[Music] [Music] hey guys what is up everyone how are you people doing welcome back to today's session welcome to a brand new chapter we'll be starting off with refraction of light at plane surfaces this is for icc 10th a very warm welcome to all the figures out there my name is anub and i'm a master teacher of science here with once again hoping that you guys are doing good and taking good care of yourself so without any further delay guys let us get into the topic for today today we'll be understanding about refraction of light the basic concept behind refraction of light what exactly is refraction what is the reason for refraction to happen all of that is what we're going to be looking at in today's session so before we get started as always we have a quote for you people and the good for today is this you are only confined by the walls you build yourself i uh there's no other statement which can explain this better you are the only limit that you have whatever is your limitation it is something that is set by you subconsciously or consciously by yourself so remove that wall break that wall so that you can you know move forward and expand your knowledge and you know reach out to greater heights so please guys make sure that you keep an open mind and never you know subconsciously build a wall around yourself and restrict your own growth all right so that's it guys let's get started today session so this is the concepts these are the concepts that we'll be looking at in the sessions ahead today we'll be talking about refraction of light then we'll understand about the laws of refraction and refractive index the factors affecting refraction and principle of reversibility refraction through a prism and factors affecting the angle of our deviation we'll talk about the real and apparent depth the critical angle total internal reflection and total internal deflection through a prism as well so these are the concepts that we'll be looking at as we go ahead so i hope you guys are going to stay with us in the sessions ahead as well so that you are able to you know keep yourself aware of what's happening in the sessions uh day by day all right so that's it let's get started with today's session that is nothing but a refraction let me just start off with defining diffraction what is refraction is nothing but the bending of array of light when it's passing from one medium to another that is what is cause refraction now when i say medium it can be air it can be water it can be glass whatever that is so when light is passing from one medium to another it bends or it deviates a little from its original path that bending of light is what is called as refraction now it's not a new concept all right new refraction is definitely not a new concept you have probably noticed this several times around you maybe uh you have not paid attention to it but the next time you see it do uh understand that this is the reason for it so for example when you put a straw in a beaker containing water or uh you know a clear glass a transparent glass you see that when you put it in you see that the straw apparently looks a little bent you can try this today take a glass pour some water into it take a pencil and put that pencil into it it looks like it appears like suddenly magically the pencil appears like it has bent but is it actually bent no it is not but it appears to be bent that phenomena that leads to you thinking that the pencil has got bent or the straw has got bent that my friends is what is called as refraction now for refraction to happen guys this is what happens basically so imagine you put a pencil inside a beaker so what is happening imagine that there's a ray of light there are two rays of light let's say that it's uh starting from this point one of the edges of the pencil and it's reaching your eyes but as it is passing from water to air at that junction or at the place where the two mediums are separated the ray of light starts bending and because of that bending what happens a rays of light would reach your eyes instead of the ray of light going this way it would actually take this path that you see over here so what happens is that your brain always has this uh curiosity that where is the light coming from so what we'll try to do it'll try to trace back that steps or it'll try to trace back where that light is coming from and when it does that when your eyes is trying to trace back the light apparently instead of meeting over here what happens is that the rays of light would apparently meet at this point now this point is where you your you know this is why you see that because of this reason you're able to see that pencil has become bent now here's the thing is this apparent position of the pencil is called as the image or there is an image formed because of the bending of light and this image is not the actual it's not a real image it's a virtual image it's not like you know it's not something that uh that the object is actually bending no it appears like it's bending it's just an illusion it's just a trick to uh you know to which basically happens because of this phenomena of refraction it is not that the pencil is actually bending but it's because of this reason because the reason light are bending when you trace back the steps it appears like it's starting from another point uh rather than where it is actually from this my friends is what is called as refraction now i'm pretty sure that many of you guys would have had this question so why does refraction happen yeah is that the water is a magical water like you have to climb up to the himalayas and get a bucket of this water and make sure it is you know it's in high state and then bring it back over here and melt it that is how you're gonna get it definitely not the reason why refraction happens is guys is because light travels with different speed in different mediums or light has different speeds in different medium so for example in vacuum the speed of light is three lakh kilometer per second in air the speed of light is two thousand sorry two thousand two hundred nine two uh yeah two lakh ninety nine thousand kilometer per second in ice the speed of light is to like 29 000 kilometer per second in water it's to like 25 000 meter per second and in glass it's one lakh 97 000 kilometer per second so obviously light is having different speeds at different medium and because of this reason what happens is that the bending of light happens because the restriction or for example if you talk about a denser medium like for example glass which has high density what is happening the restriction is more so what is happening the speed of light actually reduces when the light enters into glass now here's the thing is here's what it would actually look like so let's say that there's a ray of light coming and falling from air into water the rear flight slightly bends why does it bend because the speed of light in air is different compared to that water if you just look at the value the speed of light in air is 2 lakh 99 000 kilometer per second whereas the speed of sound sorry speed of light in water is to like 25 000 kilometer per second there's a very big difference there's a very big difference and because of this reason there is spending of light happening anyways what if you understand this when the ray of light is traveling in high speed from when it's traveling from uh you know when it's going at high speed then it reduces the speed or when it slows down what happens is that the ray of light apparently bends towards the normal so let me just give you the terms first first of all you guys already know about the incident the ray of light that is coming and falling