nice welcome to this lecture chapter 12 the crime and punishment of Galileo at this lecture is important it's a little bit longer than some of them but not as long as other ones so just bear with me and don't forget to go in and read chapter 12 okay excellent we're talking about Galileo today and we're going to focus on the fact that this very important person Galileo Galilei is going to be known for improving the telescope so today I'm gonna talk about his improving the telescope just a little bit so you could write down Galileo is best known for number one improving the telescope and the number two is going to be known for his astronomical discoveries these are going to be super important such as the idea of planets revolve I mean moons revolving around planets and planets of course revolving around the Sun by in this solar system he's also going to be important for his research on motion and fallen bodies so if you haven't written this down write these three things down super quickly you can pause this video and write them down and they click unpause what Galileo was best known for Galileo at the age of 25 was a math professor at the University of pizza pepperoni of course Jessica the University of Pisa in 1592 he was able to switch to a better university do University of Padua uh in the Republic of Venice now remember Italy had not been created yet there's a whole bunch of small countries Italy was you know fired during the Roman Empire but since then and of course falling apart here boy in 1608 he's going to receive a telescope from one of his friends probably from Holland Anthony's going to use this and he's gonna improve upon the telescope to make it a little better now he uses the telescope to look up at the stars and look at things that hadn't normally been looked at you know normally people took the telescope and it's pretty cool and you can see a long ways off but what if you take a normal tool and use it in abnormal ways and that's what he did he took this starry messenger I mean the telescope and he looked up at stars and he wrote down exactly what he saw in the starry messenger so that's why it's important not because he came up with anything that is that astronomical the telescope but because you use this in a way that people haven't thought of before you thought outside the box and that's what we need to learn how to do through analytical thinking how could we think I was in the box well in this book the starry messenger which is going to make him famous he said there are new stars when I looked up into the heavens I saw stars that have not previously existed whoa whoa whoa hold on a second if God created all things before the earth was created how could they be things that God had not created in the beginning that's the question right new stars had not been there and the second thing is that we believed before that's why I emphasized this in before class that the closer we get up to the celestial sphere the more perfect things were but all of a sudden he looks at the moon and he writes down and he draws a picture of the moon and he drew it like this this is his drawing right here right and he says excited enough this is his drawing or he paid somebody to draw it but anyway and he says that the moon is not a perfect sphere it has pock marks it's not perfect well way to say that's closest to the sphere of God so therefore it wouldn't be the more perfect more perfect than anything no it's not so first off he says there's no stars didn't exist and that the moon is not perfect these two things are going to be very important the third thing he says in this book is there are moons that go around other things in this case the Jupiter has four moons things could orbit around things other than the Sun and Earth how could that possibly be that does not make sense so this here the starry messenger is the book that made Galileo the most famous these three important things now that's also going to be bad because the Holy Office of the Inquisition it is at this time it is a Italian Roman idea warming concept that they want to prohibit people especially the pass of information for teaching things that are contrary to the gospel and when happens what happens is that they get a manila folder and they write your name on the outside and all evidence of things that you're doing wrong will go in there when that folder gets big enough then they will come to your door and they'll drag you off to have you confess your sins because you're doing things that are wrong so a file has been opened up on him that doesn't mean anything major has been going on except that or files being opened up you know what's gonna happen there it's not very good well once it got this book out it it stirred a lot of controversy 16:10 I mean the fact that he's now on the file is opened up on him and that's a lot of controversy and once controversy is is spreading about you then people find out what's going on they're curious like why is this guy so controversial so of course it becomes now the chief mathematician and philosopher at the Medici Court in Florence that means he gets a better job outside of grading papers now I love grading papers I love teaching but if somebody offered me a quarter of a million dollars just to sit there and not read books it would be hard to say no that's what he's doing that sounds pretty awesome but that's because he's so famous now because he's still controversial so it's interesting that Galileo and his new science is gonna flourish not in the university setting but among the public in Royal Courts that's where it's really going to spread here people want to know even if you can't teach about in the university people are curious about what the heck is going on this is a good example of core patronage in science where the court in this case the Medici court now you've heard of them at each Accord it's the one with a Machiavelli's The Prince that the ends justify the mean that's where I was written for they're very powerful the Medicis anyway court patron as the court is gonna pay people to study science is gonna