hi um i decided to do this video using my laptop instead of my desktop computer because the mic for the desktop computer the last time i used it it completely cut out so um what i'm gonna do now is i am going to share the screen um and then we can start so just give me a moment to figure out what's happening here screen is the button all right so i'm going to share my screen all right so we are going to start with african nationalism so um yesterday when i did this video i did the african nationalism and i did the the origins of nationalism what is nationalism and all that so if you want to see that you can go to the previous video i will link it over here you can just click and then take you to the previous video so i'm going to start fresh with africana nationalism i know in the previous video i have a little bit in it before the audio started to cut out but um [Music] let me rather just start fresh so afrikaner nationalism and obviously it's a case study in south africa so for my kids this is like a source space so you can get sources on this if you would like to see how to answer source-based questions i put a link to the telematics school project where i actually explain step by step how to answer source-based questions right so let's just click to the next thing right so the first thing is the great trick so this is basically how african nationalism started if you know anything about the afrikaners then you will know that they arrived in south africa in 1652 actually the dutch arrived here in 1652 with the dutch east india company they wanted to use south africa as sort of like a base for the um trading as they went from basically from holland to um india and they settled here in 1652 both the castle bought all of those things and as they settled here they kind of pushed the native people out but at the same time they also used some of the native people as servants or as workers in their household sometimes as slaves and there was a bit of a language barrier between the high dutch that was spoken by the white dutch people and the black or colored or mixed servants or slaves so a new language formed which became known as kind of a kombay style a language that formed in the kitchen and that land which was called afrikaans so you'll see that afrikaans will have elements of dutch very much inspired by dutch um you'll also find that afrikaans will have um elements of languages such as malay elements of indigenous languages in guni languages elements of even english words all interspersed in one language which became known as afrikaans just an interesting fact that i discovered the word pisang in afrikaans means banana and it actually is the same as the word banana in malay so you can actually really see that influence of how the land we just kind of mixed together and created this new language so before the 20th century afrikaans was basically spoken amongst basically in the kitchen it was basically it wasn't a a formal language they didn't have books that were written in afrikaans parents would teach their children afrikaans but at this time i think that the the official language in in south africa among white people particularly was dutch and then you got a group of mixed-race people that were also speaking afrikaans um that's a whole separate story so before the 20th century afrikaners were not united so you had a family that would speak of recons but as a group they didn't really identify as afrikaners they were just people that spoke afrikaans it wasn't like they had a nation called africanas um however in the early 1800s we have the british arriving in south africa and they arrived basically because minerals were discovered in south africa and they wanted to get their hands on that shiny shiny diamonds and gold and they occupied the cape colony so they basically took over the cape and this was very alarming to the afrikaan speaking white people because it led to what we call the anglicization of this dutch so remember i told you in 1652 language that was being spoken was dutch and then from dutch we get this derivative which is often khans but now that the british have taken over the cape people more and more people are starting to speak english and english in fact becomes the official language of the skype colony and this is very very worrying because the dutch are concerned and the africanas are concerned that their language their culture everything about them is going to disappear so as a result of this many words of worse is the afrikaans were basically meaningful and it came to refer to a white african-speaking person in south africa so it kind of evolved from just meaning farmer to meaning a white african-speaking person so many uh boys take northwards to escape british authority and in fact they actually even traveled through the eastern cape um so it was north through the eastern cape moving up along the coast of south africa and each of them were kind of split into different groups because like i said africanas were not united at this stage however this big walk this great trek from um the cape colony further into the interior of south africa it helps build a history that kind of ties these africans together because now they are sharing the story of having to move out of the cape colony and making their own two afrikaner republics which became known as the trance wall and the orange free state so the trick the great trick actually becomes a symbol of africanus freeing themselves from foreign control and as you can see when you've got afrikaners now they've got something that they can rally behind something that they can unite behind and so this is basically the start of africana nationalism so over here you can see a picture of the great trick basically how the movement was from the cape colony you can see they're heading up um into this land here you can see the frikwa it was basically a tribe made out of mixed-race people led by chief adam cook and they would go into this land and then some other groups would also go further and they settled in the republic of natal you can see the um some of them went through what is today known as pretoria clashing