onto the surface of separation that is the incident the normal is what the same thing that you've studied in the reflection chapter you know what is normal normal is nothing but a perpendicular line which is which makes an angle of 90 degrees to that surface that is what is the normal and then you have the refracted tree which basically passes through that particular transparent medium now here's the thing is when the speed of light is high and then it slows down the light ray bends towards the normal now what do i mean by this here's the thing is the speed of light is going to be higher when the medium is rarer when the density of the medium is less well on the other hand when the medium or the density of the medium is more then the speed of light is going to be slow so for example if you talk about air and glass air is a rarer medium glass is a denser medium so when a ray of light is passing from a rarer medium to denser medium the ray of light goes towards the normal it is passing or it will try to go towards normal but there's a clear uh you know there's there's a clear deviation from its original path this is supposed to be the actual path but then what's happening because of a refraction the light ray takes another path and that part that it's taking is actually towards the normal now what would happen the same ray of light will come and incident on the outer basically the other surface right now what happened it'll go and hit over here now this is the surface where the refraction happens so over here this would become the incident ray this would be the normal and this would be the uh the refractory or we call it as the emergent ray so over here what is happening is that the light is now traveling from glass into air so when the rear of light is passing from a denser medium to a rarer medium the ray of light actually moves away from the normal from rarer to denser it moves towards normal like from air to glass it moves towards a normal from glass to air when the ray of light is passing from a denser medium to a rarer medium the ray of light passes away from the normal you see this this is the normal and it's going away from it now this ray of light that is passing out is called as the emergency it is emerging out of that glass slab and that's why it's called as immersion ring now the thing about immersion tree is that it is going to be parallel to this incident tree and if you have noticed this if i extend this those two lines the incident ray and the emergency are going to be parallel to each other but yes there's a big difference in the path obviously it's not taking the same path so there is a shift of that ray of light that is happening which can be clearly seen when our ray of light is emerging alpha glass slab as simple as that that's it people so that is the basic stuff about your refraction now that you've understood this guys one more important thing i'll just repeat it one more time listen to me very very carefully that's a very important factor that when the ray of light is passing from rarer medium to denser medium the ray of light would move towards the normal when the ray of light is moving from the denser medium to the rarer medium the ray of light would move away from the normal and that is very very important don't get confused it's a very very important part of your uh you know your syllabus so make sure you remember it one more thing about the ray of light is this guys if the ray of light is incidenting exactly at 90 degrees that is at normal itself that it's if it is hitting a normally to the surface then the ray of light would pass undeviated that is that means that there will be no division no no deviation whatsoever it will pass straight through without any refraction when the because see guys the ray of light is passing straight that is when it's moving when it's hitting the surface exactly in 90 degrees the ray of light goes undeviated without any sort of deviation and it passes straight through into that slab without any deviation so in conclusion guys what do we see so far when a light array goes from redder to tensor medium it bends towards the normal when the ray of light is moving from denser to the other medium the ray of light moves away from the normal and when the ray of light is normally on the surface of separation then the ray of light passes undeveated without what so uh ever you know affecting uh even uh if it is you know what to say even if it's slowing down it does not really uh matter much because the real flight is passing straight through that last lap as simple as that now that you understand this let us get into the questions and answers before we get into the question answers just give me two minutes of your time it's gonna be super important just give me two minutes of your time to explain something that would definitely help you guys in the future so here's the thing is we have done a survey about you know what are the problems that you guys are facing especially during this pandemic like you know what are the problems that you guys are facing on a regular basis regarding your studies and everything that is going on out there so these are the problems that you guys came up with and i totally 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actually increase because it's going into a random medium so the speed of light would actually increase so it's not actually optional because it'll be optional it'll definitely increase from glass to where it would actually increase second question light is slower in glass than in water if light travels from water to glass it turns towards the normal away from the normal it won't bend at all ah or can't see so light is slower in glass than in water all right so like a glass is definitely denser and water is definitely a rare medium so if light travels from water to class that is from mineral medium to denser medium what happens to the ray of light the answer guys you know what the answer is that it would bend towards the normal because it's moving from a rarer medium from water into glass so it'll bend towards the normal that is the answer third question is what happens when light is incident on the normal would it reflect back would it pass undeviated would it refract or either a or c that is reflects back or gets reflected what do you think is the right answer comment section below the answer you know guys if it's passing through the normal then it would pass undeviated it'll pass straight through the uh you know it'll have any kind of deviation it'll pass straight through that glass slab as simple as that fourth question is refraction happens because water holds light rays water is fluid so uh light bends speed of light changes in different medium or none of these what is the reason behind refraction comment section the answer guys is definitely option number c the speed of light definitely changes in different medium and that's why refraction happens because speed of light is different in different medium the fifth uh yeah the fifth question is actually homework so let me know what is the answer in the comment section below again the homework is this case the incident ray and the emergency are are dash to each other let me know what is the answer in the comment section below i'll be expecting your answers pretty soon thank you for joining guys i hope you enjoyed today's session i hope you learned something new today so thank you for joining leave a thumbs up and like share and subscribe and let us know what you think about uh how the sessions are going in the comment section below thank you for joining see you all in the next one take care of yourself stay safe guys bye bye until then take care bye