spread the development of science and stuff so now all of a sudden we have Renaissance against this is the pair of the Renaissance a rebirth of interest in some of the literature from the ancient classical times Renaissance academies now compliment courts as institutions for science that's great but also informal associations anybody can study science now you don't have to be a professor you don't have to work in academia you could join an informal Association when I was an undergrad I joined an informal so shame about it was called up a history book club this is back before everything was on the internet anyway and so we would put a sin our dues in and they would send us four books a month and we would read them I I didn't wasn't a member of the book club too long because I realized how hard it was to read form history books on top of my normal schoolwork but you know that's the kind of a formal Association if I didn't have to do school like now I would love to do that again they just don't have it any more than I'm aware so pretty soon these Renaissance academies that's what we're talking about but later they're going to read be replaced by national scientific academies like the Royal Academy in London that's gonna be the the new thing but you wrote down Renaissance academies and informal associations and this is important because the science is gonna spread but not just in the Universities now it's spreading everywhere and as you can see by this famous scientist Galileo leaving University and going into a more court oriented or place to spread his science his next book din is going to be called letters on sunspots but you can't guess what this one's about yep sunspots if you take the telescope and you look at the Sun then you notice by the way it's not a good idea you'll probably go blind maybe that's why he went blind as he got older I don't know anyway I went to the University of Utah and they had this this thing where you could they had a telescope pointed at the the Sun but then it was reflected onto the floor in the museum so you could actually see what the Sun looked like without looking at the Sun he didn't have this opportunity Sheila had to look directly at the Sun so he found that there are sunspots at or near the surfaces of Sun again that means the Sun is not perfect the Sun is even closer to the sphere of God and it is less perfect than the moon that is just messing up the way we understood things in medieval times Venus he also states erroneously changes orbit as it makes its orbit and he wrote a lot about Saturn we'll come back to these things later on what he is trying to say is there must be some sort of separation of the ideas of church and science there's a very religious person but he says oftentimes faith and reason appear but do not contradict if they appear to contradict what you have in the Bible and what you see outside like for example the idea of the moon and the Sun not being perfect the Bible however is the Word of God but natures of works of God so you have to separate the true what God said and what God did cannot necessarily always be the same he argued right so if he argued truths of nature contradict the Bible then the Bible must numbers must must be reinterpreted not the way around the Bible has to be reinterpreted it's not we understand nature reinterpreted no no nature cannot be reinterpreted he said it's the Bible has to be good example this would bribe me there's a particular passage that I forget where it's at where I think it was Joshua the sand that he commanded the Sun to stand still so we can fight well you don't ask the Sun to stand still unless it moves that was the the Bible version okay I see you to me anyway so that's the separation of science or Church a science and church or church of course in Ex philosophy the Bible and the works of God right all of these issues here that is arguing in favor of well he might be arguing in favor that let me skip a little bit here hold on but he's really upsetting people it's at the same time that one of his heroes Copernicus man we talked about him last time wrote that he had were in the book of de revolutionibus on revolution of celestial spheres anyway his book was put on an index of banned books that Mariner told you that Galileo had a file in the Holy Office of Inquisition well another aspect about that is a book that all the books that Dena Schlosser eat it's called the index so there's a book that you're not supposed to read it'll be on this index now Copernicus's book is on the index again just like before once you put a book on this index people want to know why it's on the index and then they try to read it it's very interesting the way that goes some of our sites sociology and the way we work Galileo is hoarded not to halt or defend Copernican views he's not supposed to he's supposed to be a good Christian person but he believes he is he's just questioning some of the views arguing that of course what you see our sign is not always what is written down he went to lunch one time with one of his good friends who was a cardinal and would later become the Pope okay so anyway so what and he said you know I'm thinking about writing a book and I would like to write the book about Galileo I'm sorry he is going about Copernicus and his ideas about the Sun be the center of the universe well we'll set his friend you know that that's against the church you can't do that well what do you think if I just have like a book and I write they present both arguments the Copernican system and the so-called Ptolemaic system Ptolemaic is a geocentric system what if I introduce both of those and let the reader choose that supposedly his friend said is a good idea do it oops he does this is going to be called a dialogue of the two chief systems of the world he actually has three people but only two people are important in here what happens in this book three people come together and they just talk now that was very common way of writing a book back then right and they just talk let me hurry and pause this video and resume in just a second