Psychological Disorders Overview

Welcome back to Intro to Psychology. As you can see here, I accidentally put chapter 14. I didn't realize it until after I'd already filmed this lecture, so my bad. Okay, so we're starting chapter 15, not 14. As always, you can pause, rewind, fast forward, whatever you need to do. This video may be a little bit longer than usual, but we have a bunch of clips in there for examples. I've also put the full slides on blackboard. This is the only chapter where I'm doing that. That's because I do go off a little bit from the book and add more information, but also if you have experienced any of these and it's troubling or hard for you to listen to this point of the lecture, then you can then instead go look at those slides so you don't have to worry about that. As you will see, this chapter is 50% of your final exam, so make sure you review that study guide. Okay, all right, let's get started with chapter 15. Okay, before we begin in this lecture, there's one major important thing I want to note. You are not a clinician, okay? You do not have a PhD in clinical psychology. You are not licensed to do any kind of therapy or diagnosis or anything like that. My doctoral degree is not in clinical psychology, and I am not licensed to do this. Um, the only time I'll allow you to diagnose anyone, it's going to be a fictional person and it's for your reflection paper, which I'll get to later. Um, but do not go around diagnosing family members. Do not go diagnosing yourself. Do not go diagnosing your friends. No, none of that whatsoever. If you are concerned for a family member or friend, I've provided information at the end of this presentation. Um, so whether it be like contacting the counseling center, if it's you or an A-State student. Um, or I believe I also put in some hotlines, fits for family, things like that. Um, I can always add more, um, or if you need another outreach, just, um, you can always send me an email and I'm happy to provide you with any materials or any, um, contact information that I can. Um, with that too, before I get all these emails, um, again, I just said, I am not a clinical psychologist. Yes, my research does have a clinical component. I will talk about that later. but I do not treat people i do not diagnose people please do not send me emails of you wanting me to diagnose you or other people okay so don't do that do not send me emails ask me about your siblings your parents you know no again if you are very concerned then you can use the contact information provided at the end okay with that caveat now we're getting started So first let's talk about the history of psychological disorders. This is going to talk about where do they think psychological disorders come from as well as you know possible some therapy stuff. This presentation is not going to be really therapy. It's going to be mainly covering like just the diagnosis diagnostic criteria. There we go. All right first we had trepanation. So We talked about this already. It's where they drilled a hole in your skull, you know. And it started because it was releasing the evil spirits from your brain. So it was releasing evil spirits from the body, specifically from the brain, if you had any sort of mental illness. So ranging from anything from depression, anxiety, to schizophrenia, to personality disorders, anything like that, you would have to relieve the evil spirits. So, drilling a hole in the skull. Next, we have Hippocrates. So Hippocrates, remember, Hippocratic Oath, we talked about him back in chapter one, puts more of a medical, biological stance on it, which why wouldn't he? He is the, he's our man of medicine. Here, he believed that the body had four bodily fluids that were in charge of everything. And if one got too much, or if one didn't get enough, or if there was an imbalance, Then in that case, you could experience a mental illness, especially with the melancholic. So if you had too much melancholic, then that would be a problem. So, so we're going in towards closer to science. We're not a hundred percent there yet, of course, because we know the body has more than just these four elements. So we're not there yet. Okay. But at least we're going towards science. And then we have the middle ages, which. reverts us right back to away from science so for the middle ages uh you know if you had a mental illness uh you were either a witch um or you were possessed so let's do a good old-fashioned exorcism um and if you kept having mental illness especially uh for the females in the class uh yeah you were then a witch and so you had to be put to death so you know i'm fast forwarding so you see a little fast forward button here fast forwarding a whole lot to go to talk about dorothea dicks. So Dorothea noticed that for individuals with psychological illness, they weren't being treated properly. Specifically, if someone had a severe psychological illness, where did they go? So where did they go? They were not going to hospitals. They were not going to institutions. They were going to jail. So they were in jail with the same, like maybe next to someone who had murder their spouse or something like they were not they were viewed as criminals basically which is not fair it's an illness so you wouldn't you know if someone broke their arm you wouldn't put them in jail to fix the arm so dorothea dicks opened the first mental health institution um so individuals could stay here and be treated by doctors and nurses and get the care they need instead of going to jail then we have sigmund freud it's the only time i talk about him in this lecture um sigmund freud although a major cocaine addict uh did bring a lot to understanding psychological disorders um again he primarily focused on why we have psychological disorders is the id and ego and super ego out of balance so maybe the id is controlling everything maybe the super ego is controlling if there's an imbalance with the id ego and super ego then that can cause um a mental illness or psychological disorder fast forward to today And we have the medical model or the biopsychosocial model. So we talked about that in chapter 16. So I provided the same Venn diagram here. So again, with psychological disorders, there is a biological slash biomedical application to it. So like genetics, brain chemistry, brain wiring. There's a psychological component. So of course, like emotions. There's a social component as well. So like experiencing social exclusion or isolation, those can also contribute to or lead into psychological disorders. So that is where we are today. So now let's talk about what actually is abnormal. How do we define abnormal? Well, first we have statistical deviance. So I don't think, nope, okay. I'm going to have to draw here. So, we talked about this in class. Okay, it's the best I can do right now. So, that's our normal distribution, normal curve. Remember, I said to think of it as people lined up. So, some behaviors... Would be over here as in it's way too much and that's abnormal or over here. There's not enough. So let's talk about like emotions experiencing emotions We'll talk about it in just a minute, I believe but like someone who experiences very little emotions Compared to the average that's abnormal versus someone who's very overly emotional about everything That's also a way. So one way we look at abnormal is literally through statistics Changing my arrow back so I don't draw anymore. Okay, the next way is situational context, which are social norms. Some of you discussed this in your social norm paper, but social norms are another way of where we see what's abnormal and what's normal. So if you were sitting on a public transportation, so like a subway, bus, something like that, the person next to you is just having this full-on conversation with themselves. that it's pretty abnormal that's not a social norm to sit there and laugh and like tell jokes to yourself you know or have full-on conversations um i will say it's not as big of a deal now but like um i would say like whenever bluetooth headpieces came out that was a change more like airpods and you don't see because their hair's down you know but again if let's say you they don't have airpods in they don't have a bluetooth headpiece they're just talking out loud to themselves and laughing and things like that that's breaking social norms which we then decide that behavior is abnormal. All right, so then here we have subjective discomfort. So you can look back to the statistical deviance one for this because I talked about this a little bit. So we can have a great emotional distress or no emotion at all. So no emotion at all is very abnormal. Way too much distress for something minor is also normal. So my example of this, first I'm going to talk about emotional distress and then I'll talk about lack of emotion. So emotional distress, you might have heard of like, you know, don't cry over spilled milk. So let's say you're drinking a glass of milk or whatever, insert. liquid here and you spill it you accidentally spill it on your table on your counter like yes that sucks you might be like oh shit like in having to clean it up fine i don't think any of us would just full-on break down and just bawl and cry and sob over spilling this drink that would be way too much emotional distress for something very minor of spilling a drink and just needing to wipe it up so that's way too much emotional distress that's abnormal If you were to see someone do that in your house or at a restaurant or something like that, you would definitely be like, well, that's odd. Let's also talk about lack of emotion. So, if you have seen the