hello and welcome to another video which will get you the very top marks today I'm going to give you all the themes of Jekyll & Hyde and the bonus of that is it will give you all the quotations you could possibly need for any exam question so this one video is going to be enough for all of your revision in no particular order we're going to start with women and femininity I hope this is an unexpected theme for you and that's the easiest way to get grade 9 then we'll look at Christianity and how Stevenson is playing with the idea of Christianity because he himself probably did not believe in God but his readers did we will explore the theme of appearance and reality which is linked to the hypocrisy of Jekyll looking respectable on the outside but obviously much different on the inside as personified by high often times you'll get asked about the setting in the novel and so we'll look at the house as a metaphor for hypocrisy and the duality of man will consider the novel as a warning to Victorian gentlemen and women of the dangers of drug taking because drug taking was actually legal in this time it's perfectly legal to take it but obviously had repercussions in society because it was the middle classes the people with money who suffered most we'll look at an unexpected theme the theme of friendship this is actually the biggest theme in the novel and nobody really thinks about it there are 43 different references to friendship don't worry I'm only going to take you to two of them but this will be a major theme we will obviously look at the Christian morality of good versus evil and what that would have meant to Stevenson as well as to the Victorian reader we will look at the theory of evolution and why this was so important to Stevenson and to the readers at the time and alongside that we'll explore this theme the duality of man man's two-sided nature so here a skull of a modern human and here's the unexpectedly large skull of a Neanderthal we'll talk about that we'll explore the novel as an attack on the hypocrisy of middle-class men so Stevenson taking the society he lives in and dramatically criticizing it before he himself leaves England for good we'll ask why the novel is set in London and how London acts as a character in the novel why this would have been so important to his readers and then finally we'll reimagine this story has actually a story about homosexuality and the dangers of repressing homosexuality so it seems that Stevenson is saying homosexuality ought to be accepted by society so I hope you're ready to jump in with me and see how this story is concocted and put together and how these themes will give you grades 8 and 9 even if you're only writing at a great four and five now okay we dive straight in with women and femininity and what's really interesting about this novel is women are totally excluded as main characters because Stevenson wants to say something about the hypocrisy of men however it also paints a really negative portrayal of women so the first woman I want to draw your attention to is the maid who sees the killing of Sir Danvers Carew by Hyde and let's have a look at this but in the yellow never she used to say with streaming tears when she narrated that experience never had she felt more at peace with all men and this is a quite cynical satirical description of the made because Stevenson's pointing out how much she loved to tell this story of how Hyde killed Sir Danvers Carew and this undermines her it suggests that she isn't actually horrified by this brutal murder she's actually delighted by it and this is a way that Stevenson is making fun of his female readers you know most of his readers would probably at being women because they had the leisure time in which to read and he's basically accusing them of being a bloodthirsty and delighting in violence and the Gothic and because of that he describes the murder in a way that's totally over exaggerated so let's come down to this bit this is the sound of sedan verse Carew being killed under which the bones were audibly shattered and the body jumped upon the roadway at the horror of these sights and sounds the maid fainted so let's start in with the maid fainting this is something typical of Victorian literature and Steve is making fun of this of course she didn't really faint look at how excited she was about retelling the story of this murder this is just something that she's put into her own story it isn't realistic and again he's gently making fun of the traditions of the Gothic that female readers would have wanted another way of doing that is to make the description ridiculous so the body is jumping upon the roadway because of the force of being hit by a cane however at the same time Hyde is trampling on the body well there's no way it could jump up in the air at the same time as he's actually standing on top of it so again Stevenson is mocking this eye addiction to violence which he feels that his women readers have now if we look at the description of women elsewhere in the novel we also find them treated really badly so when he gets to Soho and Utterson gets the Soho he describes the women many women of different nationalities passing out key in hand to have a morning glass so these women are stepping out in order to go and drink gin in the morning they're basically alcoholics and what he's suggesting here is that all the women in Soho are like this so again he's using humor here and as a reader your job is to decide whether the humor is fair or missile Jonah stick misogynistic means anti-women so does this novel portray women in a really harsh light in which case Stephenson is misogynistic he's sexist or is it on the side of gentle humor just a mildly poke fun at his female readership there isn't a right answer but the answer that you decide on will be backed up by the quotations that I've just given you and the next one that I'll show you now so this is hide housekeeper and look how she's linked to the idea of hypocrisy she's an ivory faced and silvery haired old woman so we might see this as a really positive description but look what happens next she had an evil face smoothed by hypocrisy but her manners