Welcome to our YouTube Channel Today we are going to discuss from Class 9th History and Civics the first chapter of History The Harappan Civilization Let's start with the first exercise The first question is Name two important sources of information about the Harappan Civilization The important sources are the discoveries of Indus Valley Civilization which were made in 2500 BCE The evidences of Harappan Civilization were obtained because Harappan site was first to be discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in the province of West in Punjab which is now part of Punjab which is in Pakistan Due to bronze things of that time, it is also called Bronze Age of Civilization. Such knowledge and skills enabled people to advance a new stage in the progress of civilization. So, these are the things that gave us information about Harappan Civilization in the same way. Next question is Name one important public building of Indus Valley Civilization and its importance. Name one important public building of Indus Valley Civilization and its importance. Let's see page no. 6 in the textbook. See here, it is given on page no. 6, Citadel. The raised area of each city was called Citadel. Its own owed its height to the building constructed on mud bricks platform. And the houses near Citadel were of ruling class. And there were important buildings like Great Bath, Granary, Assembly Hall and Work Shop. So, so many things were in Citadel. Now in the next question, it says in question no. 3 that Give the name of the city of Citadel. Any two characteristic features of the Citadel? Let's go to page no. 6. So, from here, it owed its height to the building constructed on mud brick platform. And Citadel had houses of ruling class, important buildings, great bath, granary, assembly hall and workshop. So, this is the characteristic feature of Citadel. Next question is, Question 4 How were seals used? What information do they give about Harappa trade? This is on page 7 First see what were the seals used for? Seals were used by traders to stamp their goods That's why they were used Now what information do they give about Harappa trade? Harappan seals provide useful information about the script, trade, religion and belief of the Harappans. Seal of Pashupati shows that people believed in Shiva. And in this you can see three-faced deity which is wearing a buffalo horn headdress. seated cross-legged on a throne, on a throne and surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a buffalo and a rhinoceros with two deer at his feet. And the deity is identified as Pashupati Mahadeva and unicorn seal shows his mythical belief. So, all this information is given by seals and why they used it, we have seen in one line. Question no. 5 is Describe Granaries at Harappa. I will describe it briefly. Look at page no. 11. At Harappa there were two rows of six granaries. In south there were Harappa working floors. From which circular brick platforms were discovered. It was believed that these floors are made for threshing of grains. Wheat and barley grains are found in the crevices of the floors. So, this is about the granaries. Question no. 6 is, briefly describe the ornament worn by the Harappans. What kind of jewellery did they wear? Page no. 13 is in the text book. Here is the page no. On 13th page, the ornaments were worn by both men and women. Some common ornaments were necklace, finger ring, bangle, armlet, anklet, nose ring, fan shaped head dress and ear ring. All these were made of gold, silver, precious stone and ivory. It is also mentioned in the diagram. Question No. 7 is, Briefly describe the statue of Dancing Girl. On page No. 7, See here it is described that the bronze statue of the dancing girl which is found on Mohanjodaro is a masterpiece of art and it shows high degree of development in the art of sculpture. The figurine shows vigor, variety and ingenuity. The right arm of the dancing girl is resting on the hip and the left arm is heavily bangled and she holds a small ball against her left hand. So this is the definition of the statue of the dancing girl. So this is how the statue looked like. It is also given in the diagram. Next is question number 8. Can I mention the type of dress worn by the Indus Valley people? What kind of clothes did the Indus Valley people wear? Look at page number 13. So it is given about the dress that the Indus Valley men used to wear dhoti. as is depicted on a post-trade. This is a portrait of Harappa wearing a shawl. This is a famous figure of the priest from Mohanjodaro. The women used to wear a cloak to cover the arms and shoulders. The discovery of the needle and button shows that at least some of the clothes were stitched. ok, there were clothes with tacks and also with seals Question no. 9 is State 2 features of internal trade in the Indian Civilization Look at page no. 11, 2 features of internal trade Look, start from here The elaborate social structure and standard of living is confirmed by the presence of trade Trade here Then come back to this page Here, the cities like Mohanjodaro, Harappa and Lothal were important centers for metallurgy, producing tools and weapons as well as kitchenware and other objects for a wide distribution. Apart from this, write this line too, that Banwali, Harappa, Banwali, etc., Balakot and Chanhudhlo were centers for bangle making. So, this is the feature of your internal trade. Question 10. Can I state two evidences that show that Harappan also had trade relation with foreign countries? Let's come to page 11 where we were looking at internal trade. Here it is mentioned that besides internal trade, the Harappans also had commercial contact with their western neighbor Lothal Surukota and Balakot were some of the important trading coastal towns. The Harappans who carried trade with Mesopotamia and other western Asian sites had also set up a trading colony in northern Afghanistan which facilitated their trade with Central Asia. Question 11 is Name the 4 animals depicted on the Pashupati seal. Name the animals on the Pashupati seal. Page 7 Page 7 So, elephant, tiger, buffalo and rhinoceros. Which are those four animals? Only this is to be written, the names of the four animals. So elephant, tiger, buffalo, rhinoceros with two deer in his feet. Question 12 State any two cause that led to the decline of Harappan civilization? Cause to be explained Because of which Harappan civilization declined Page no. 