show, like, Dexter, where he is a serial killer and kills people and stuff like that. I mean, there's videos or movies all over of this. Like, when I say that, I mean, like, serial killer, you know, movies and shows. You know, where... They're killing someone and possibly it's gruesome. So I love the show Bones. So there are quite a few serial killers on that show where they kill someone and they are not upset about it at all. Like lack of emotion. If for some reason I was put in a situation where I had to kill someone else, that would cause me great emotional distress. I would definitely be crying. I would be panicking. It would really bother me. It's weird if it doesn't bother someone at all. So lack of emotion. We then have maladaptive functioning. So is this behavior, this thinking, these feelings causing the individual to not be able to perform daily routines, such as going to work, getting out of bed, going to school, listening to lectures, etc. So how do we look at all these ways of viewing abnormal? Well, we use something called the DSM. This is the diagnostic statistical manual fifth edition this is the fifth edition we use this describes about 250 psychological disorders and within the book each disorder looks at the symptoms so what symptoms the path of the disorder progression so like maybe with age or if it's untreated etc like what could happen and then of course a checklist for specific criteria so in some cases we'll talk about how like Uh... Hearing voices, okay, or seeing things, hallucinations. So either hearing voices or seeing hallucinations. If you are on mushrooms, let's say, I've never done mushrooms, but I'm just going to assume. If you are on mushrooms, well, that's part of that specific criteria of, no, you may not have schizophrenia because you're just high on drugs. Like, something along that line, if that makes sense. So then it looks at things of like, well, unless if they experience this or if they've had head trauma or something, that's what I mean there. Because there's, of course, a difference of treating schizophrenia versus someone having a drug problem. All right. Now with that, let's lead on to the different disorders. So as you'll see in the slides, I have them subsections. So here we're going to talk about the different anxiety disorders. All of these disorders are going to be anxiety disorders. Okay. Until we get to the next slide where it pops up and says the next one. So let's go. All right, the first one we're going to talk about is generalized anxiety disorder or GAD. G-A-D. I talked about this in mentioning of how stress being counterproductive back in chapter 16. So GAD is where a person has feeling of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress which lasts six months or more. So again, that's that criteria. So if you were to have physical symptoms of stress and feelings of dread and impending doom during finals week, that wouldn't count for generalized anxiety disorder. We know that it only lasts for that week and then you're done after the exams are done, then that would not be generalized anxiety disorder. It needs to last for six months or more. So my example here is Piglet from Winnie the Pooh. Ha ha! Nature is calling! Uh, Pooh, uh, Tigger, I don't know. My house might miss me. Oh, come on, piglet old pal! We're gonna have oodle the fun! We'll build a campfire! And eat honey! And roast marshmallows! And eat honey! And bestest of all! Eat honey? No, sleeping under the white... open skies. But what about the heffalumps and woozles? Oh, let them find their own campsite. No, I meant, well, although I've never actually met one. I hear they're very fierce. The heffalumps and woozles have got me. I'm not coming out. It's too dangerous for such very small animals in all that very large wind. But you can't stay under there forever, Piglet. See? So this is just a whole bunch of slides of anxious Piglet. Side note, my dog was really excited seeing Piglet on the screen, but I had to ruin all of her excitement by removing it. As you can see, Piglet, you know... They talk about going camping and then Piglet says, what about the heff lumps and woozles? So that feeling of impending doom and dread. And then even goes as far as saying like, well, I've never seen one, but they could still be out there again, impending doom. Other symptoms of stress. We talked about sleeps, not being able to sleep well. There was a very, very quick clip of Piglet, you know, waking up from a dream, very frightened. And then, of course, that... dread of even going outside that anxiety of i might be swept away again feelings of dread this is just overall feelings of dread it's nothing for anything specific so it's nothing specific with like people or the outside or anything it's just overall anxiety this anxiety applies if they're indoors outdoors certain people and things like that we'll get to phobias in a couple slides later. The next one we're talking about is post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD. This is a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor with symptoms of anxiety, disassociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems lasting for more than one month. So we just recently had, you know, the tornadoes come through Jonesboro if you're in the Jonesboro area. That would not be PTSD yet because it hasn't been one month. So, you know, having, you know, fear, anxiety, and nightmares about tornadoes right now, that just, that makes sense. That's a very normal thing. But if it lasts longer than one month, then yes, that could then maybe be then PTSD. Okay, so disassociation is kind of where I'm just going to highlight that. We'll talk about it more later on the dissociative disorders. This is kind of where it's like that outer body feeling. So it's like you're not really there in the the present you don't feel like you're there it's like you're watching what's happening with you right now that's dissociation okay here are some individuals most likely to experience ptsd one they were directly exposed to the trauma as a victim or a witness so they could have even just watched it two were seriously hurt they could have been seriously hurt during the event three they went through a trauma that was long lasting or very severe. So either a long lasting trauma or just a very severe, maybe short lasting or one time only. They believed that they were to be in danger in this event. They believed possibly a family member was in danger. They possibly could have had a severe reaction during the event, such as crying, shaking, vomiting, and feeling apart from your surroundings. So again, the dissociation. They could have also felt helpless during the trauma and were not able to help themselves or a loved one. So the next slide you'll see, I mean if you have them out already, is going to talk about military. So we will get to military. That's usually the first one people think about with post-traumatic stress disorder is military. I have a grad student right now where his research is looking at PTSD with military and social media. So that's what we are viewing right now in our lab. But there are other individuals who experience PTSD. So, for example, sexual assault victims or rape victims can experience PTSD. Another one is studies show that children who live in areas where there's a lot of gun violence, that can also cause PTSD for the children as well. This goes also with any school shootings. This can also experience PTSD. And then of course, natural events. Sorry, some natural events, definitely someone could experience PTSD. Now let's talk about military. All right, so for Operation Iraqi Freedom and then the Enduring Freedom, or Operation Enduring Freedom, about 11 to 20 out of every 100 veterans, that's 11 to 20%, have been diagnosed with PTSD in any, in a given year. For Gulf War or Desert Storm, it's about 12. percent so a little about the same as operation Iraqi freedom and enduring operation enduring freedom Vietnam War was about 15 percent at the time so about late 80s but recently it's now up to 30 percent have p have had PTSD within their lifetime so why do you think it went up Well, there are a couple of theories of why this statistic has gone up. First is that the testing for PTSD is much better now than it was in the late 80s. Still, testing for PTSD in the military is not great, in my opinion, in the opinions of some of my colleagues who are clinical psychologists, but it's much better than it was in the late 80s. So that's one right there. Also, stigma. The stigma of PTSD in the military is much... is lower now than it was in the late 80s. I'm not saying it's completely gone, the stigma. I'm not saying that at all. I'm just saying it's lower than it was in the 80s. So that's another reason you could see that spike. So yes, although there are other events and individuals who do unfortunately meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD, one of the most common ones is military. Panic disorder is another one. So panic disorder is when you have a panic attack that occurs frequently enough to cause the person difficulty adjusting to daily life. So panic attacks are when you have an onset intense panic with all those stressors of physical stressors. Sorry, physical symptoms of stress. So that racing heart, heavy breathing, racing thoughts, that quick burst of energy, that fight or flight. That's all part of a panic. attack and it's very sudden it just happens all and it happens all at once um often sometimes people feel like they're dying because their heart's racing so much um in most cases if someone is um in the middle of a panic attack and they've never had