were excellent and this now is Stephenson saying that the women are just like the men they have excellent manners on the surface just like dr. Jekyll but actually this is hypocritical underneath it all they are evil the difference here is that the woman's evil can be seen on her face Jekyll's evil cannot be seen on his face he can only be seen on Hyde's and then we look at her character when she has a flash of odious joy when she hears that Hyde is in trouble what has he done and again this is a mockery of the female reader again because that's exactly why the reader is trying to read on and to find out what's going on with the characters so the reader is personified in this unflattering portrait of women now I told you that Stephenson didn't necessarily believe in God and so he gives a Christian context to the novel because that's what his readers want but he also makes fun of them for their Christian belief so this is the description of Hyde this was the shocking thing that the slime of the pit seemed to utter cries and voices that the amorphous dust gesticulated and sin for then sinned that what was dead and had no shape should use up the offices of life and this is an over exaggerated form of language so use up means to throw over to overcome to attack the offices of life is a really strange use of words he just means life itself yes so Jekyll's life has been overthrown by hide but he deliberately uses this complex language in order to poke fun at this complex religion that decides that there's a heaven and a hell rather than just real life and he also over-exaggerated s-- hides evil here so instead of just saying hide is evil he's describes him as the slime of the pit and this is the pit of hell and it's an over exaggerated description again and he does this to point out to us that doesn't really believe in Hell this isn't something that actually makes sense to him but he uses the language of his readers the over exaggerated language that preachers might use in the chapel in order to mock them and then again when he talks about mankind coming from dust and that's in the Bible he introduces this word amorphous meaning having having no shape until it takes shape in hide but it's a use of a kibriya again that makes fun of the reader he knows this vocabulary is over exaggerated and he does it to show that Christianity is an over-exaggeration it's not for him a description of reality that's not what life is really like and so when you write about that you're going to link it to the new discoveries in science which will show that the Bible is in fact not literally true and therefore wrong and therefore many of the stories in it might just be that simply stories that don't actually tain any truth and this is something that he can only interact because obviously he comes out as an atheist many of his readers would turn away from him being devout Christian now when we think about the appearance of characters there are two main characters of play here there's Jekyll and there's Hyde and this description of Hyde from Jekyll is peculiar he says that Hyde is nonetheless natural to me because they wore the expression and bore the stamp of lower elements in my soul and these lower elements are the ability to be evil so what Jekyll is pointing out is that inside him is evil and we just noticed that when we see hide because Hyde looks evil but Stevenson questions the idea of evil through the appearance of Hyde so I just stuck a photograph up here and you couldn't tell me whether this looks like Hyde or not and there's a real reason for that Stevenson refuses to tell us what Hyde's face looks like and one of the reasons that he does that is he wants to point out to us that the idea that you can tell just by looking at someone whether they're evil or not is ridiculous and it's another way of suggesting that he doesn't really believe in this false dichotomy this false division between good and evil and he's actually saying that we're all like dr. Jekyll a mixture of people who do good things and bad things and one of his arguments in the novel is that what Victorian readers considered to be evil Stevenson himself doesn't as you will see when we deal with some of the other themes so he's questioning the Society of his time now one of the main things he's upset about in this society is that it encourages people to hide their true natures so we've got the large handsome face of dr. Jekyll and he's presented as being a really attractive man because Stevenson is saying you can't tell by looking at people whether they are good or bad you have instead to look at their actions and then this is allied to the description that carries on there came a blackness about his eyes and this again is the duality of man he's suggesting that on the surface he looks like a really respectable citizen but the blackness hints at a evil desire inside him this again is picked up here he's a large well-made smooth-faced man of 50 stylish perhaps looking kind but that's linked to the word perhaps suggesting that right he might look like this but underneath the surface there's another truth now this is important because Stevenson is saying look my novel might appear to be a Christian novel in which the evil hide is killed and Jekyll is killed also because he creates the evil hide and this is simply a Christian story however that's just what it looks like on the surface that's just it's its appearance and he's really asking for a more sophisticated reader that's you and that's me to dig more deeply and think well actually is this a Christian novel or is he making fun of these conventions in order to attack Victorian society now we can look at the description of Jekyll's house and that also describes him so it's a metaphor for Jekyll so the house wore a great air of wealth and comfort now this personification shows the house as a person because Stevenson is saying actually all these respectable properties that you see in the middle of London contain people like Jekyll who appear to be good but actually something else is going on inside and he uses this bit of the metaphor to prove it though it was now plunged in darkness and darkness of course is