welcome everyone to this seamlessly English introduction to Magna Arnold's theory on emotions it's called the appraisal Theory because she reintroduced the cognitive elements of emotions going back to Aristotle and famous Aquinas and it's still very much alive and this is very relevant for the history of the studying of emotions to our days so back to be Arnold was born in Moravia in 1903 now is the Czech Republic and she died in the USA in 2002 she lived for almost 20 years in Canada she moved there with her husband and the two daughters eventually he left the family and Magda moved some years later to the United States so from the late 40s she lived Italy in the United States her most renowned book is emotion and personality 1954. maybe someone can recall motivation and personality Abraham Maslow's works so the very same year um but her book is based on emotion within a more anthropological Theory so uh let's review the general diagram of the passions According to Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas at the center is the person and they called the hardest group and the sensible good the objects of our will and they are also evils of different kinds that we have to face so they call it the objects of our emotions the theory of objects is very much relevant for the Aristotle and domestic way of understanding science in different ways timeline so when these objects or goods are absent or present different emotions would emerge so in almost every case we have absent or present evils or Goods apart from that on the on our left upper left we have artists use that that seems to be unattainable or attainable so we will see how there are some pairs or some ones isolated emotions that regard this different present or absent objects so there are some core there are two core emotions the first one that they've develop facing the the good is a love and they call it General speaking love and the on the lower part hatred so a general aversion coming from the platonic proposal they explain the internal resources as part of the Soul of as part of the mind so they say there's a part that follows the gratification that is very much sensible to gratification they call it the concupiscible appetite on the left we have the irascible appetite era stays for anger so something that reacts to objects that required some effort so we go back to the right part when a sensible good is absent we just feel desire but when it is present we feel Joy on the lower part when sensible evil is absent we feel again General aversion some use withdrawal withdrawal mean also the action we are talking we are focusing on the Primal emotion not the action so when it is present we feel sadness or one of its synonyms let's go to the hardest Goods on the upper left part so when a narrative's non-pressing good if a is attainable from our point of view we develop hope we feel hope and when it seems unattainable we feel despair or hopelessness on the lower part it's a bit more complex when an absent we we consider an absent evil we can develop just fear or daring so uh facing the very same object we can develop two different two different emotions depending on the person or also depending on our training our capacity to be in charge of our emotions when it is present we can develop anger to face that evil situation or object so let's see how Arnold translates more or less the same map in her own terms but following the very the first same blueprint so at the center the person the object she she called it beneficial or harmful objects or convenient objects but is exactly the same she uses the also the the timelines of the time dimension just stresses the fact that the beneficial objects are when are they are absent because she coincides with Aristotle and Aquinas that when the beneficial object or the arduous good are achieved we feel the very same thing that on the right side so we feel Joy we feel different kinds of ratifications we are not distinguishing them qualitatively but as a basic emotion they are more or less the same that is why we don't divide here the beneficial object in absent or present we consider it as always as absent for a distinctive emotions so again at the center we have two core or general emotions that is love or liking and hate or dislike then she doesn't talk about the appetites she just grew up groups the emotions in impulse emotions and contending emotions um it is very relevant for her that the appraised difficulty on attaining or facing different situations or objects it will be a distinctive element to understand the different emotions so let's go to the upper right part so one thing on the server much the same of the atomistic desire on the present beneficial object we feel Delight or joy in the lower part we have the the absent harmful object we develop aversion or recoil and when it is present we feel sorrow or sadness let's go to the left part of our map so when a beneficial object seems attainable we develop hope and when it seems unattainable we feel despair again just is almost a referring directly to Aquinas and Aristotle then we have when a harmful object is absent we can develop fear or in an extreme situation Terror it is in interesting that she's already introducing some nuances that are also included in the domestic full proposal but she introduces it directly in the distribution of the basic emotions so fear may be Terror sometimes so and or we can feel again daring or courage we can develop it or it can become brushiness in an extreme way then on the right part we have merly dejection or anger and in extreme situations desperation so the important nuances but again the very same map the direction of emotions Arnold distinguishes between positive and negative emotion but it doesn't mean that emotions are good or bad in themselves they all are all at the service of the preservation of life the distinction implies that some emotions drive us to move away from what we consider as harmful While others stimulate us to seek out what we perceive as we perceive as beneficial or to face something difficult and perhaps unavoidable in order to overcome it to overcome it so the distinction involves orientation that is to say the first information about what to avoid or turn away from or what we may seek or obtain so again we copy our general map we will avoid all the arrows to simplify just a bit over General geography of emotions and the person so love on liking and hate dislike are at the core of our emotions so we have the impulse emotions on the right containing emotions on the left uh and here the the whole family the very same way we have seen in the previous slide what else okay she distinguishes as I have already said between positive and negative emotions depending on the first impulse they provide us so love and like are positive they make us search for or Foster our desire to get something the opposite direction so here is easy to to see the upper part and on the right that one thing and desire and the light Joy are positive emotions while in the lower part have a version recall surround sadness so it is a perfectly symmetrical upper and lower parts of the of the skin I will see that it is not the same in in the left part so hope seems obvious that it is a positive emotion it moves us it drives us to search for something difficult but attainable while despair moves us to draw back to step back from something that seems unattainable and there's an another Nuance introduced by Arnold again it is included in the Aristotelian and tommystic Outlook but not included directly in this uh original distinction of of emotions so but it is very important so that we can overcome or we can avoid so the very first information within emotion it's significant to evaluate if we can overcome or if we should avoid something so to overcome difficult situation harm from objects if they are absent we we feel we can overcome them so we develop during courage again or rashness and in the lower part anger is also a positive emotion because it helped helps us to overcome difficult situations difficult or harmful objects while rejection and fear or Terror are negative so that is the full explanation and you see it is the the harmful or the way we can face harmful objects is richer it's more is wider than the other sections of our map and that's all thank you very much and um feel free to check also the Italian version of this same video