with the zulus oh oopsie and press the button clashing with the zulus um over here in 1839 clashing with the zulus of again here at the battle of blood river um i think they now call it the battle of cormeirova but in the past it was called the battle of black river um and then you also had british poor people traveling here from the tulsa areas moving up moving up going into the republic of windberg clashing over there with munzilcazi and then going further up going further up and basically they ended up settling in the orange tree state and the transvaal these poors so this story of having to kind of overcome adversity traveling um trying to escape the clutches of these british people trying to carve out a destiny for yourself this kind of gives a rise to um afrikaan and nationalism because it's the afrikaners began to see themselves as a chosen people they would clash with the native tribes and when they emerged victorious they felt that that meant that they were the chosen people or the chosen ones um the republic of natal um i'm not sure if it was originally about republic but i do know that towards the end it ended up becoming a british republic and in fact all of this whole area here was all british after the um multiple wars between the boys and the british so you can see that they've established their own little spot and they view that as a place this is our land for our people and remember that idea of nationalism is about uniting people under common language culture history religion so we can see that they are now sharing a history of this great trick and also the culture as well so after the discovery of diamonds in the war republics the british started expanding even further into the interior so you remember they started in the cape colony and then they say oh lovely diamonds gold and then they're like we want that place and this obviously will create nationalist feelings amongst africanas because in their minds they have fought for this land they have um clashed with the local tribes for the land they have established these republics by themselves they've built it up but now the british and other foreign influences want to come in and take over because they have now found diamonds and gold so this led to two wars against the british but ultimately um the boys lost those wars and they were annexed or taken over by britain so the centenary of the um celebrations of the great trek strengthens afrikaner nationalism because remember it's the shared culture the shared history and afrikaners began to see themselves as a chosen people so if you encounter the word centenary just just know that it means a hundred year celebration so they would celebrate the fact that they went on this great trick and therefore that also united them strengthened them as a group okay one of the monuments in fact that they built to the great trek is the called the fortreca monument it was completed in 1949 and was erected to commemorate the great trek so you can see it has a very um important cultural significance for african nationalism like this is a very important historical event to them that's a very important cultural event to them and they actually built a whole monument to uh kind of memorialize that the the suffering that they went through to the great trek the victories that they fought against the local tribes and the freedom that they achieved from the british so you can see it's considered an important memorial to avocado nationalism because it emphasizes the food triggers courage determination and perseverance therefore this fourth checker monument is promoting africana culture the next thing that contributed to nationalism africana nationalism was something called the south african war so i did mention it very briefly in the previous uh two slides but basically what happened was that there was a war between great britain and the boer republic so the transvaal and the orange free state and when i was at school they called it the anglo ball war but nowadays they call it the south african war because anglo-boi kind of just assumes that it was only the british and it was only the poorest that were involved but in fact many colored people many african people many uh black african people were also involved fighting in this war on both sides and just a fun fact that my father actually told me he says that my grandfather was involved in the second south african war so the one that i'm speaking at now and the reason he got involved and he got involved on the side of the british was that he was promised a bicycle like imagine risking your life for a bicycle and then apparently after the war when he was supposed to get the bicycle he didn't and he was bitter about that for his whole life so i just thought that was a bit of a funny thing just a funny story to do not relevant though but interesting anyway during the war the forms of wars and africans alike were destroyed and the inhabitants of the countryside were rounded up and held in segregated concentration camps so that means there was a separate concentration camp for the boers and a separate concentration camp for the africans so this you would have done in grade 10 if you did the scorched policy of kitchener and all of that so i'm not going to go into too much detail about it but basically the conditions in these camps were horrific so we had several people dying of typhoid fever several people getting ill several people losing a lot of weight dying of starvation because of the fact that they were putting all of these people in a concentrated environment but not actually having everything that they needed available for them so no toilets no showers no food no medicine and as a result of that a lot of people died so um i'm just footballing here from what i remember but i think about 28 000 world people died in the concentration camps of their 28 000 i think 22 000 were children so it was really non-combatants that were in these concentration camps and treated terribly terribly by the british um and then you also had african people that were also rounded up i think about 13 000 of them ended up dying in these concentration camps