again symbolic of evil there's quite a lot of description about the house but I'm just gonna take you down to this bit at the bottom for even in the houses the fog began to lie thickly and they're close up to the warmth sack dr. Jekyll looking deadly sick so as Jekyll becomes more evil through his creation of Hyde fog even comes inside the house and this again is a metaphor for how we confuse what looks respectable from what is actually evil or sinful the back of Jekyll's house is in fact where Hyde enters and where Hyde lives and that has a completely different look a certain sinister block of building thrust forward its gable on the street so you can see through the verb thrust there that it even sounds like a violent house the blind forehead of a discolored wall on the upper so again so got some personification showing how the house has this huge forehead in other words it hasn't got any windows and it bore the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence and what he's suggesting here is that if you don't pay attention to your evil instincts they will take over so your negligence will make your appearance seem evil and then we look at this imagery with the door which was blistered and distained again suggesting that the house itself has become evil it's been blistered through heat so he got that link to the fires of hell again but an interesting thing happens here he then links that to a description of who might have made the marks in the door the school boy had tried his knife so what Stevenson is suggesting here is they're all people and contain this evil element equivalent to the back of the house this is the bit that we keep out of sight of people but actually it's just a common instinct and in his time every schoolboy would have had a knife and obviously used it in ways which included vandalism now a Victorian reader would have taken this to symbolize original sin the idea that we're all born sinful and then we just have to choose to fight this during our life in order to get into heaven but when we come to look at what Hyde actually does in the novel Stevenson questions the whole idea of what is evil and what is sinful well one of the sins that would have been at the forefront of Victorian minds was giving in to the desire to take drugs so drug taking wasn't illegal at all there were places to go you know a drug dens where you could simply go and take drugs and you could buy opium for example which is what we now get error in from you could buy that at the chemist but because it was easily accessible some people would obviously get addicted and this was a great fear and so Stevenson puts this in the book well sir every day I and twice and thrice in the same day he's describing Hyde here being desperate for his drugs to turn him back into Jekyll and this drug is wanted bitter bad sir whatever for so this description of the potion that needs to be used is one that deliberately focuses on the evils of drug taking drugs are portrayed as evil because they torture and deform the sufferer and they make the the sufferer other user eager to find the drug at any cost and this leads to really poor decision-making so I knew well that I risk death for any drug that's so potently controlled and shook the very for trace of identity might by the least scruple of an overdose and so on so he's really worried Stevenson on the surface about the possibility of overdose risking death so we can read the whole story as a warning against experimenting with drug taking you can simply read the story that way but as usual Stevenson is looking at things from more than one point of view so what you said here is that the effect of the drug shakes the very for trace of identity it it looks at who you are your identity which is treated as a fortress and it shakes it about now what's interesting here is Stephenson looks at Jekyll and he says well all of our identities aren't actually a fortress you know Jekyll looks like one thing on the outside but actually underneath it he's something else if you look at artisan it's the same Utterson looks like a respectable Victorian lawyer but actually he hides the fact that Jekyll knows where the murderer hide is he doesn't tell the police that in fact he takes the letter from dr. Lanyon and the letter from dr. Jekyll explaining everything that's gone on and he locks them away in a safe so he's actually withholding vital evidence from the police about this murder of Sir Danvers Carew and so what actually Stevenson is saying is that this idea of identity being a fortress this idea that you can build yourself up to be a holy good character is actually a myth and if we take this a step forward it's actually something that he doesn't want as a writer you become other people you become the creations you write about and so from that perspective drug-taking is actually an advantage to a creative thinker and that's one of the reasons that drug-taking was legal at the time many poets and artists of the time took drugs as a way to free up their creativity we don't know if stevenson himself also indulged in drug taking but it was something very common at the time those of you know about Sherlock Holmes who the novels of Sherlock Holmes the stories were published at the same time as dr. Jekyll and mr. Hyde and Sherlock Holmes was famous for experimenting with his own drug taking in particular cocaine and now I'd like you to consider the theme of friendship as I said there are 43 different references in the novel to friendship and one of the reasons that the tragedy happens is that Jekyll has to operate without friends so Lanyon and Jekyll and Utterson were inseparable friends they were a trio but what prevents that friendship from continuing properly is Jekyll's experimentation with creating hide now that breakdown in friendship is caused by society's values so you have a conflict between Christianity and science which is why Lanyon falls out with dr. Jekyll he claims that his science is kind of anti-christian and it also has to be hidden because he's playing with this idea of releasing another human being which again goes against the teachings of Christianity and especially because