Professor Long's Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Lectures are part of Professor Bob Long's Anatomy and Physiology course at Del Mar College.
• Videos intended to aid enrolled students but others may benefit.
• Focus is on understanding rather than memorizing vast information.
• Current topic in the series is the skeletal system.

Previous Topics Covered

• Shapes and functions of bones.
• Types of ossification.
• Bone growth in length and diameter.
• Fractures and repair.
• Effects of nutrition, exercise, and hormones on bones.

Current Topic: Articulations (Chapter 9)

• Articulation: A joint where two or more bones come together.
• Arthro prefix: Refers to joints (e.g., arthritis).
• Joints categorized by function and structure.

Functional Classification of Joints

1. Synarthrosis

   • Little or no movement.
   • Examples: Sutures of the skull, os coxae.

2. Amphiarthrosis

   • Some movement; "wiggle" joints.
   • Examples: Tibiofibular joint, AC joint.

3. Diarthrosis

   • Freely movable joints.
   • Examples: Fingers, wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, knees, ankles.

Structural Classification of Joints

• Synarthroses Subtypes

  • Fibrous Connection: Gomphosis (periodontal ligament).
  • Cartilaginous Connection: Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage), e.g., rib-sternum junction.
  • Bony Fusion: Synostosis; e.g., skull sutures.

• Amphiarthroses Subtypes

  • Fibrous Connection: Syndesmosis, e.g., tib-fib joint.
  • Cartilaginous Connection: Symphysis (fibrocartilage), e.g., pubic symphysis.

• Diarthroses (Synovial Joints) Subtypes

  • Ball and Socket: Shoulder (glenohumeral joint), hip (acetabulofemoral joint).
  • Pivot Joint: C1-C2 (atlantoaxial joint), radiohumeral joint.
  • Condyloid (Cam) Joint: TMJ, femorotibial joint, MP joints.
  • Saddle Joint: First carpometacarpal joint.
  • Gliding Joint: AC joint, TMJ.
  • Hinge Joint: Elbow (humeroulnar joint), knee, mandible.

Joint Movement

• Movement Axes
  • Monoaxial: Movement in one axis.
  • Biaxial: Movement in two axes.
  • Triaxial: Movement in three or more axes.
• Examples of Movement
  • Flexion and extension in hinge joints.
  • Rotation in pivot joints.
  • Complex movements in ball-and-socket joints.

Additional Information

• Importance of maintaining range of motion in joints.
• Practical applications for physical therapy and related fields.
• Encouragement to review textbook and visuals for deeper understanding.

Conclusion

• Next steps involve further understanding joint classifications and functions.
• Encouragement to participate in additional videos for comprehensive understanding.