so it actually shows that these concentration camps were specifically created to kind of ensure maximum suffering for brewers and for african people who were fighting on the side of the bullets so the whole idea was to make them suffer but however despite all of this the suffering that the boys faced during this war instead of destroying them as a nation all it did was that it fueled their nationalism because now they could all be united under the fact that all of them suffered during the south african war so even if they were not in a concentration camp a wife or a child or a brother or a sister would have been in the concentration camp and would have been either died of starvation or died of typhoid or died of something else and then thus united them as a group it contributes to african nationalism they pursued their common interests together and excluded those who did not share the same experience so now because of the south african war and the suffering that they went through to the south african war you kind of have the poor people starting to unite even more than what they did during the great trick because they were fighting for their people and now they get a sort of need to exclude anyone that is not considered part of their people so um white english speaking people in particular were excluded from this so here is just an image of a starving boy child it was identified as lizzie fansel after a few months in the concentration camp so lizzie died in 1901 at seven years of age so you can see that the conditions they are not really amazing she is literally had she literally looks like she is starving to death but in i think in actuality she died of typhoid fever which you get from poor hygiene so if you want to read more about lizzie fansel there is the source you can just look it up and it tells you lizzy's whole story as we know or what we know of it right so the next thing is this this idea of the folk now i'm sure you've all heard of the folks wachen which is a type of core um the word folk means people the people and the folk in terms of afrikaner nationalism is specifically catering towards white african-speaking south africans so that means that it does not include white english-speaking south africans and it does not include um brown or black people who speak of records even if they are south african so one of the first champions of africana nationalism was a minister called stephen toy of the dutch reformed church now you're going to see that word a lot because afrikaner nationalism is very much christian orientated very much orientated very specifically to the dutch reform church i think if you want to use the term that they use they say the in here the ng cap the ng church so if you just just uh if you want to experience this if you have an ng church or a dutch reform church in your community like i live in belleville and there is actually a dutch reform church close to where i live and if i go there i will just see afrikaans people like the sermons are done in afrikaans everything is just done in afrikaans because the dutch reformed church is so linked to the afrikaner language to the africana culture okay so detour put forward the notion that afrikaners were a distinct nationality with the fatherland which was south africa and their own language which was afrikaans and that the destiny of the falk or the people was to rule south africa so this kind of lays that foundation of we want to create a south africa that is just for us where we all share the same language which is afrikaans and that we are going to rule it all together many afrikaner nationalists view that a strong government was necessary to protect the nation or the folk so they wanted to have a government that was in place that could protect them if anyone else had to come and destroy the nation because now remember because of the suffering they went through the great trick the suffering they went through through the south african war now they want to keep their group as tightly knit as possible and that is why they create this idea of the folk so one of the first steps in kind of entrenching afrikaan and nationalism and getting that culture getting that language um getting everyone kind of on the same page was the afrikaner language movement so you'll remember that i told you that dutch was firstly the official language and then later on it became afrikaans so the idea was because they were afraid of anglicanization so they were afraid of the fact that english would take over um they wanted to protect the afrikaner language or the afrikaans language so that is why they started the afrikaner language movement in 1875 the khanwitzka phantoms the society of real afrikaners was founded and they stood for our language our culture our nation so you can see that idea of nationalism coming through there the society of real afrikaners what does it mean to be a real african and that means you are sharing the same language you are sharing the same culture and therefore you guys become a nation in 1925 we finally have afrikaans being recognized as an official language so remember up until this point it's dutch and english and now it's been converted from dutch to afrikaans so you what's the result of this more and more people are speaking of recons you start to get books written in afrikaans the bible is converted in other cons you can start actually um sort of entrenching this language in schools in um institutions in businesses because now it is an official language it's not a random language that is spoken um it is one of the languages of the country okay so the afrikaner language movement was all about kind of getting other plants recognized and then in 1929 the federation from afrikaans was established to promote africana language and culture so once again this language movement is all about getting more and more people to speak of records and to get more and more people in terms of their culture in terms of this this history that they share the south african media also promoted the language through things like newspapers and magazines um an example i've given here is the burger which if i'm not