Nervous System Disorders: ADHD and ADD

Key Points:

• ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

  • Characterized by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and difficulty in paying attention.
  • Impacts daily life, particularly tasks requiring sustained attention.

• ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder)

  • Similar to ADHD but without the hyperactivity component.
  • Also affects daily functioning and attention.

Treatments for ADHD and ADD

Stimulants

• Common Stimulants

  • Methylphenidate
    • Marketed as Concerta.
    • Scheduled 2 medication with a high potential for abuse.
  • Dexmethylphenidate
    • Marketed as Focalin.
  • Lisdexamfetamine
    • Marketed as Vyvanse.
  • Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine Combination
    • Marketed as Adderall XR.
    • Also used for narcolepsy.

• Mechanism of Action

  • Increases levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine.
  • Helps increase attention and decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity.

• Side Effects of Stimulants

  • Serious: Fatal hypothermia, seizures, arrhythmias, cardiovascular failure.
  • Less serious: Paranoia, anger, headaches, dizziness, restlessness, tremor.
  • Contraindications: Glaucoma, hypertension, coronary artery disease, overactive thyroid.

Non-Stimulant Medications

• Atomoxetine

  • Marketed as Strattera.
  • Used to manage ADHD.

• Anti-Adrenergic Agents

  • Clonidine
    • Marketed as Kapvay.
    • Used as a non-stimulant option or adjunct to stimulants.
    • Also manages hypertension.

Important Considerations

• ADHD vs. ADD
  • ADHD includes hyperactivity, ADD does not.
• Stimulants
  • Be aware of the potential for abuse due to addictive properties.
• Contraindications
  • Careful assessment is necessary for individuals with certain medical conditions before prescribing stimulants.