in this video we will look at cardiovascular diseases and we'll break them down into categories so the first and the most common is the cardi uh coronary artery disease also known as ischemic uh ischemic heart disease and it is where we have poor blood flow to the heart and here we have the heart and the heart is supplied by the blood by vessels called the coronary arteries but if we have a plaque as a result of atherosclerosis for example we have decreased blood flow to the heart tissues and if we get no blood no blood flow it can lead to acute myocardial infarction and this is where we have necrosis of the myocardial tissue caused by lack of oxygenation and blood flow and uh and as i mentioned acute myocardial infarction is a result of an occluded coronary artery so coronary artery disease is associated with angina which occurs when there is a temporary loss of blood supply to the heart and this causes chest pain there are two types of angina stable angina and unstable angina stable angina is where we have a stable plot and chest pain comes about upon exertion so exercising then there is unstable angina which is a result which is a result of a hemodynamically unstable plug and we have thrombosis involved a heart attack occurs when the hot blood vessel is suddenly blocked and this is life-threatening and leads to myocardial infarction as mentioned the next type of cardiovascular disease we will look at is heart failure now heart failure can result from many heart and body conditions disorders such as coronary heart disease hypertension cardiomyopathies and vasculitis amongst many other things heart failure is where the heart is basically unable to maintain a strong blood flow and pump it or to the body around the body and this is re and this results in chronic tiredness reduced physical activity and shortness of breath so here we have the heart and it's four chambers and here we have the inferior vena cava which connects with the liver via the hepatic vein and the liver coming out of the liver from the bottom we have the portal vein heart failure can be divided into three types right-sided heart failure left-sided heart failure and congestive heart failure right-sided heart failure is usually a result of left-sided heart failure in right-sided heart failure so we're talking about the right atrium and right ventricle blood can back up into other tissues such as the liver and the abdomen causing congestion in these areas so uh as a result of right-sided heart failure we can have hepatomegaly and ascites as um because of the backflow from the right ventricle and right atrium because the right side of the heart fails to pump blood out to pump blood in the right direction now in left-sided heart failure oxygenated blood because on the left side we have the left ventricle and left atrium which contains the oxygenated blood from the lungs so in left-sided heart failure oxygenated blood cannot be pumped out from the heart to the rest of the body and so blood can backflow and accumulate in the lung in the lungs of the veins in the lung vein pulmonary veins essentially causing fluid accumulation in the lungs leading to shortness of breath and pulmonary edema the third type of heart failure is congestive heart failure which involves both right and left-sided heart failures leading to congestion in the lungs pulmonary edema and congestion of the liver and abdominal area we have a decreased cardiac output like in all heart failures which leads to decrease in venous return to the heart which results in decreased in stroke volume and cardiac output again the cycle continues if the the underlying problem is not solved the next uh cardiovascular disease um is cardiomyopathies now cardiomyopathies involve the muscles of the heart hence cardio heart myo muscle pathes abnormality so cardiomyopathies um is where the heart muscles becoming enlarged thickened or stiff reducing the effectiveness of the heart leading to heart failure there are three main types of cardiomyopathies dilated cardiomyopathy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy let's look at dilated first dilated cardiomyopathy is when there is less blood pumped from the heart because ventricles are enlarged and weakened and the dilated cardiomyopathy can lead to systolic heart failure with a big decrease in ejection fraction so we have enlarged ventricles with uh yeah dilation hypertrophic cardiomyopathy on the the other hand is when less when there's less blood pumped from the heart because the ventricles can't fully relax so it's a problem in diastole and thus hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can lead to diastolic heart failure so hypertrophic cardiomyopathy we have a thick ventricle super thick and the ventricles the muscles of the ventricles are super thick and the ventricular septum is also thick thus restricting proper filling of the ventricles with blood restrictive cardiomyopathy is when the left ventricle maintains normal dimensions but we develop left atrial hypertrophy and dilation and right ventricular hypertrophy as a result so here we have hypertrophy and dilation of the left atria and hypertrophy of the left vent of the right ventricle as a result because of the back flow from the from the left side of the heart to the right the next cardiovascular disease involves the aorta so we are going to classify this as aortic disease an example is when we have an um an abnormal widening of the aorta as an aortic aneurysm specifically abdominal aortic aneurysm so if we look at this aortic aneurysm here it results in a weakened iotic wall and plaque formation and this aortic aneurysm can result in thrombosis and then embolised which can you know lodge into vessels leading to some very bad problems downstream another aortic disease is aortic dissection when blood will fill the walls of the aorta vessel so this is due to some disruption or abnormality in the aortic vessel wall and allowing blood to accumulate between the two tunical layers of the aorta peripheral vascular disease also known as peripheral arterial disease is another cardiovascular disease so here we have the heart with a descending aorta peripheral vascular disease is basically a result of plot formation in the peripheral vasculature from atherosclerosis for example so obstruction of large arteries that supply blood to the peripheries and this can have um this can lead to devastating con like big problems such as if we have renal stenosis for example another cardiovascular disease is a category is valvulitis or more specifically inflammation of the valves or more specifically valvular disease of the heart so inflammation of the valve the most common cause is rheumatic heart disease let's focus on rheumatic heart disease rheumatic heart disease is where there is permanent damage to the heart muscle mainly the vowels caused by rheumatic fever so if we look at rheumatic fever and how it comes about well a bacteria called called group a strep which are basically your streptococcus pyogenes can cause pharyngitis in the throat which then can cause rheumatic fever which then can lead to rheumatic heart disease or group a streptococcus can lead straight to rheumatic fever as a result of local skin infection for example other valvular disease which do not always involve inflammation of the valves include aortic stenosis aortic regurgitation mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation the next cardiovascular disease is pericarditis which is inflammation of the pericardium the pericardium is a fibrous and serous layer protecting the heart we will look at how the pericardium looks like inflamed and how it looks like normally using a diagrammatic representation so when it when the pericardium is normal this is what it looks like you have the outer fibrous pericardium the parietal layer the parietal layer and then we have the visceral pericardium which directly surrounds the heart in between the parietal and visceral layer of the pericardium is the pericardial cavity which is a cavity that contains pericardial fluid that serves to reduce friction between the pericardium in an inflamed pericardium we have disruption of the pericardial layers inflammation with thickening and damage to the pericardium resulting in friction of the pericardial layers and pain so the pericardium rub against each other as the heart contracts and relaxes other pericardial diseases are pericardial effusion which can lead to tamponade and hemopericardium which is very which is life-threatening the last cardiovascular disease we will look at is the congenital heart diseases which are disorders of the heart or the central blood vessels that is present at birth the congenital heart diseases are actually the leading cause of death in the first year of life we will look at five main ones patent foramen ovale is where the foramen valley does not close resulting in a left to right shunt patent ductus arteriosus is where the ductus arteriosus does not close cause it resulting in a left to right shunt as well between the aorta and pulmonary artery cooptation of the aorta is another congenital heart disease transposition of the gray vessels is where both the foramen valley and patent ductus do not close and the final congenital heart disease we will mention is tetralogy of phthalo which is composed which is composed of four tetra things these are the right ventricular hypertrophy the ventricular septal defect pulmonary stenosis and the overriding aorta so all these four represent a tetralogy of fala i hope you enjoyed this video on the main cardiovascular diseases hopefully there'll be some links that will go into more detail into each of these conditions thank you very much for watching hope you enjoyed it