an anend to Soviet Rule and a 30 statue of Stalin was toppled by protesters the very next day on the 24th Russian troops and tanks were sent in to stop the protest but the Hungarian Communist party then appointed a new prime minister IMR Nash and he asked kusf to remove Russian troops things seemed to be under control and for 4 days from 29 October to 3rd November the new Hungarian government then introduced democracy freedom of speech and freedom of religion and the Cardinal was also released from prison in initially kusf had agreed to the demands of Nash to remove troops but when Nash announced that he wanted Hungary to leave the Warsaw pack this was a step too far for the USSR who feared that they would lose an important buffer zone against the West thus on 4th November 1,000 Russian tanks moved into Budapest and for the next two weeks ordinary hungarians even children fought against the Soviet Army but fac a crushing defeat in the end the West did not come to aid for Hungary as Britain and France were involved with the Su crisis in Egypt and the USA was unwilling to go to war against the USSR in their own spere of influence there 200,000 hungarians had fled to escape while 35,000 were arrested and 300 executed the new leader of Hungary yanos Kadar promised Nash and his followers that they would be allowed to leave the country safely but then they were kidnapped tried and eventually executed for treason 12 years later Czechoslovakia was also becoming increasingly hostile towards communism the communist leader of Czechoslovakia noot tried to ask the USSR for help to stop the uprisings but just like what happened to rakosi in Hungary his request was ignored and he was then forced to resign and replace with Alexander dubek dub believed that communism could be improved and initiated a policy known as socialism with a human face and for a 4mon period known as the proc spring du encouraged intellectual debates reduced censorships and reduce the use of the secret police and encourage freedom of speech however D was careful enough to stress that Czechoslovakia had no intentions of leaving the wara pack Les it suffered the same fate as Hungary however the USSR was then pressured by East Germany and Poland to put a stop to dub check's reforms as they were worried that their own people might demand the same freedoms this ultimately escalated to the point where Soviet tanks and other warsa pack troops such as the Polish People's Republic the German Democratic Republic the Hungarian People's Republic and the Bulgarian People's Republic all invaded Czechoslovakia but in contrast to what happened in Hungary D urged the people to remain calm and peaceful and follow passive resistance thus resulting in nonviolent protests with people putting flowers in soldiers hairs and no Bloodshed whatsoever present dche was then replaced but he was never executed the new USSR leader Brash nef then established the Brash nef Doctrine we stated that the warsa pack members were not allowed to abandon communism and a onep party system was set up in each country next a trade Union in Poland known as solidarity was created led by L forena and made up of workers who were dissatisfied with the inequalities of Polish Society it is worthy to note that solidarity was careful not to use violence and made themselves clear that they were not interested in going against communism rather they were interested in reforming the government solidarity had 9.4 million members by 1981 and when they felt they were strong enough they made a list of 21 demands and the government agreed to some of them but by 13th December 1981 the new polish leader General jelski then declared a state of war and suspended solidarity arresting Le forena and 10,000 members of solidarity solidarity was then made illegal but this was the beginning of the end for communism in Eastern Europe as the only reason solidarity Was Defeated was due to the threat of Soviet military power what then if one day the USSR did not use the Army to stop this descent us what would happen and here is where we finally come to gachev the final leader of the USSR for years the USSR had faced the issue in meeting the cost of supplying the necessary troops to instill communist control in Eastern Europe the economy was falling and this content was brewing gachev then introduced Parisa and glassos to meet these problems glassos also known as openness solve freedom in Societies in the Soviet Union allowing people to criticize the government and revealing parts of Russia's past that has previously been hidden such as the brutality of Stalin's rule it also saw the USSR no longer competing with the USA as Garf wanted to build relations instead of continuing the arms race Paris Roa also known as restructuring aimed to reform the Soviet economy into a more modern free market system in hopes of saving the economy in the Soviet Union but in order to do so he had to reallocate the funds used to station troops throughout Eastern Europe into this effort and this has significant consequences to the USSR in their control as the only reason why they were still able to exert control in Eastern Europe was should the use of military power such as in Hungary in Czechoslovakia and even solidarity in Poland garf's reforms also saw the solidarity prisoners being released and allowed to go into elections where they won 99% of the seats in Poland Senate Le forena then became the first communist leader World War I and became an example to the rest of Eastern Europe Mass immigration was also happening in Eastern Europe due to open borders and when the Government tried to repress this goat then visited Eastern Germany and stressed that he would not use troops to stop the change one night by accident an official declared an end to the restriction on travel and When the Crowds gathered at the Berlin Wall Prime organizer of the wall Eric h tried to order troops to fire at the crowd but the troops refused and thus the Berlin Wall was torn down and Germany was unified a year later between the spring of 1989 and the spring of 1991 every communist country in Eastern Europe held Democratic elections for the first time in years and by 25th December 1991 Gorbachev finally announced the end of the Soviet Union and that is all for for core content in history for chapter 1 to chapter 6 you can go to the timestamps again and try to find the parts where you need to do more revision on just go into the video play it again to just make sure that you have you remember all the points that are important all right I hope this video helps you and I'm sure you do great good luck guys you do great