Overview
This lecture introduces philosophy as a discipline, explores its main branches and core questions, traces its historical origins, and highlights the value of philosophical thinking.
What is Philosophy?
- Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, and reality.
- The word “philosophy” comes from the Greek “philosophia,” meaning “love of wisdom.”
Main Branches of Philosophy
- Metaphysics studies the nature of reality, existence, and what is ultimately real.
- Epistemology investigates the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge.
- Ethics examines what is morally right and wrong, focusing on value theory and moral principles.
- Logic analyzes the structure of arguments and principles of valid reasoning.
- Aesthetics explores the nature of beauty, art, and taste.
- Political philosophy considers justice, rights, law, and the relationship between individuals and society.
- Philosophy of mind and philosophy of religion are further subfields.
Origins and Historical Context
- Philosophy began in ancient Greece, seeking explanations beyond myth and tradition.
- Notable early philosophers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Methods and Importance
- Philosophers use critical thinking, logical analysis, and reasoned argumentation to address questions.
- Distinguishing between opinion and fact is central to philosophical inquiry.
- Philosophy helps develop skills in argument analysis, clarity of thought, and ethical reasoning.
- Studying philosophy can influence culture, politics, religion, and science.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Metaphysics — study of reality and existence.
- Epistemology — study of knowledge and belief.
- Ethics — study of moral values and rules.
- Logic — study of valid reasoning and argument structure.
- Aesthetics — study of beauty and art.
- Political philosophy — study of government, justice, and rights.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review introductory readings or videos for each main branch of philosophy.
- Reflect on a fundamental philosophical question (e.g., "What is knowledge?") and consider your initial thoughts.
- Prepare questions for class discussion relating to a key philosopher or concept.