one they think they're having a heart attack so then they go to the emergency room and only to be told they're having a panic attack um one way to see the difference between a heart attack and a panic attack um is pressing on the chest so So if you can press on the chest during a while someone's like their chest is hurting for a heart attack, it's going to hurt or feel some pain for a panic attack. In most cases, it does not. So there you go. Panic disorder. So these panic attacks, you know, difficulty for adjusting to daily life. So let's talk about this daily life portion. So here again. panic attacks don't always in most cases they don't have like a cause so like an anxiety attack you know what you're freaking out about um that's total slang right there when we say freaking out sorry about that but you know what you're having stress symptoms over that is you know you can pinpoint you can say oh it's my exams oh it's what's happening right now with covid19 in most cases for panic attacks you don't they just come out of the blue and you're just sitting there like i don't know why this is happening so one that's another one is you never know what's going to happen. And two, some physical experiences can then be the onset of then a panic attack. So going upstairs. So if you've ever been up the stairs in the education communications building, it's the building where we used to have class, my office on the third floor, I'd always take the stairs to try to, you know, I guess kind of be healthy. By the time I got up to the third floor, I thought I was dying because I'm just out of shape. But for me, I would, you know, get to the top and be like, oh, I can't breathe. I have heavy breathing. Like, oof, Maggie, those stairs. Like, that's what I would tell myself. If someone were to have panic disorder, that heavy breathing of going up the stairs can actually become an onset to a panic disorder because they're so used to that heavy breathing possibly for having a panic attack that once they experience heavy breathing for anything, having running, going upstairs, anything like that, that can then bring on a panic attack. Of course, when we think of panic attacks, we think of like Beaker here from the Muppets, you know, like major emotion, crying, you know, a big, a big behavior, which some people, that is what their panic attacks look out, look like. Other people though, it's like they possibly just look very straight face. They could be zoned out very much so because they're just caught up in all the stress, but there's no crying. There's no symptoms, anything like that. So. Panic attacks do look different for different people. Now let's talk about phobias. So here we have an irrational and persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity. So here we just have the fear. We don't have all those stress symptoms. So like the cortisol, all that, like you do for anxiety, generalized anxiety. And again, anxiety is just an overall impending doom and overall. magnification or like blowing out of proportion the impending doom or dread um here again it's just the fear aspect of it um so for a specific phobia they have an irrational fear of an object or situation um this site will take you to all the different lists of phobias we're not going to go there um but some to discuss some phobia things um i had a professor in my undergrad who had arachnophobia which is fear of spiders um and very um i'm trying to think stoic woman very stoic woman um you didn't see her cry or anything like that but one day i was in the lab doing research and she runs into the lab and she is like hysterically crying so again stoic woman all sudden crying and i thought someone had died like i was very concerned for her and she Through her sobs, tells me that there's a spider in the bathroom, the woman's bathroom, and she, she, if I could get it for her, I gotta get it. So I was like, okay, cool, I'll go get it. And I'm expecting a huge spider. I'm concerned now at this point because I'm not a fan of spiders. Don't have a phobia, but they're not my favorite. I go in there and on, like, in the corner of the sink, there's this tiny dead spider. It's dead. And so I go in there and I'm like, I get it. I put it in a paper towel, crumbled up. Um, she asked me to throw it away outside the building. So I couldn't even throw it away in the trash can in the bathroom. So I take out to the trash can outside, throw it away. Um, so she calms down. Now the spider's gone. Um, she still doesn't feel comfortable going to that bathroom. So she went to a different building to use the bathroom, um, for the rest of that day. Um, and then, you know, thanked me for it but she was just very upset about that situation um she also because of her fear of spiders she also when she walks into a room she checks the corners of a room every room she walks in so thinking to yourself why would she need to check the corners of rooms yes there are cobwebs in rooms and she tries to see if there are cobwebs and she needs to prepare herself that there could potentially be spiders in this room so Um, that is an example of someone with a phobia right there. Um, so again, a very abnormal behavior of having to check corners every room. Like for me, as someone who doesn't have this phobia, I just walk in a room and everything's fine. Um, and if there's a spider, there's a spider. Um, so again, very irrational fear. So although I said I wasn't a fan of spiders and you may not like spiders, unless you go to that degree, um, then you're probably okay. Um, she also can't do any Halloween decorations or anything like that with spiders. So. All right, we're going to talk about now obsessive compulsive disorders. So now we're going on to a new. So like I said, in the DSM-5, we're of course not covering all 250. Even in my abnormal class that I'm teaching this summer, we're not doing all 250, but there will be much more detail than what I'm providing right now. I'm putting a plug in if you want to summer two online abnormal. Yeah, so the obsessive compulsive disorders here. So these disorders are characterized by a presence of obsessions and compulsions. So we're not quite to the disorders yet. So first I want to talk about the obsessions versus compulsions. So an obsession is a reoccurrent and persistent thought, urge, or image that is experienced as untrusive and unwanted. So this is not an active thought that the individual is wanting to think about. It's a very intrusive, sudden thought that's very recurrent. Okay, so obsessions are the thought portion of it. Compulsions are the behavior. So just if you need to remember this, you know, underline obsession, put an arrow to thoughts, you know, or underline obsession and thoughts for compulsions, underline or arrow compulsions behaviors. So for the compulsions here, we have repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels they have to perform to respond to the obsession according to rules that are applied rigidly. Okay, so obsessions, recurrent and persistent thoughts, compulsions, repetitive behaviors. Okay, and again for an obsessive compulsive disorder it has to, it needs both of these. So the first one we're going to talk about is obsessive compulsive disorder or OCD. This is an intruding and reoccurring thought or obsession that creates anxiety. It's only relieved by performing repetitive and ritualistic behavior or compulsion. So a big pet peeve of mine is, you know, someone sees a picture of neatly organized shoes or something or like a color wheel of shoes or something. I actually had a professor do this once. That's why I'm focused on these shoes. Sorry. Who saw that and said, oh, that really helps my OCD by something so neat. no just because you like things neat does not mean you have OCD again you have these intruding and reoccurring thoughts and then they can only be relieved that anxiety can only be relieved if you perform this repetitive and ritualistic behavior it's the same every time um so when I was in high school I went to school with an individual who was diagnosed with OCD um and for him uh I know one thing like you'd have thoughts of like he could die or his family could die if he didn't perform these acts and he had to do everything by I can't remember if it was five or seven but he had to do everybody everything by a certain number so whenever I took driver's ed with him I think that's I'm sure that's still a class in school I took driver's ed and the teacher would always put you know people who knew him would be in the car because he had to do his routine his ritualistic behavior so he would check his mirror seven times he would do his seat belt seven times um all these different things he had to do seven times before he could even start the car okay um now he did not his was he didn't have to start and stop the car seven times but he just had to do all those different behaviors seven times before he could start um so uh which side know uh the brake light was out in the driver's ed car we didn't know it and so he got pulled over and the officer was like are you and he took off his seat belt when officer came by and he said you know are you sure you had your seat belt on and we all had a chuckle because he definitely did the student did um he also had to take his seat belt and redo it seven times before he could take it off anyway um so here we have a clip from the movie as good as it gets with jack nicholson um try to see if you can see any compulsions you're not you could maybe um theorize obsessions if you've seen the movie then you know but if you haven't you can theorize obsessions uh but you will definitely see some compulsion behaviors