13 Now the first cause is that earthquake raised the level of flood plains of Indus river and it blocked the passage of river so that it can't go inside the sea. And the rising water level of the river led to the inundation of the hinterland of Mohanjodaro and due to this destruction was destroyed. One can say that the flood of Mohanjodaro was not a big deal. and apart from this deforestation is given here for many reasons increased aridity, deforestation attack so second deforestation I have chosen since Indus Valley civilization was a bronze age culture so wood would be required in large quantities to produce bronze Wood is necessary for the production of jewelry, baking of bricks, pottery, stoneware, boats and furniture. Due to this, deforestation has happened, climate change has happened and urban civilization has declined. These are all different theories. There are many of them. There are four of them. You can write any two. Question 13 is, What type of weight and measure did the Indus people use? Page 12 shows that Harappan people used to use Cubical stone weight Basic weight was 16 which is equal to 14 grams Larger weight was multiple of 16 like 30, 48, 64, 128 and so on and smaller one was fraction of 16 Now, question no. 14 is that, State any two ways to show the value of index script as a source of historical information? There are two ways to show the value of index script as a source of historical information. See, the script has not been deciphered yet. So, the answer to this question is So, Indus script has not been deciphered as yet. So, only source of script is some seals and copper tablets. Seals display some sort of pictorial writing. And apart from this similar inscriptions have been found which are engraved on copper tablets with figures. In which there are men's figures and some animals'figures. Question No. 15 is, In what to respect in Harappan civilization our greatest heritage? How is the greatest heritage? Tell me two respects. See this on page No. 15 at the top. Many of its features were found in the later cultural development. Harappan's method of baked pottery, bricks, beads, jewelry and textile was adopted later by later civilization. One of the most remarkable achievements of Harappan people was the cultivation of cotton. It was adopted by the Egyptians after several centuries. So this is the story of the Harappan people. There are two respects in which Harappan civilization is our greatest heritage. Now let's come to our structured question. We have to give answers to the questions referring to the sources of information about Harappan civilization. The first part of A is that three significant features of the Great Bath. Great Bath is written on page number 6. So, the great thing is that Mohanjodaro has the largest public building, a large rectangular tank in the courtyard surrounded by a corridor from all sides, two flight steps, one in north and other in south leading into the tank to make the pool water tight, burnt brick and mortar line used for construction with bitumen and gypsum. Great thing about this. Now, after this, it is saying that social classification of Harappans as pointed out by the Citadel. Look at page number 7. So, here it is written that the citadel points to elaborate planning which went into the development of cities and justifies that Harappan civilization was an urban civilization. Because here the presence of specific buildings and houses of the ruling class and indicates a sort of social classification. Which shows that there was social classification. Question no. 1 C is the religion of the Harappans as depicted by the seal. According to the seals, what was the religion of Harappans? Page no. 7 So, from here, the seals of Harappans provide information. about the script and religion and belief of the harpans Seal of Pashupati shows people who believed in Shiva and 3 faced deity who wear buffalo horn headdress and who sit cross legged He is surrounded by elephants, tigers, buffaloes and rhinos. He has two deers at his feet. He is identified as a deity by the god Pashupati. The unicorn silk shows his mythical beliefs. So, these are the things about his religion. Question 2 is, with reference to Harappan culture, answer the following question. Discuss briefly the indigenous origin of the Harappan civilization. The second question is given in the textbook on page no. 8. On page no. 8, in the indigenous origin, the recent searches show that the roots of Harappan civilization are deep in the soil of India. They are deep inside the soil. According to some historians, the urban Harappan culture was just an outgrowth of extensive local village culture and not of foreign origin. This culture contributes to the growth of Harappan civilization together with external stimulus provided by trade contact with Mesopotamia. So this is the indigenous origin of Harappan culture. Next is Describe the extent of the civilization. It is given on page no. 8. The entire area of Harappan civilization is triangular in shape and accounts for 1.3 million square kilometers and is the largest area of ancient civilization. It extends from Sutkagender on the sea coast of South Balochistan to Alam, Girpur, Upper Ganga, Yamuna, Dwab in western UP and from Manda, Jammu to North. Bhagat ro in Narmada, Eshwari tk south mein This is the extension of this In 2nd CE, it is asked to name any 4 cities of Harappan Civilization and a significant feature of each city and also tell the important features of each city So, which are the four cities? Harappa, Mohanjodaro, Lothal and Kalibangan are the four cities. Harappa was famous for trading and was an important trading centre. Mohanjodaro is the important feature of this place. Lothal was the most important port of Harappan civilization. Kali Bangan had the most important feature of Granary. Question 3 is, with reference to the chief feature of the Harappan civilization, answer the following, any three characteristic features of town planning? You have to tell about town planning. On page number 10, you will get the third one. Here is the heading, what were the main characteristics of town planning? Every city was divided into two parts. Raised area, which was called citadel and lower town. Then, come here, down. The main street was following a grid pattern which was running from north to south or east to west. The houses in the corner of the street were rounded so that it was allowed to