mistaken it's still um in in in circulation today it started in 1915 and then you also have the transvaalad which was in 1957. i think the hazelnut was also kind of uh came out at this time and i think in the 1940s but that's a magazine in another newspaper so what is the purpose of of creating afrikaans media so you have more and more people interacting with this language on a daily basis and therefore sort of rooting that language in the community because if you can read something in your own language you're rather gonna buy that than something that's in someone else's language okay so here's an example of the afrikaans language movement so if you live in paul you can actually just go pop in and have a look at that it's located in on a hill that is overlooking paul and it commemorates afrikaans being declared an official language of south africa separate from dutch it was erected on the 100th anniversary of the society of real afrikaners and the organization helped strengthen afrikaner's pride and identity in their language so once again this language monument is once again serving to unite the afrikaans people to protect their language to show how proud they are of their language okay the next thing that we're going to be discussing is the brooder bond um one thing that you can consider it's basically meaning brotherhood or the league of brothers if you wanted to convert that in english i wonder if i can do this with my pen uh i can't do it so um when i was on my pc i could like do a circle like around the words and stuff but i don't think i can do it here let me try i'm just checking if i can do it okay so okay it doesn't work let me try i got it working meaning brotherhood okay or league of brothers oh but it's not comfortable using this oh okay again right so close that all right so the brother bond was established in 1918 and it promoted africana identity culture and nationalism so it was basically a secret society that was about promoting this afrikaner nationalism that was their main aim they wanted to strengthen africana unity and eventually control government and they supported the purified national party so national party very important when we start speaking about the path you'll see that the main drivers behind apartheid was the national party and the national party had a very very close relationship with this brutal bond so you'll find that a lot of people that were in the national party were all afrikaner people and very very proud of being afrikaans having this afrikaner identity culture and nationalism about uniting their nation and protecting their nation and you'll start to see how this sort of lays the foundation of what becomes known as apartheid now the buddhapoint can be considered very successful in the aim to strengthen africana unity and then to eventually control government because they actually did basically from 1948 to 1994 all prime ministers and presidents of south africa were all part of the national party and they were all part of the brutal pond which is crazy like just imagine that all the presidents of the country were part of a um secret society that was aiming just to promote a particular language a particular culture a particular identity it's insane so they were quite successful in um basically controlling government um in in the beginning many of the members of the brutal bond were young professionals teachers clerks and ministers and there we go again with the dutch reform church the ng kerk but later farmers and ordinary africanus joined as well they embarked on a program of economic affirmative action to help the poor africanas during the 1920s and the 1930s now whenever i teach history to my kids i make sure that they know the three words which is economic social and political so all things that happen through history will fall under one of these bands it will either be an economic event a social event or political event so it's important to know what those words mean and economic means that it refers to money so there was an issue where many africanas were poor and the brutal bond actually said that this is unacceptable we can't have a situation where afrikaans people are poor so we are going to start economic affirmative action and all that means is that if there's a job and let's say it's that's unskilled um and you don't need to be educated to do this job uh let's say it's like something like gardening or mine work or something or putting down tracks on a railway and then say an afrikaans person and a colored person applies they will rather take the white african-speaking person than take the colored of a can't speak in person because they value the affirmative action to help the poor of recorders so first you must help the poor of requires then you can think about helping everybody else so that is one of the things that the brutal bank did kind of to contribute to the rise of african nationalism and to protect this idea of the folk the people so let's just have a look uh why are you giving me issues so here you can see an image of the founding members of the brutal point they were a secret and exclusively afrikaner male organization in south africa and they were dedicated to the advancement of africana interests it was founded by h j clopper h w fundamental dhc duplicity and reverend joshua no day no dear no okay so you'll see the reverend he was probably part of the dutch reform church so here you go you can see that if you see an image like that many of the questions they might ask you is why did they take an image like this what is the message of this image you'd also have to know a little bit of the background behind it in order to answer questions so you'd have to know that these are africana nationalists they're getting together to promote africana interests and um you can see they're all dressed like gentlemen they are um basically portraying themselves very much as proud of who they are etcetera etcetera etcetera right so next we have something called fox capitalism or people's capitalism and the idea behind this was that um they needed to protect those poor white africanas because what was happening in about the