one two three four five 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Okay. um so as you could see there what is okay um you could see that there was definitely repetitive it was by five um so locking the door um washing hands if it would have kept going it definitely would have gone to five um something else you could have noticed was the very hot water you could see the steam coming off um and then again you could see even like the soap having to throw away soap because it was no longer clean um and if you i don't know if you picked up on this but he even threw away his gloves coming into the house um and that was those were not just regular gloves those were you know like leather gloves um and jack nicholson's character even throws those away so in that movie jack nicholson's character does have ocd and so it's following that behavior there We're not going to discuss all the obsessive compulsive disorders. There are several others. The only one I'm going to also discuss is hoarding disorder. So this is, of course, the persistent difficulty, discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their value. So that's the big kicker there, regardless of their value. Okay, so this would not be the same as your parents keeping your, you know, kindergarten Christmas ornament that you made. Okay, no, there's sentimental value to that. Okay, this is like, like trash you can see in this photo. So like paper plates, paper towels that are done, pizza boxes, those kinds of things. Those don't have any value, but still the individual has difficulty discarding or parting with that possession. Of course, this can cause clinically significant distress or impairment to social. So for social people don't want. to come over or be friends with that. Occupational, so if you're having trouble getting out of your house because of it. Another big one is for severe hoarding. The individuals sometimes allow those possessions to, of course, as you can see in this room, it's everywhere. That includes the shower, okay? So that means these individuals do not, they're not able to access a clean shower. So of course, if you don't have proper hygiene, that can cause impairment and distress in social areas as well as occupations. occupational. This also transfers over like this doesn't mean like in their jobs they hoard also while they're in their jobs as well. So it's not just oh at home I do it but at work I throw things away. No this is also keeping these possessions at work as well. And then of course other important areas you know some people have been known to die from this with things falling over them especially if they have you know tall stacks things like that. etc so then we have the dissociative or disorders um i think these are the last disorders i'm going to talk about today and then we'll go into them even more uh keep continuing this lecture next class so for the first one dissociative remember i talked about like that outer body experience somewhat um so for dissociative the first one we're talking about is dissociative amnesia This is where the individual cannot remember personal information such as one's own name or specific personal events. So it doesn't have to be as serious as just their own name. It could just be specific events in the person's life. One of the criteria is this cannot be caused by physical injury. So if someone has amnesia and it's because they experienced a car wreck and they were hit in the head really hard, that's not dissociative amnesia. Here there's no physical injury whatsoever. Um, for selective amnesia, that's a subsection of dissociative amnesia. This is where the person can recall some, but not all events during a circumcised period of time or yeah, circumscribed period of time. Um, so my example here is Dory from Finding Nemo and Finding Dory. Um, you know, until Finding Dory, Dory didn't know really anything about her family. Um, and even during Finding Dory. I mean, it's been out for a while. I feel like I'm not doing any spoilers right now, but if I am, sorry. They're both great movies, though. But, um, in finding Dory even, you know, like, even though, you know, Dory still, like, gets to the Marine Life Institute, you know, and knows some of it where her parents could be, but, like, she didn't even realize she was at the Marine Life Institute until, like, she was already there. So, that makes sense. So, very selective. But, she can recall some, like, the P. Sherman 42 Wallaby Way, Sydney. That event right there. We then have dissociative identity disorder. This is formally known as multiple personality disorder. So in your reflection paper, if you discuss multiple personality disorder, I'm going to respond back and say that is not a disorder. So make sure you use the correct name, dissociative identity disorder. Here, the person has two or more distinct personalities within one body. Okay. So I'm going to show you a clip from United States of Tara, and then we'll talk about this a little more. All of this stops right now. Right now. No more selfishness, no more hijacking, no more excuses, and no more passing the buck. No, shut up. From now on, my life will be organized. My life. My liberty. My pursuit of happiness. These things will bend to my will. I will be in control. Me, Tara. End of story. I am sick and tired of all the craziness. This is all your fault. With the drugs and the blackmail. Me, Stepford. Buck had the big night out. I wasn't even- Hey, I was doing important stuff. Just happened to be at a casino. I, for one, think it's about time you asserted yourself. Absolutely. It's a wonderful- Just shut the fuck up! Ooh, Tara, you show the F-words. Can we just drown her? And the dogs? Ew! Fuck! Good, give me. Fuck you! I've spent far too long babying you. All of you. You act like spoiled brats and then you leave me holding the bag. So, we are going to draw up a contract. All of you will write down what's important to you and what you want out of life. And then I, and I alone, will decide how we go about it. Doesn't sound like no democracy to me. Well, it ain't. But I am dissolving the United States of Terror and declaring myself king. And if y'all don't like it, you can kiss my ass. Because I'll go back on the drugs and you'll go back in the closet. Well this sucks. Fine. Get a rock. I'm losing time. I need some TV time. Just wearing it. More ladies with us. That is important. Thank you. Just wearing it for ladies without the gown. That is important one. I hereby declare my benevolent dictatorship to be in full effect. Long live the king! My body's cold, my guts are twisted still I'm crazy And I feel like I'm some kind of Frankenstein I'm fucking crazy Waiting for a shock to bring me back to life But I don't wanna spend my time Waiting So that is from United States of Terra I've only seen season one, but I think they do an excellent job. So I really, I like the show. I've yet to see the next season. So let's talk about that clip. So first thing, it started with her at her house. You know, she gets very upset. And then you see kind of like in her mind, them sitting around a table, a conference room table. And it's her and the other personalities. Now, these personalities have different names. So you hear the... uh buck you hear them reference to buck um they have different names different definitely different personality types um sometimes different gender identities different ages um so like you saw on the sitting under the table's little girl um the more promiscuous one is also like a teen supposed to be like a teenager um you can have animalistic um so yeah so different personalities and then Of course, by the time Tara's out of it, so out of thinking about that conference room scene, she's in a completely different place. She's in the middle of a giant lecture hall on a university, on a campus. And the professor, who ends up being a character in the show, is just staring at her. Nowhere did, like, so you could see Tara didn't realize how she got there. So I use that clip because it has the funny and silliness of it, but also the seriousness of like how scary that has to be for that individual. The most famous case study with dissociative identity disorder is Sybil. This at the time was called multiple personality disorder. So if you read the Sybil case studies, which you can read, they're published. Or if you watch the movie, I prefer the Sally Fields version. This is definitely a better view of this. In most cases, first of all, dissociative identity disorder is rare. Yes, it is very rare. Also, in most cases with dissociative identity disorder, it stems from an extreme trauma and then it progresses into this. So, in most cases, not all again. I'm just going to say it now. The movie Split, I haven't watched it, but from what I read about it, I read all about it, read the whole synopsis, know what happens. That is a very, very poor description of dissociative identity disorder, okay? That's not a thing where someone just like Jekyll and Hyde kind of like. That's the best way I could think of it. Split is just, it's shit, okay? It's probably great entertainment if you like that. In terms of a clinical diagnosis, not good at all. Terrible. So that's my side rant about Split. Okay, so I'm going to end here for the day. I know this was a pretty long lecture, but it had some pretty lengthy clips to watch where I knew you wouldn't have to be writing down or taking notes during that or just jotting small things down. So we didn't go all the way to 50 minutes, but I know we made a little bit closer. So as always, if you have any questions, feel free to ask and stay safe and stay healthy, everybody.