pass the cart easily. The house drain emptied all the waste into water. waste water into the street drains and then the street crosses the main road at right angles dividing the city into square and rectangular blocks so this is the characteristic of town planning you can increase or decrease it as per your need Now, the third one is B. Three special features of the house of the people. You have seen the town. Now, I will tell you about the house. On the same page, see the main characteristics of houses were following. The residential building was according to the set plan, high mount in order to protect them from flood. Their foundations were very deep. The new was good, it was very low. The entrances of the house were narrow, which cut the street at a right angle. Apart from this, the kitchen was also good. It was placed in the sheltered corner of the courtyard and the ground floor contained the storeroom and well chamber. So, these are the three features. Now, the third C is to mention any two common elements between Mohanjodaro and Harappan. To mention two common elements between Mohanjodaro and Harappan. The writing is a bit dirty. Both are located on the bank of the river Indus. That is Mohan Judaro was on the right side and Harappa was on the left side of the river bank. Both acquire a circle of 5 km. Ground plans of construction were same for both. For Harappa and Mohan Judaro. Apart from this water supply, drainage, greeneries were common in management. Some of the unique features were common like indoor plumbing, brick line drain pipes and sewage control. These elements were common in Mohanjodaro and Harappa. Question No. 4 is with reference to art and sculpture of the Indus Valley people. Answer the following question. First is of fourth. It is divided into three parts. It is A. Describe any important object of sculpture made by the Harappans. So, a large number of stone images have been found. Out of these, statue of Yogi draped with a shawl is a well-known bronze statue. And apart from this, a well-known bound statue and a statue of a dancing girl, animal and cult etc. are noteworthy. Next question is for you. Question 4. What is the name of the statue? How did Indus pottery reflect the potter's artistic skill? Look at page no. 12 Harappan produced their own characteristic pottery which was made glossy and shining. Then vessel or pottery crafted on the potter's wheel were decorated with black geometrical designs. Large jars with narrow necks and red pots with black decoration bear evidence of their artistic skill. and the geometrical design of the sculpture is the evidence that he had artistic skill. Question 4-4C Name and briefly describe the process by which sculpture in metal was done. How sculpture was done in metal? Page no. 13 Top of the page clearly written that sculpture was made of metal with special lost wax process. In this process wax figure was covered with coating of clay and wax was melted by heating and hollow mould was made. Thus created was filled with molten metal which took the original shape of the object. And then molten metal was put inside the mould which took the original shape of the object. Question no. 5 is, study the picture of the seal and answer the question that follows. First question is, identify the seal in the given picture. Why were the seals used? So, first thing is, which seal is this? And why was it used? Come to page no. 7. See the name of the seal. It is Pashupati seal. It is the seal given in the figure. And why was it used? It is written here that the seals were used by traders to stamp their goods. That's why the seals were used. 5th B part is of what material were these seals made? Name any four animals whose pictures were inscribed on the seal. So, see what was made of this? It is made of Terra Cotta and Stelite. S-T-E-A-L-I-T-E You will get this at the back. And the other four animals were from page no. 7. Which are those four animals? Elephant, Tiger, Buffalo, Rhinoceros and Deer So, you have to write this Then the fifth part is, what do the seals reveal about the Harappans? So, what do the seals reveal about the Harappans? They reveal mythical and religious beliefs, worship of Mother Goddess and Pashupatinath. So, all these things come under these seals. Last question number six, there are three parts of six. Identify the picture and answer the question that follows. First is to identify the structure. This structure is of gradebath. After this, characteristics. List any two of its characteristics on page no. 6. See, the answer of 1A was also same. So, this is given about the feature of gradebath. The largest public building in Mohanjodaro. Large rectangular tank in the courtyard which is surrounded by a corridor from all sides. Two flights of steps in the north and the other in the south which go towards the tank. Leading towards the tank and the pool is watertight. Burned brick is used, molten lined with bitumen and gypsum is used in the construction. So, these are the features of Great Bath. Now, it states the importance of this structure as a source of information about Harappan Civilization. It's importance is to be told as a source of information. Look at page no. 6. Great Bath is an important source of information that gives light to people's life, culture and Harappan Civilization. Now if you want to add a point in this, then the construction indicates that the art of building had reached a high degree of perfection at that time. Last one is, Name another architectural structure of this period. Name another architectural structure of this period. How this structure shows that Harappan civilization was highly developed? Either look at answer 1, B, i.e. Social classification of Harappa as pointed out by Siddhidal. Or look at page no. 7, same answer. The city dell points to the elaborate planning which went into the development of cities and justifies that Harappan civilization was an urban civilization. Here is the presence of specific buildings and the ruling class of houses which indicates social classification. This is another structure apart from the great thing. Here is the social classification which means that it is highly developed. So that's all for this chapter. Please do kindly subscribe my channel and share it as much as you can. It is a little bit mystic and generally it is but I will try to improve as this is for the first time I am making videos. So thanks for watching.