Lecture on Albert Bandura and Observational Learning

Introduction

• Context: 1961, Stanford University, Albert Bandura's experiment.
• Key Experiment: A woman aggressively interacting with an inflatable clown (Bobo) observed by a child.

Bandura's Experiment

• Process:
  • A child observes an adult acting aggressively towards Bobo.
  • The child, when frustrated, mimics the aggressive behavior.
• Findings:
  • Children exposed to aggressive models showed more aggression.
  • Challenges behaviorist views by emphasizing observational learning.

Impact on Psychology

• Shift from Behaviorism:
  • Bandura's research introduced social cognitive learning.
  • Differed from classical and operant conditioning (Pavlov, Skinner, Watson).
  • Emphasized learning through observation and imitation.

Associative Learning

• Classical Conditioning: Association of stimulus with involuntary response.
• Operant Conditioning: Association of stimulus with voluntary behavior.
• Limitations:
  • Species-specific biological constraints impact learning.
  • Human cognition and social context play a significant role.

Biological Constraints

• Taste Aversion: Humans are more taste-averse than sight or sound.
• Natural Behaviors: Animals learn better when tasks align with natural behaviors.
• Example: Pigeons pecking is innate for food rewards.

Observational and Social Learning

• Observational Learning: Learning by watching and imitating others.
• Modeling:
  • Humans and animals learn behaviors through modeling.
  • Influence of popular culture and social behaviors.

Mirror Neurons

• Discovery:
  • Found in monkeys; fire when observing and performing actions.
  • Suggests a neural basis for observational learning.

Importance of Role Models

• Impact on Behavior:
  • Positive role models foster positive behaviors.
  • Negative models can lead to antisocial behaviors.
• Early Influence: Childhood experiences shape adult behaviors.

Conclusion

• Key Takeaways:
  • Limitations of classical/operant conditioning.
  • Basics of cognitive, observational, and social learning.
  • Role of mirror neurons in learning.
• Quotes:
  • George Bernard Shaw & Lord Chesterfield on imitation and learning.
• Final Note: Importance of choosing good role models.