AP Government: Understanding the US Congress

Introduction

• Welcome to Heimlich's History, Unit 2 AP Government.
• Focus: Structure and powers of the US Congress.

Objectives

• Describe the structures, powers, and functions of each house in Congress.

Tips for Success

• Check out the AP Government Ultimate Review Packet for additional resources.

Structure of Congress

• Bicameral Legislature: Two houses—Senate and House of Representatives.
• Historical Context: Under Articles of Confederation, Congress had one house.

The Senate

• Composition: 2 senators per state, totaling 100 senators.
• Age Requirement: Must be at least 30 years old.
• Term Length: 6-year terms to insulate from public pressure.
• Representation: Represents entire state, deals with broader issues.

The House of Representatives

• Composition: Representatives based on state population (total 435 representatives).
• Age Requirement: Must be at least 25 years old.
• Term Length: 2-year terms, leading to more frequent re-election and responsiveness to constituents.
• Representation: Represents portions of a state, closer to constituents' issues.
• Coalitions: Less bipartisan coalition due to shorter terms.

Purpose of Congress

• Main Role: Make laws; Congress is the legislative branch.
• Bill Process:
  • Identical versions of a bill must be passed by both houses and signed by the president.

Debate Rules

• Senate: Allows unlimited debate due to smaller size.
• House: Debate limited to an hour per member due to larger size.

Powers of Congress

• Source: Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution.
• Enumerated Powers:
  1. Federal Budget: Power of the purse, requiring complex negotiations.
  2. Raise Revenue: Mainly through income taxes, tariffs, etc.
  3. Coin Money: Creates uniform currency nationwide.
  4. Declare War: Responsibility of people's representatives.
  5. Maintain Armed Forces: Prevents presidential tyranny.

Implied Powers

• Foundation: Necessary and Proper Clause in Article 1, Section 8.
• Definition: Powers not explicitly listed but needed to execute enumerated powers.
• Applications: Used for legislation on economic, environmental, and social issues.

Conclusion

• Resources available for exam preparation.
• Encouragement to subscribe and explore more on Unit 2.