Overview
This lecture covers the main characteristics, key composers, forms, and historical significance of the Classical music era (1750–1830).
Characteristics of the Classical Era
- Classical music featured shorter, less complex melodies and thinner, mostly homophonic textures compared to the Baroque period.
- Music showed greater variety and contrast between sections.
- The harpsichord was gradually replaced by the piano.
- Written music from this time closely resembles modern notation.
Key Composers
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, and Ludwig van Beethoven were central to the Classical movement.
- Mozart began composing at age five and was a court musician by 17; he later moved to Vienna.
- Haydn is known as the "father of the Symphony" and "father of the String Quartet."
- Beethoven bridged the Classical and Romantic periods and composed while deaf later in life.
- Beethoven’s early works followed the style of Mozart; he was sent to Vienna to study under Mozart.
Important Musical Forms
- Symphony: Large, elaborate instrumental works for orchestra, divided into several movements.
- Concerto: Similar to symphony, but features one or more solo instruments with orchestral accompaniment.
- String Ensemble/Quartets: Groups composed entirely of string instruments; string quartets were especially popular.
- Opera: Dramatic vocal performances resembling ancient Greek drama.
Developments and Trends
- Composers gained more influence over performance details, resulting in bigger orchestras.
- Greater focus on percussion and wind parts emerged.
- Public concerts in halls and opera houses became more common.
- Works were generally titled descriptively, e.g., "Prelude in minor," rather than with evocative names.
- Music was enjoyed for its aesthetic value, not for representing specific subjects or stories.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Homophonic — musical texture where one melody is prominent over accompanying harmony.
- Symphony — a multi-movement orchestral piece.
- Concerto — composition for solo instrument(s) with orchestra.
- String Quartet — ensemble of two violins, a viola, and a cello.
- Opera — dramatic musical work combining singing and orchestral music.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the works of Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven.
- Read about the distinctions between Baroque and Classical music.
- Listen to examples of Classical symphonies and string quartets.