that human being is potentially evil and there's a sense here that if the friends had stuck together they might well have been able to help Jekyll but jackals feeling that he he was excluded from society then led to his tragedy so Utterson reflects on this when he gets the confessions and he says I've buried one friend today he thought what if this should cost me another and this is before he reads the letter which will contain the truth and Stevenson is saying well what kind of friendship is it that is based on not revealing the truth to each other and this is his way of really asking for society to be more open to have fewer things in it which are taboo for example atheism the decline of Christianity and as we shall see at the end of the video homosexuality so Stevenson drums home the idea of friendship being the thing that could have saved Jekyll when Jekyll reflects back on the creation of Hyde because the problem with being Hyde is that you are forever despised and friendless so even though as Hyde he could enjoy secret pleasures and leaping impulses under that disguise he'd actually now prefer to be surround by friends so this is a really interesting way for Stevenson to suggest that actually friendship is much more important than society's values it's much more important than Christianity it's much more important than putting on an exterior that looks respectable it's much more important than your reputation and a society based on friendship would be a much happier one in which to live instead he points out to his Victorian readers that they all live in a society that's constantly judging anyone else on this balance between good and evil that their religion Christianity forces them to use to consider every human action and every human being so Jekyll describes himself having created Hyde and then he says evil finally destroyed the balance of my soul and then he makes a point that links this to all of his readers it fell out with me as it falls with so vast a majority of my fellows that I chose the better part and was found wanting in the strength to keep it in other words he's saying look we all try to do the better part to choose good but actually we all find that we don't have the strength we are wanting it we're lacking it we all lack the strength to keep doing good and we all keep giving in to evil well on one level this is the idea of original sin you know we're all born with the sin that Adam and Eve gave us which is eating the forbidden fruit they went against God and then ever since we're all descended from them and we all carry that original sin with us so we're all born with that sinning scientists were all born evil but another way of looking at that is Stevenson saying well I don't really believe that now the problem is that so many of the things that we enjoy doing society says is evil and I'm writing this novel in order to say well is society right or actually are we just doing things which are entirely human entirely natural and what would be bad as if we could change the way society views what is good and what is evil one of the ways he does this is to look at the theme of evolution so Darwin's theory of evolution is about the adaptation of species but one of the ways that this was portrayed was that we were adapted from apes and therefore our desires are seen as animal-like so rather than simply saying well this is just natural it's part of being a human being the Victorians said well no our desires are actually not just part of being a human being in the sense that they should be accepted they're actually part of our most evil character that fit with their Christian interpretation and the way they made the theory of evolution fit Christianity was to say well obviously that evil is akin to what our ancestors would have desired when they were just Apes so we have this early description of hide god bless me the man seems hardly human something troglodytic shall we say they're actually thinking about the new discovery of the fossil record so here's a Neanderthal skull and we can see that this was an earlier ancestor of modern humans and the Victorians simply assumed that because the Neanderthals came earlier and were replaced by humans that the humans were therefore obviously better than the end than the Neanderthals and this is how the theory of evolution has been dramatized so we have a common ape-like ancestor and we evolved into greater and superior beings and there is more man but Stevenson correctly points out that actually that's not what Darwin is saying Darwin is simply saying we evolved at each stage in order to get a genetic advantage that helps us survive so in terms of evolution we could go back to earlier states of mankind if those genetic mutations allowed us to survive and reproduce better so there isn't actually in evolution any sense of people becoming morally superior and and better people all that happens is that people become better able to survive but if modern life changes we could go back to an earlier form of humanity if it would simply survive better that's simply what evolution would do so if we take that to the ending of the book at Tekel describes what hi does inside the books the religious books that Jekyll has been reading at the end of his life this is what he does he plays ape-like tricks scrawling in my own hand my own handwriting blasphemies that's things against God on the pages of my books so Stevenson is playing a subtle game here at the end of his book he's suggesting that Christianity is just a story in it's ridiculous and that's why Hyde writes these blasphemies these attacks on God in the religious books that check on his reading now that allows the Christian reader of the time to miss that point because these ape-like tricks are given to hide who they've realized is an evil character and this is just further proof that he's evil he's turning away from God and so that reader is going to be entirely satisfied that Hyde is punished for going against God in this way but there is a wider purpose going on remember that Stevenson isn't necessarily a Christian and he also kills off dr. Jekyll he kills them both off and the character he leaves