I've also put the full slides on blackboard. This is the only chapter where I'm doing that. That's because I do go off a little bit from the book and add more information, but also if you have experienced any of these and it's troubling or hard for you to listen to this point of the lecture, then you can then instead go look at those slides so you don't have to worry about that.

As you will see, this chapter is 50% of your final exam, so make sure you review that study guide. Okay, all right, let's get started with chapter 15. Okay, before we begin in this lecture, there's one major important thing I want to note. You are not a clinician, okay?

You do not have a PhD in clinical psychology. You are not licensed to do any kind of therapy or diagnosis or anything like that. My doctoral degree is not in clinical psychology, and I am not licensed to do this.

Um, the only time I'll allow you to diagnose anyone, it's going to be a fictional person and it's for your reflection paper, which I'll get to later. Um, but do not go around diagnosing family members. Do not go diagnosing yourself.

Do not go diagnosing your friends. No, none of that whatsoever. If you are concerned for a family member or friend, I've provided information at the end of this presentation. Um, so whether it be like contacting the counseling center, if it's you or an A-State student. Um, or I believe I also put in some hotlines, fits for family, things like that.

Um, I can always add more, um, or if you need another outreach, just, um, you can always send me an email and I'm happy to provide you with any materials or any, um, contact information that I can. Um, with that too, before I get all these emails, um, again, I just said, I am not a clinical psychologist. Yes, my research does have a clinical component.

I will talk about that later. but I do not treat people i do not diagnose people please do not send me emails of you wanting me to diagnose you or other people okay so don't do that do not send me emails ask me about your siblings your parents you know no again if you are very concerned then you can use the contact information provided at the end okay with that caveat now we're getting started So first let's talk about the history of psychological disorders. This is going to talk about where do they think psychological disorders come from as well as you know possible some therapy stuff.

This presentation is not going to be really therapy. It's going to be mainly covering like just the diagnosis diagnostic criteria. There we go. All right first we had trepanation. So We talked about this already.

It's where they drilled a hole in your skull, you know. And it started because it was releasing the evil spirits from your brain. So it was releasing evil spirits from the body, specifically from the brain, if you had any sort of mental illness.

So ranging from anything from depression, anxiety, to schizophrenia, to personality disorders, anything like that, you would have to relieve the evil spirits. So, drilling a hole in the skull. Next, we have Hippocrates. So Hippocrates, remember, Hippocratic Oath, we talked about him back in chapter one, puts more of a medical, biological stance on it, which why wouldn't he? He is the, he's our man of medicine.

Here, he believed that the body had four bodily fluids that were in charge of everything. And if one got too much, or if one didn't get enough, or if there was an imbalance, Then in that case, you could experience a mental illness, especially with the melancholic. So if you had too much melancholic, then that would be a problem.

So, so we're going in towards closer to science. We're not a hundred percent there yet, of course, because we know the body has more than just these four elements. So we're not there yet.

Okay. But at least we're going towards science. And then we have the middle ages, which. reverts us right back to away from science so for the middle ages uh you know if you had a mental illness uh you were either a witch um or you were possessed so let's do a good old-fashioned exorcism um and if you kept having mental illness especially uh for the females in the class uh yeah you were then a witch and so you had to be put to death so you know i'm fast forwarding so you see a little fast forward button here fast forwarding a whole lot to go to talk about dorothea dicks. So Dorothea noticed that for individuals with psychological illness, they weren't being treated properly.

Specifically, if someone had a severe psychological illness, where did they go? So where did they go? They were not going to hospitals. They were not going to institutions. They were going to jail.

So they were in jail with the same, like maybe next to someone who had murder their spouse or something like they were not they were viewed as criminals basically which is not fair it's an illness so you wouldn't you know if someone broke their arm you wouldn't put them in jail to fix the arm so dorothea dicks opened the first mental health institution um so individuals could stay here and be treated by doctors and nurses and get the care they need instead of going to jail then we have sigmund freud it's the only time i talk about him in this lecture um sigmund freud although a major cocaine addict uh did bring a lot to understanding psychological disorders um again he primarily focused on why we have psychological disorders is the id and ego and super ego out of balance so maybe the id is controlling everything maybe the super ego is controlling if there's an imbalance with the id ego and super ego then that can cause um a mental illness or psychological disorder fast forward to today And we have the medical model or the biopsychosocial model. So we talked about that in chapter 16. So I provided the same Venn diagram here. So again, with psychological disorders, there is a biological slash biomedical application to it.

So like genetics, brain chemistry, brain wiring. There's a psychological component. So of course, like emotions. There's a social component as well. So like experiencing social exclusion or isolation, those can also contribute to or lead into psychological disorders.

So that is where we are today. So now let's talk about what actually is abnormal. How do we define abnormal? Well, first we have statistical deviance. So I don't think, nope, okay.

I'm going to have to draw here. So, we talked about this in class. Okay, it's the best I can do right now. So, that's our normal distribution, normal curve. Remember, I said to think of it as people lined up.

So, some behaviors... Would be over here as in it's way too much and that's abnormal or over here. There's not enough. So let's talk about like emotions experiencing emotions We'll talk about it in just a minute, I believe but like someone who experiences very little emotions Compared to the average that's abnormal versus someone who's very overly emotional about everything That's also a way.

So one way we look at abnormal is literally through statistics Changing my arrow back so I don't draw anymore. Okay, the next way is situational context, which are social norms. Some of you discussed this in your social norm paper, but social norms are another way of where we see what's abnormal and what's normal. So if you were sitting on a public transportation, so like a subway, bus, something like that, the person next to you is just having this full-on conversation with themselves. that it's pretty abnormal that's not a social norm to sit there and laugh and like tell jokes to yourself you know or have full-on conversations um i will say it's not as big of a deal now but like um i would say like whenever bluetooth headpieces came out that was a change more like airpods and you don't see because their hair's down you know but again if let's say you they don't have airpods in they don't have a bluetooth headpiece they're just talking out loud to themselves and laughing and things like that that's breaking social norms which we then decide that behavior is abnormal.

All right, so then here we have subjective discomfort. So you can look back to the statistical deviance one for this because I talked about this a little bit. So we can have a great emotional distress or no emotion at all.

So no emotion at all is very abnormal. Way too much distress for something minor is also normal. So my example of this, first I'm going to talk about emotional distress and then I'll talk about lack of emotion. So emotional distress, you might have heard of like, you know, don't cry over spilled milk. So let's say you're drinking a glass of milk or whatever, insert.

liquid here and you spill it you accidentally spill it on your table on your counter like yes that sucks you might be like oh shit like in having to clean it up fine i don't think any of us would just full-on break down and just bawl and cry and sob over spilling this drink that would be way too much emotional distress for something very minor of spilling a drink and just needing to wipe it up so that's way too much emotional distress that's abnormal If you were to see someone do that in your house or at a restaurant or something like that, you would definitely be like, well, that's odd. Let's also talk about lack of emotion. So, if you have seen the show, like, Dexter, where he is a serial killer and kills people and stuff like that. I mean, there's videos or movies all over of this.

Like, when I say that, I mean, like, serial killer, you know, movies and shows. You know, where... They're killing someone and possibly it's gruesome.

So I love the show Bones. So there are quite a few serial killers on that show where they kill someone and they are not upset about it at all. Like lack of emotion. If for some reason I was put in a situation where I had to kill someone else, that would cause me great emotional distress.