early 1900s was that many afrikaners started to move to the cities from the rural areas but they lacked skills and they didn't speak english but at the same time as this is happening so you've got the white africanas going from the cities to the the the going from the rural areas to the cities and then at the same time you also have poor unskilled black people moving to the towns to find work so what ended up happening was that they were it was kind of competition for the kind of jobs that they could get so this resulted in a large poor white population which consisted of mainly africanus during the 1920s to the 1930s we're talking about 300 000 people that are poor white recorders now these uneducated unskilled white people had to compete with uneducated unskilled black people and they had to go for the same job so what folks capitalism aimed to do was that they created a labor policy that would give preference to unskilled white workers over black workers so in other words a form of affirmative action to protect unskilled white persons at the detriment of unskilled black people so there you go the image of the poor white issue in south africa at the time uh not something that you really see much today so you could argue that folks capitalism was very successful because you don't really see this very often in south africa today all right so folks capitalism of recorded trade unions were established for example on railways to promote africana interests so once again a trade union is designed to stand up for the the worker but in particular these trade unions were only fighting for africana interest getting jobs for africanas protecting the wages of africatness together with the buddha bond the fak promoted the idea of people's capitalism which kept the economy firmly in the hands of africanus so you ended up having a situation where most of the money of the country was congregated in the hands of a minority because of false capitalism because of people capitalism where they were standing together and they keep the money within their own group so they established the federale fox so if you see a reading the word in in afrikaans means to risk you so when you see readings that bond you know that this is designed to rescue these poor white of recorders we need to save them shame they can't be poor so these banks were still established simply to assist poor white of recorders and how it worked was that wealthy afrikaner businessmen and farmers pulled their money to invest in afrikaans businesses such as sunlam and to promote the economic development of the africana folk now when i speak about pooling money um you can think of it sort of like what what we today know as a stock fell so i give a hundred grand you give a hundred grand she gives a hundred grand he gives a hundred grand and at the end of the day we have 400 grand and then you have one person that's suffering that has nothing to put in the bank and we give that 400 grand to them they then use that money to then promote their own business and then once they are successful the idea is they must now give back to the stockpile okay so that is how the um how these banks and institutions worked to rescue poor white of requirements and the um group was viewed as more important than the individual so even if you don't want to put your money into sanlam if you want to be considered a actual afrikaner you have to put your money into sannam and you have to promote the economic development of the afrikaans folk so basically if you were a wealthy africana your job was to make sure that all other africanas are taken care of you are investing your money in an african business you are saving your money in an african bank you are buying shares in africana businesses you are loaning money only from africana banks and therefore you keep your money within your group okay and by doing so uplifting your group protecting your group your money is not going outside of your group so now we're going to speak about the folk in relation to religion education and labor so as i mentioned before the dutch reform church or the drc was the guardian of africana heritage so in afrikaans you call it the nearer dates please forgive me my afrikaans sucks it's abbreviated in gk so you often find the ng church all around south africa particularly um i i know there's a lot of them in cape town it guided of the corner thinking that afrikaners were chosen by god to bring civilization to black people so once again this idea of being a chosen people is kind of being promoted in churches um using the religion to kind of get more more people to believe in this afrikaner nationalist movement so they believe that the church should guide the government in terms of education christian national education was dominating the school system so very much very christian school system under africana nationalism afrikaani children received mother tongue education what this means is that an afrikaans child will be taught in afrikaans they will read books in afrikaans and their teachers are africans so that kind of gives them a leg up over children that are not receiving mother tongue education so for example i'm speaking english but if you are an afrikan speaking person listening to me you'd first have to translate that whatever i'm saying you'd have to translate it back into your home language and then kind of when you're writing the answer to a question you'd have to translate that back into a language that you are not particularly comfortable with speaking so to receive mother tongue education actually gave these kids a leg up because from the time that they were young they had a proper foundation everyone was speaking the same language and therefore it was easy for them to understand they didn't have to do any extra work to understand the world so another thing that education did was that it aimed to keep the culture and the heritage of the afrikaners alive so you can kind of consider it like propaganda or brainwashing and basically when you went to school as a young afrikaans child you would hear stories of the heroism of the great trick you'd hear stories of how horribly