Lecture: Bone Markings

Introduction

• Focus on bone markings (grooves, bumps, holes).
• Important for identifying muscle and ligament attachments, and pathways for arteries, veins, and nerves.
• Not focusing on naming particular bones in this session.

Projections for Muscle and Ligament Attachments

• Tuberosity: Large rounded projection, often roughened.
  • Example: Ischium region of the hip.
• Tubercle: Small rounded projection or process.
  • Example: Adductor tubercle on the femur.
• Trochanter: Large projection found only on the femur.
  • Greater and lesser trochanters are connected by a line.
• Line: Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest.
• Crest: Prominent ridge of bone.
  • Example: Iliac crest on the ilium.
• Epicondyle: A projection situated above a condyle.
  • Example: Lateral epicondyle of the femur.
• Spine: Sharp, slender, often pointed projection.
  • Example: Spinous processes of vertebrae.
• Process: Any bony projection.
  • Spinous process and transverse process are notable.

Projections that Help Form Joints

• Head: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
  • Example: Head of the humerus.
• Condyle: Smooth, rounded articular projection.
  • Example: Trochlea on the humerus, condyle of the mandible.
• Ramus: Arm-like bar of bone.
  • Example: Ramus of the mandible.
• Faucet: Nearly flat articular surface.
  • Example: Where ribs attach to vertebrae.

Passageways for Blood Vessels and Nerves

• Notch: Indentation at edge of a structure.
  • Example: Sciatic notch on the hip.
• Groove: Furrow in a bone.
  • Example: Groove on the underside of the ribs.
• Fissure: Narrow, slit-like opening.
  • Example: Superior and inferior orbital fissures in the skull.
• Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone.
  • Example: Supraorbital and infraorbital foramina.
• Sinus: Cavity within a bone, air-filled and lined with mucous membrane.
  • Example: Frontal sinus within the skull.
• Meatus: Canal-like passageway.
  • Example: External acoustic meatus (ear canal).
• Fossa: Shallow, basin-like depression.
  • Example: Fossas on the scapula and hip.

Additional Markings

• Sulcus: Deep, narrow groove.
  • Example: Sulcus on the humerus.

Conclusion

• Understanding these markings aids in naming bones and understanding anatomy.
• Encouragement to familiarize with these terms as they are frequently referenced in anatomy.

Note

• A light-hearted moment about a skeleton model sticking its tongue out in a video used during the lecture.