I would definitely be crying. I would be panicking. It would really bother me. It's weird if it doesn't bother someone at all.

So lack of emotion. We then have maladaptive functioning. So is this behavior, this thinking, these feelings causing the individual to not be able to perform daily routines, such as going to work, getting out of bed, going to school, listening to lectures, etc. So how do we look at all these ways of viewing abnormal? Well, we use something called the DSM.

This is the diagnostic statistical manual fifth edition this is the fifth edition we use this describes about 250 psychological disorders and within the book each disorder looks at the symptoms so what symptoms the path of the disorder progression so like maybe with age or if it's untreated etc like what could happen and then of course a checklist for specific criteria so in some cases we'll talk about how like Uh... Hearing voices, okay, or seeing things, hallucinations. So either hearing voices or seeing hallucinations. If you are on mushrooms, let's say, I've never done mushrooms, but I'm just going to assume.

If you are on mushrooms, well, that's part of that specific criteria of, no, you may not have schizophrenia because you're just high on drugs. Like, something along that line, if that makes sense. So then it looks at things of like, well, unless if they experience this or if they've had head trauma or something, that's what I mean there.

Because there's, of course, a difference of treating schizophrenia versus someone having a drug problem. All right. Now with that, let's lead on to the different disorders. So as you'll see in the slides, I have them subsections. So here we're going to talk about the different anxiety disorders.

All of these disorders are going to be anxiety disorders. Okay. Until we get to the next slide where it pops up and says the next one.

So let's go. All right, the first one we're going to talk about is generalized anxiety disorder or GAD. G-A-D. I talked about this in mentioning of how stress being counterproductive back in chapter 16. So GAD is where a person has feeling of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress which lasts six months or more. So again, that's that criteria.

So if you were to have physical symptoms of stress and feelings of dread and impending doom during finals week, that wouldn't count for generalized anxiety disorder. We know that it only lasts for that week and then you're done after the exams are done, then that would not be generalized anxiety disorder. It needs to last for six months or more.

So my example here is Piglet from Winnie the Pooh. Ha ha! Nature is calling! Uh, Pooh, uh, Tigger, I don't know. My house might miss me.

Oh, come on, piglet old pal! We're gonna have oodle the fun! We'll build a campfire!

And eat honey! And roast marshmallows! And eat honey!

And bestest of all! Eat honey? No, sleeping under the white... open skies. But what about the heffalumps and woozles?

Oh, let them find their own campsite. No, I meant, well, although I've never actually met one. I hear they're very fierce. The heffalumps and woozles have got me. I'm not coming out.

It's too dangerous for such very small animals in all that very large wind. But you can't stay under there forever, Piglet. See?

So this is just a whole bunch of slides of anxious Piglet. Side note, my dog was really excited seeing Piglet on the screen, but I had to ruin all of her excitement by removing it. As you can see, Piglet, you know...

They talk about going camping and then Piglet says, what about the heff lumps and woozles? So that feeling of impending doom and dread. And then even goes as far as saying like, well, I've never seen one, but they could still be out there again, impending doom.

Other symptoms of stress. We talked about sleeps, not being able to sleep well. There was a very, very quick clip of Piglet, you know, waking up from a dream, very frightened. And then, of course, that...

dread of even going outside that anxiety of i might be swept away again feelings of dread this is just overall feelings of dread it's nothing for anything specific so it's nothing specific with like people or the outside or anything it's just overall anxiety this anxiety applies if they're indoors outdoors certain people and things like that we'll get to phobias in a couple slides later. The next one we're talking about is post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD. This is a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor with symptoms of anxiety, disassociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems lasting for more than one month.

So we just recently had, you know, the tornadoes come through Jonesboro if you're in the Jonesboro area. That would not be PTSD yet because it hasn't been one month. So, you know, having, you know, fear, anxiety, and nightmares about tornadoes right now, that just, that makes sense. That's a very normal thing. But if it lasts longer than one month, then yes, that could then maybe be then PTSD.

Okay, so disassociation is kind of where I'm just going to highlight that. We'll talk about it more later on the dissociative disorders. This is kind of where it's like that outer body feeling.

So it's like you're not really there in the the present you don't feel like you're there it's like you're watching what's happening with you right now that's dissociation okay here are some individuals most likely to experience ptsd one they were directly exposed to the trauma as a victim or a witness so they could have even just watched it two were seriously hurt they could have been seriously hurt during the event three they went through a trauma that was long lasting or very severe. So either a long lasting trauma or just a very severe, maybe short lasting or one time only. They believed that they were to be in danger in this event. They believed possibly a family member was in danger. They possibly could have had a severe reaction during the event, such as crying, shaking, vomiting, and feeling apart from your surroundings.

So again, the dissociation. They could have also felt helpless during the trauma and were not able to help themselves or a loved one. So the next slide you'll see, I mean if you have them out already, is going to talk about military. So we will get to military. That's usually the first one people think about with post-traumatic stress disorder is military.

I have a grad student right now where his research is looking at PTSD with military and social media. So that's what we are viewing right now in our lab. But there are other individuals who experience PTSD.

So, for example, sexual assault victims or rape victims can experience PTSD. Another one is studies show that children who live in areas where there's a lot of gun violence, that can also cause PTSD for the children as well. This goes also with any school shootings. This can also experience PTSD. And then of course, natural events.

Sorry, some natural events, definitely someone could experience PTSD. Now let's talk about military. All right, so for Operation Iraqi Freedom and then the Enduring Freedom, or Operation Enduring Freedom, about 11 to 20 out of every 100 veterans, that's 11 to 20%, have been diagnosed with PTSD in any, in a given year.

For Gulf War or Desert Storm, it's about 12. percent so a little about the same as operation Iraqi freedom and enduring operation enduring freedom Vietnam War was about 15 percent at the time so about late 80s but recently it's now up to 30 percent have p have had PTSD within their lifetime so why do you think it went up Well, there are a couple of theories of why this statistic has gone up. First is that the testing for PTSD is much better now than it was in the late 80s. Still, testing for PTSD in the military is not great, in my opinion, in the opinions of some of my colleagues who are clinical psychologists, but it's much better than it was in the late 80s.

So that's one right there. Also, stigma. The stigma of PTSD in the military is much...

is lower now than it was in the late 80s. I'm not saying it's completely gone, the stigma. I'm not saying that at all.

I'm just saying it's lower than it was in the 80s. So that's another reason you could see that spike. So yes, although there are other events and individuals who do unfortunately meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD, one of the most common ones is military. Panic disorder is another one. So panic disorder is when you have a panic attack that occurs frequently enough to cause the person difficulty adjusting to daily life.

So panic attacks are when you have an onset intense panic with all those stressors of physical stressors. Sorry, physical symptoms of stress. So that racing heart, heavy breathing, racing thoughts, that quick burst of energy, that fight or flight.

That's all part of a panic. attack and it's very sudden it just happens all and it happens all at once um often sometimes people feel like they're dying because their heart's racing so much um in most cases if someone is um in the middle of a panic attack and they've never had one they think they're having a heart attack so then they go to the emergency room and only to be told they're having a panic attack um one way to see the difference between a heart attack and a panic attack um is pressing on the chest so So if you can press on the chest during a while someone's like their chest is hurting for a heart attack, it's going to hurt or feel some pain for a panic attack. In most cases, it does not. So there you go. Panic disorder.