behind who is Utterson is similarly a mixture of good and evil as we all are so he actually finishes the book by deciding to protect his friend and keep all these confessions from Lanyon and dr. Jekyll secret locked away in his safe now when he describes these tricks as ape-like well if we go back to our image of evolution what Stevenson is suggesting is that okay you might see a Pike as primitive and evil but actually we could we could evolve back to it an eight like state there isn't necessarily anything intrinsically evil in it the idea of Christianity is just something that we've invented as we've become more sophisticated doesn't mean it's any more true so now we come to the duality of man and that's closely linked to darwin's theory so when Jekyll first turns into Hyde without drugs so high takes over and he's sitting in a park in the Sun on a bench and he describes it like this the animal within me licking the chops of memory so - Jekyll there isn't anything inherently evil about Hyde he's just acting on natural instinct like an animal but he's pointing out that this animal is within all of us because we are all evolved from more primitive animal being in his mind animal isn't necessarily linked with evil but as you've seen it is in the mind of the Christian reader now when he describes Hyde at the beginning like this he deliberately doesn't describe Hyde as evil instead he says I have been doomed to such a dreadful shipwreck that man is not truly one but truly - and this is the idea that we all contain within us good impulses and bad impulses good and evil and actually Stevenson is asking for a much more mature understanding of this rather than just condemnation of people who do things that they shouldn't another way he does this is to describe good and evil as polar twins who are continuously struggling the use of the word twins instead of opposites suggests that we can't actually get rid of the evil inside us and perhaps we shouldn't try to instead we should try to understand it so now would be a good time to pause and consider what's evil about hide so every description of hide portrays him as evil however if you think about what Hyde actually does during the novel he never actually commits a crime that we know of he never actually does anything bad in fact even the description of him trampling over the little girl you realize when you read back on it is not even his fault he's just going along walking quite quickly in the middle of night and this little girl runs into him and he keeps stepping he steps on her once because he can't stop he's in trample on her he's just one foot goes on her and then he walks on now and he's so intense in whatever he's doing that he ignores her okay that's a bit callous but the other people who arrive want to kill him so Enfield wants to kill him and the doctor who arrives actually wants to kill him and Stevenson is really particular in letting us know that they want to murder him well what's going on there is that Hyde is being unjustly treated and Stevenson refuses to tell us what Hyde actually gets up to when he's left to his own devices and one of the reasons for that is he might not be doing anything that's particularly evil at all he's just incorrectly seen as evil and that's why the only act that we see in commit at the beginning is one that the other characters perceive as evil but when we look at the facts isn't and Stevenson does that deliberately again to question society because what he's saying is look maybe this impulse that we've got to give in to our desires is just totally normal and it's not evil at all it's any society that judges it to be evil well of course there is the problem that Hyde then kills Sir Danvers Carew but this happens after Hyde has been locked up inside Jekyll for a year this is the equivalent of being locked up in solitary confinement and being forbidden to have a life when he hasn't done anything wrong and so when he comes out he's just simply full of range rage and his mind if you like is deranged because of the way jackal has treated him now again if we go back to how Jekyll first describes Hyde he says I was conscious of a heady recklessness and in other words he could do things that society didn't approve of a current of disordered sensual images running like a millrace in my fancy so he was able to give in to his sensual desires now none of this has to be evil it's just society that makes us giving in to our senses appear evil he has a solution of the bonds of obligation so he's no longer feeling tied to being obliged to do what society says and he describes this as an unknown but innocent freedom of the soul now these words are important because he's saying look when I first created Hyde he was a completely innocent character and he was innocent because he was free and one of the problems with our society Stevenson is arguing is that we take away our own freedom to be ourselves by introducing all kinds of moral rules and we can see this in Stevenson's own life because you know shortly after writing this novel he leaves Britain for good and tries to find freer if you like more primitive societies in going to the Pacific Islands for example and then he includes this line that being Hyde braced and delighted him like wine now this allows him to show that it's a natural pleasure and that we should all be allowed to enjoy it but remember he can't afford to upset his Christian readers and so he also puts that in so that they have a justification for saying ah being Hyde was like being addicted to alcohol and therefore sinful so you got to remember that Stevenson is writing for two kinds of readers a Christian reader who will just see this as a simple morality tale where the evil gets punished and the more sophisticated reader who will ask well was it really evil and did it really deserve to be punished okay our final theme the one that I think the novel deals with most but keeps most hidden is the idea of repression and homosexuality so the historical record is not very clear on where the Stevenson was homosexual or not however he certainly had lots of homosexual friends and we can infer from this that he believes that