Overview
This lecture explains how scientists use scientific models to study things that are too small, large, or distant to observe directly. It covers types of models and their purposes in understanding, explaining, and predicting scientific phenomena.
Purpose of Scientific Models
- Scientific models represent ideas, processes, systems, or objects that cannot be observed directly.
- Models help explain, visualize, and predict aspects of the natural world.
- Scientists use models to test ideas and explore phenomena that are difficult or impossible to see.
Types of Scientific Models
Physical Models
- Physical models are tangible, three-dimensional objects representing real systems or structures.
- Examples: globes (Earth), skeleton models (human body), DNA models (genetic structure).
Conceptual Models
- Conceptual models are mental pictures or diagrams to represent how systems or processes work.
- Examples: particle model of matter, diagrams (e.g., water cycle), mind maps, and flowcharts.
Mathematical Models
- Mathematical models use numbers, symbols, and equations to describe patterns, relationships, or predict outcomes.
- Examples:
- Newton's second law (Force = Mass × Acceleration)
- Temperature conversion formula (°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9)
- Speed formula (Speed = Distance / Time)
- Used for predictions like weather forecasts or population growth.
Computer Models
- Computer models simulate real-world systems using computer programs, often for complex, large, or dangerous scenarios.
- Examples: weather simulations, atomic bonding animations, space simulations by NASA.
- Allow exploration of scenarios like pollution effects or disease spread.
Evaluating Scientific Models
- Models are tested repeatedly to check if they accurately explain or predict phenomena.
- Widely supported models are called consensus models (e.g., the Big Bang Theory).
Key Terms & Definitions
- Scientific Model — representation (physical, conceptual, mathematical, or computer-based) of an idea, process, system, or object.
- Physical Model — tangible, touchable objects mimicking real systems.
- Conceptual Model — mental or diagrammatic explanations of ideas or processes.
- Mathematical Model — explanations using numbers, equations, or formulas.
- Computer Model — computer-based simulations of real systems.
- Consensus Model — a model broadly accepted due to its accuracy in explaining or predicting phenomena.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review diagrams, formulas, and models discussed to reinforce understanding.
- Prepare examples of each type of model for class discussion.