So these panic attacks, you know, difficulty for adjusting to daily life. So let's talk about this daily life portion. So here again. panic attacks don't always in most cases they don't have like a cause so like an anxiety attack you know what you're freaking out about um that's total slang right there when we say freaking out sorry about that but you know what you're having stress symptoms over that is you know you can pinpoint you can say oh it's my exams oh it's what's happening right now with covid19 in most cases for panic attacks you don't they just come out of the blue and you're just sitting there like i don't know why this is happening so one that's another one is you never know what's going to happen. And two, some physical experiences can then be the onset of then a panic attack.

So going upstairs. So if you've ever been up the stairs in the education communications building, it's the building where we used to have class, my office on the third floor, I'd always take the stairs to try to, you know, I guess kind of be healthy. By the time I got up to the third floor, I thought I was dying because I'm just out of shape.

But for me, I would, you know, get to the top and be like, oh, I can't breathe. I have heavy breathing. Like, oof, Maggie, those stairs.

Like, that's what I would tell myself. If someone were to have panic disorder, that heavy breathing of going up the stairs can actually become an onset to a panic disorder because they're so used to that heavy breathing possibly for having a panic attack that once they experience heavy breathing for anything, having running, going upstairs, anything like that, that can then bring on a panic attack. Of course, when we think of panic attacks, we think of like Beaker here from the Muppets, you know, like major emotion, crying, you know, a big, a big behavior, which some people, that is what their panic attacks look out, look like.

Other people though, it's like they possibly just look very straight face. They could be zoned out very much so because they're just caught up in all the stress, but there's no crying. There's no symptoms, anything like that. So.

Panic attacks do look different for different people. Now let's talk about phobias. So here we have an irrational and persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity.

So here we just have the fear. We don't have all those stress symptoms. So like the cortisol, all that, like you do for anxiety, generalized anxiety.

And again, anxiety is just an overall impending doom and overall. magnification or like blowing out of proportion the impending doom or dread um here again it's just the fear aspect of it um so for a specific phobia they have an irrational fear of an object or situation um this site will take you to all the different lists of phobias we're not going to go there um but some to discuss some phobia things um i had a professor in my undergrad who had arachnophobia which is fear of spiders um and very um i'm trying to think stoic woman very stoic woman um you didn't see her cry or anything like that but one day i was in the lab doing research and she runs into the lab and she is like hysterically crying so again stoic woman all sudden crying and i thought someone had died like i was very concerned for her and she Through her sobs, tells me that there's a spider in the bathroom, the woman's bathroom, and she, she, if I could get it for her, I gotta get it. So I was like, okay, cool, I'll go get it.

And I'm expecting a huge spider. I'm concerned now at this point because I'm not a fan of spiders. Don't have a phobia, but they're not my favorite.

I go in there and on, like, in the corner of the sink, there's this tiny dead spider. It's dead. And so I go in there and I'm like, I get it.

I put it in a paper towel, crumbled up. Um, she asked me to throw it away outside the building. So I couldn't even throw it away in the trash can in the bathroom.

So I take out to the trash can outside, throw it away. Um, so she calms down. Now the spider's gone. Um, she still doesn't feel comfortable going to that bathroom. So she went to a different building to use the bathroom, um, for the rest of that day.

Um, and then, you know, thanked me for it but she was just very upset about that situation um she also because of her fear of spiders she also when she walks into a room she checks the corners of a room every room she walks in so thinking to yourself why would she need to check the corners of rooms yes there are cobwebs in rooms and she tries to see if there are cobwebs and she needs to prepare herself that there could potentially be spiders in this room so Um, that is an example of someone with a phobia right there. Um, so again, a very abnormal behavior of having to check corners every room. Like for me, as someone who doesn't have this phobia, I just walk in a room and everything's fine. Um, and if there's a spider, there's a spider. Um, so again, very irrational fear.

So although I said I wasn't a fan of spiders and you may not like spiders, unless you go to that degree, um, then you're probably okay. Um, she also can't do any Halloween decorations or anything like that with spiders. So. All right, we're going to talk about now obsessive compulsive disorders. So now we're going on to a new.

So like I said, in the DSM-5, we're of course not covering all 250. Even in my abnormal class that I'm teaching this summer, we're not doing all 250, but there will be much more detail than what I'm providing right now. I'm putting a plug in if you want to summer two online abnormal. Yeah, so the obsessive compulsive disorders here. So these disorders are characterized by a presence of obsessions and compulsions.

So we're not quite to the disorders yet. So first I want to talk about the obsessions versus compulsions. So an obsession is a reoccurrent and persistent thought, urge, or image that is experienced as untrusive and unwanted. So this is not an active thought that the individual is wanting to think about.

It's a very intrusive, sudden thought that's very recurrent. Okay, so obsessions are the thought portion of it. Compulsions are the behavior.

So just if you need to remember this, you know, underline obsession, put an arrow to thoughts, you know, or underline obsession and thoughts for compulsions, underline or arrow compulsions behaviors. So for the compulsions here, we have repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels they have to perform to respond to the obsession according to rules that are applied rigidly. Okay, so obsessions, recurrent and persistent thoughts, compulsions, repetitive behaviors.

Okay, and again for an obsessive compulsive disorder it has to, it needs both of these. So the first one we're going to talk about is obsessive compulsive disorder or OCD. This is an intruding and reoccurring thought or obsession that creates anxiety. It's only relieved by performing repetitive and ritualistic behavior or compulsion.

So a big pet peeve of mine is, you know, someone sees a picture of neatly organized shoes or something or like a color wheel of shoes or something. I actually had a professor do this once. That's why I'm focused on these shoes.

Sorry. Who saw that and said, oh, that really helps my OCD by something so neat. no just because you like things neat does not mean you have OCD again you have these intruding and reoccurring thoughts and then they can only be relieved that anxiety can only be relieved if you perform this repetitive and ritualistic behavior it's the same every time um so when I was in high school I went to school with an individual who was diagnosed with OCD um and for him uh I know one thing like you'd have thoughts of like he could die or his family could die if he didn't perform these acts and he had to do everything by I can't remember if it was five or seven but he had to do everybody everything by a certain number so whenever I took driver's ed with him I think that's I'm sure that's still a class in school I took driver's ed and the teacher would always put you know people who knew him would be in the car because he had to do his routine his ritualistic behavior so he would check his mirror seven times he would do his seat belt seven times um all these different things he had to do seven times before he could even start the car okay um now he did not his was he didn't have to start and stop the car seven times but he just had to do all those different behaviors seven times before he could start um so uh which side know uh the brake light was out in the driver's ed car we didn't know it and so he got pulled over and the officer was like are you and he took off his seat belt when officer came by and he said you know are you sure you had your seat belt on and we all had a chuckle because he definitely did the student did um he also had to take his seat belt and redo it seven times before he could take it off anyway um so here we have a clip from the movie as good as it gets with jack nicholson um try to see if you can see any compulsions you're not you could maybe um theorize obsessions if you've seen the movie then you know but if you haven't you can theorize obsessions uh but you will definitely see some compulsion behaviors one two three four five 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Okay. um so as you could see there what is okay um you could see that there was definitely repetitive it was by five um so locking the door um washing hands if it would have kept going it definitely would have gone to five um something else you could have noticed was the very hot water you could see the steam coming off um and then again you could see even like the soap having to throw away soap because it was no longer clean um and if you i don't know if you picked up on this but he even threw away his gloves coming into the house um and that was those were not just regular gloves those were you know like leather gloves um and jack nicholson's character even throws those away so in that movie jack nicholson's character does have ocd and so it's following that behavior there We're not going to discuss all the obsessive compulsive disorders.