people suffered and particularly worse suffered during the south african war and as you hear these stories it kind of encourages you to feel proud that you as an afrikaner person managed to overcome the suffering and therefore it encourages patriotism or being proud of your country being proud of being an afrikaner and that is what education was doing from a young age people were exposed to this and it made them very proud of who they were once again tying to this idea of african nationalism because if you are proud of who you are then you are going to contribute to this group okay and therefore keep the cycle going so this system was geared to improve both middle and working class of requirements the next one is the fault in relation to labor um so there's basically two main points here firstly the four creates the bantu education act in 1953 which created a racist educational system that prepped black people to become laborers so the education system in 1953 was literally designed that white africana speaking children and white children in general were given a superior education to black children or kind of children or indian children they would spend more money on the white children they would make sure that white children had whatever they need they received mother tongue education all of those things to give them a sort of leg up when it comes to jobs when it comes to skilled professional work meanwhile if you were a black or colored or an indian person you had to work twice as hard to get half of what they had and that was the bantu education act it was literally designed to keep black people as neighbors right next you have the afrikaner brita bond which we've spoken about before starting the ears congress the first economic congress and here you see the word folk as well so that would be people's congress actually to draw attention to the poor white problem and to promote africana unity so the brutal is kind of creating this um idea amongst poor afrikaners that they must unite together and therefore that will solve their problem um and then other afrikaners rich afrikaners are also going to pay attention to the poor africanas and kind of create unity between rich and poor of recording so that you are not rich or you are not poor you are just all afrikaans and that is what you are going to unite under that that is your banner okay some other nationalisms actually do divide people according to class but afrikaner nationalism did not so this is just a comparison so i spoke about the bantu education act um so unfortunately i wasn't able to find an image of a former white school but i just think this would be interesting just to show you so you can see a picture of a black school in 1953 compared to a former white school the white school is obviously a more recent picture i think this is from a 2017 maths unemployed so just keep that in mind um the initial picture of the black school you can see that you've got one two three four children sitting in one desk you can see the conditions of that school is not very good it's very overcrowded and that is what black schools looked like and then if you look at this former white school even though the picture is recent the building was built many many years ago and you can see that the way that the building was built and already each child has their own desk um there's much more space there's um they use pure wood it's all neat and tidy uh things like that so the conditions that they were learning in was much better than the conditions that black african kids were learning in and therefore once again giving them a leg up all right so we almost at the end here now we're going to discuss how all of these steps that we've taken in terms of entrenching the economics entrenching the cultural aspect and changing the social aspect and how that leads to nationalism and afrikaner nationalism basically gaining power so the national party which became the the main apartheid party was formed in 1914 and it was basically formed around this idea of an afrikaans language so the afrikaans language afrikaans culture the national party was fighting for them um in the 1948 elections in the run-up to it the np used slogans of the swat kaphar or the black danger to secure victory so they used the fear of of the fox so remember for many many years up to this point they have been creating this strong strong patriotism for being africans and now we have to protect ourselves as afrikaner people and we are in danger because if we don't take political power we are going to face the swat kavar the black danger where black people are going to take over and we will be in danger so they use that fear after creating all of this nationalist feelings with enough requirements they used the fear to kind of get people to vote for them and even english-speaking people voted for them so they won political power in 1948 and immediately once they came into power they started to implement the policy of apartheid which stands for apartness or separatehood and the idea was i as an afrikaner person i don't want to integrate with people that are not like me so here you can start to see that idea of nationalist uh nationalism and that idea of exclusive nationalism where people that are not like me are the enemy and so to protect african nationalism they began passing laws that entrenched racial divisions so basically white people live here black people live there colored people live there and we protect our own you guys can protect your own over there and we'll protect our own over here and that became known as a party so i i wrote the wrong date here the banter education act was actually in 1953 but you can actually see how they use the laws to make sure that the africana folk was protected and other people were kind of excluded so the mp which was representative of the africanapold basically consolidated the power in the 1960s and the 1970s so they basically remained in power until up until 1994 all right i think that brings us to the end of the session if there are any questions you can leave it in the comments down below thank you so much and i'll see you next time