society should be much more tolerant and when we consider the people the main characters in the novel they are all male and there this could explain why there are so many references to male friendship in the novel and that friendship could be a proxy for their homosexuality now if we read the novel this way the tragedy is that Jekyll can't give in to his homosexual passions and desires because Society forbids it now the consequence of that is he creates this alter ego hide to have these homosexual experiences and that is why Stevenson does not describe what high does because he's trying to hint that it's something that's so horrific it can't be described in society and that's exactly what homosexuality was viewed at at the time in the background here you can see my picture of Oscar Wilde who five years after the novel was published was exposed as a homosexual and actually sent to jail for it that's how taboo it was at this time well at the same time the use of the word queer was the equivalent of how we use the word gay queer meant homosexual at the time and this line is deliberately given to Enfield when he's first describing the check from dr. Jekyll and he won't tell artisan who has written this check because sororal of mine the more it looks like queer Street the less I asked and this is a strong hint from Stevenson that everybody suspects that Hyde is in a homosexual relationship with Jekyll and that that's why Jekyll is being blackmailed but it's also a way for saying that homosexuality is actually the main theme of the novel when Stevenson wrote it and this is why Utterson is given his bizarre dream sequence where he has this dream about dr. Jekyll well when we look at the dream from this point of view we can see that his friendship also contains sexual desire because what does he dream about well he dreams about Jekyll being in bed and then he also dreams about Hyde arriving and summoning Jekyll for bed from bed we can see how this is an obviously a sexually charged dream which Utterson has to repress he doesn't admit his own homosexual desires for Jekyll to himself in the same way that dr. Jekyll can't explore his homosexual desires in society but this is why Stevenson insists that all the main characters in the book are unmarried they're all potentially people who are homosexual but can't indulge in their homosexuality and even desire even stop themselves from even admitting to it they don't even admit that they're homosexual in the novel because it's such a taboo so the tragedy of the novel could be Stevenson saying look this is the tragedy of our society is that we don't accept people as they are instead we demonize them and this is the true problem in our society okay let's have a look at the quotations else he would see a room in a house where his friend lay asleep dreaming and smiling at his dreams then the door of that room would be opened the curtains of the bed plucked apart look at the violent image of undressing here so the bed is undressed in the same way as Utterson wants to undress his friend the sleeper recalled and lo they would stand by his side a figure to whom power was given and even at that dead hour he must rise and do its bidding so this this idea that Hyde is this figure who's come in and got control over dr. Jekyll who has to rise and do whatever he's told to do again this is a euphemism for sexual activity the figure in these two phases haunted the lawyer all night so it's not just in the dream all night the lawyer is thinking about Jekyll and Hyde in this sexually charged setting and this sexually charged description and that Stevenson's way of showing that this is what the novel is really about now the idea that homosexuality is quite commonplace at the time we've already considered with all these main characters who are married but we also have it here blackmail I suppose an honest man paying through the nose for some of the capers of his youth and the way that Utterson thinks about this suggests that he believes all young men would potentially have given into homosexual desires which when they were young were just capers but now are considered evil so this is a strong clue that Utterson himself will have had homosexual experiences when he was a young perhaps when he was at public school but that these sexual adventures if you like appropriate only in youth only when the you're young and then once we become an adult and you enter the world of respectability you can no longer indulge in them well you might say how would you know that it's homosexuality is being referred to here they're all there are strong hints because what could you have done when you were young that would now lead to blackmail well a Victorian reader would have looked at that and thought well I can't think of anything other than homosexual sex there isn't anything else you could have done when you were a teenager that would now be something that you would get blackmailed for that would be typical also of what other young people are done so that is the only explanation that works if you can think of another one good luck so this is Stevenson's way of asking for greater tolerance in society and the tragedy of the novel is pointing out the consequences of not tolerating it in society it turns any homosexual man from a respectable Jekyll into a demonized Hyde so how are you going to learn from this video well you're going to go back and make a revision card for each of the slides that I showed you and but just have the quotations on them get the very briefest bits from the yellow that I showed you and then practice using these themes to answer any question on Jekyll and Hyde and I promise you there isn't any question you could be asked in the exam that you couldn't answer using these quotations and these themes and how many of these themes should you have how many do you need in order to get grade 7 above well actually you only need two of them in your answer to get into the grade 7 and if you've got more than two the more sophisticated your argument will be and the easier it will be for you to get the top grades congratulations if you've made it to the end of the video and see you soon on my channel