There are several others. The only one I'm going to also discuss is hoarding disorder. So this is, of course, the persistent difficulty, discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their value. So that's the big kicker there, regardless of their value. Okay, so this would not be the same as your parents keeping your, you know, kindergarten Christmas ornament that you made.

Okay, no, there's sentimental value to that. Okay, this is like, like trash you can see in this photo. So like paper plates, paper towels that are done, pizza boxes, those kinds of things. Those don't have any value, but still the individual has difficulty discarding or parting with that possession.

Of course, this can cause clinically significant distress or impairment to social. So for social people don't want. to come over or be friends with that. Occupational, so if you're having trouble getting out of your house because of it.

Another big one is for severe hoarding. The individuals sometimes allow those possessions to, of course, as you can see in this room, it's everywhere. That includes the shower, okay? So that means these individuals do not, they're not able to access a clean shower.

So of course, if you don't have proper hygiene, that can cause impairment and distress in social areas as well as occupations. occupational. This also transfers over like this doesn't mean like in their jobs they hoard also while they're in their jobs as well. So it's not just oh at home I do it but at work I throw things away.

No this is also keeping these possessions at work as well. And then of course other important areas you know some people have been known to die from this with things falling over them especially if they have you know tall stacks things like that. etc so then we have the dissociative or disorders um i think these are the last disorders i'm going to talk about today and then we'll go into them even more uh keep continuing this lecture next class so for the first one dissociative remember i talked about like that outer body experience somewhat um so for dissociative the first one we're talking about is dissociative amnesia This is where the individual cannot remember personal information such as one's own name or specific personal events.

So it doesn't have to be as serious as just their own name. It could just be specific events in the person's life. One of the criteria is this cannot be caused by physical injury. So if someone has amnesia and it's because they experienced a car wreck and they were hit in the head really hard, that's not dissociative amnesia.

Here there's no physical injury whatsoever. Um, for selective amnesia, that's a subsection of dissociative amnesia. This is where the person can recall some, but not all events during a circumcised period of time or yeah, circumscribed period of time. Um, so my example here is Dory from Finding Nemo and Finding Dory. Um, you know, until Finding Dory, Dory didn't know really anything about her family.

Um, and even during Finding Dory. I mean, it's been out for a while. I feel like I'm not doing any spoilers right now, but if I am, sorry. They're both great movies, though. But, um, in finding Dory even, you know, like, even though, you know, Dory still, like, gets to the Marine Life Institute, you know, and knows some of it where her parents could be, but, like, she didn't even realize she was at the Marine Life Institute until, like, she was already there.

So, that makes sense. So, very selective. But, she can recall some, like, the P.

Sherman 42 Wallaby Way, Sydney. That event right there. We then have dissociative identity disorder.

This is formally known as multiple personality disorder. So in your reflection paper, if you discuss multiple personality disorder, I'm going to respond back and say that is not a disorder. So make sure you use the correct name, dissociative identity disorder.

Here, the person has two or more distinct personalities within one body. Okay. So I'm going to show you a clip from United States of Tara, and then we'll talk about this a little more. All of this stops right now.

Right now. No more selfishness, no more hijacking, no more excuses, and no more passing the buck. No, shut up.

From now on, my life will be organized. My life. My liberty. My pursuit of happiness. These things will bend to my will.

I will be in control. Me, Tara. End of story. I am sick and tired of all the craziness. This is all your fault.

With the drugs and the blackmail. Me, Stepford. Buck had the big night out. I wasn't even- Hey, I was doing important stuff.

Just happened to be at a casino. I, for one, think it's about time you asserted yourself. Absolutely.

It's a wonderful- Just shut the fuck up! Ooh, Tara, you show the F-words. Can we just drown her? And the dogs?

Ew! Fuck! Good, give me.

Fuck you! I've spent far too long babying you. All of you.

You act like spoiled brats and then you leave me holding the bag. So, we are going to draw up a contract. All of you will write down what's important to you and what you want out of life. And then I, and I alone, will decide how we go about it. Doesn't sound like no democracy to me.

Well, it ain't. But I am dissolving the United States of Terror and declaring myself king. And if y'all don't like it, you can kiss my ass. Because I'll go back on the drugs and you'll go back in the closet.

Well this sucks. Fine. Get a rock.

I'm losing time. I need some TV time. Just wearing it.

More ladies with us. That is important. Thank you.

Just wearing it for ladies without the gown. That is important one. I hereby declare my benevolent dictatorship to be in full effect. Long live the king! My body's cold, my guts are twisted still I'm crazy And I feel like I'm some kind of Frankenstein I'm fucking crazy Waiting for a shock to bring me back to life But I don't wanna spend my time Waiting So that is from United States of Terra I've only seen season one, but I think they do an excellent job.

So I really, I like the show. I've yet to see the next season. So let's talk about that clip.

So first thing, it started with her at her house. You know, she gets very upset. And then you see kind of like in her mind, them sitting around a table, a conference room table. And it's her and the other personalities.

Now, these personalities have different names. So you hear the... uh buck you hear them reference to buck um they have different names different definitely different personality types um sometimes different gender identities different ages um so like you saw on the sitting under the table's little girl um the more promiscuous one is also like a teen supposed to be like a teenager um you can have animalistic um so yeah so different personalities and then Of course, by the time Tara's out of it, so out of thinking about that conference room scene, she's in a completely different place.

She's in the middle of a giant lecture hall on a university, on a campus. And the professor, who ends up being a character in the show, is just staring at her. Nowhere did, like, so you could see Tara didn't realize how she got there.

So I use that clip because it has the funny and silliness of it, but also the seriousness of like how scary that has to be for that individual. The most famous case study with dissociative identity disorder is Sybil. This at the time was called multiple personality disorder. So if you read the Sybil case studies, which you can read, they're published. Or if you watch the movie, I prefer the Sally Fields version.

This is definitely a better view of this. In most cases, first of all, dissociative identity disorder is rare. Yes, it is very rare. Also, in most cases with dissociative identity disorder, it stems from an extreme trauma and then it progresses into this.

So, in most cases, not all again. I'm just going to say it now. The movie Split, I haven't watched it, but from what I read about it, I read all about it, read the whole synopsis, know what happens.

That is a very, very poor description of dissociative identity disorder, okay? That's not a thing where someone just like Jekyll and Hyde kind of like. That's the best way I could think of it.

Split is just, it's shit, okay? It's probably great entertainment if you like that. In terms of a clinical diagnosis, not good at all. Terrible. So that's my side rant about Split.

Okay, so I'm going to end here for the day. I know this was a pretty long lecture, but it had some pretty lengthy clips to watch where I knew you wouldn't have to be writing down or taking notes during that or just jotting small things down. So we didn't go all the way to 50 minutes, but I know we made a little bit closer.

So as always, if you have any questions, feel free to ask and stay safe and stay healthy, everybody.

Transcript for:Psychological Disorders Overview

Transcript for:
Psychological Disorders Overview