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Diagnosing Thalassemia

Jun 18, 2024

Diagnosing Thalassemia

Introduction

  • Follow-up from previous video on types and causes of thalassemia
  • Focus: Tests and investigations to diagnose thalassemia

Symptoms of Thalassemia

  • Caused by defective hemoglobin, reduces oxygen levels in bloodstream
  • Severity of anemia varies by disorder
    • Silent Carriers: No symptoms, normal hemoglobin
    • Alpha/Beta Thalassemia Trait: Mild/no symptoms
    • Beta Thalassemia Intermedia: Mild to moderate anemia, slowed growth, delayed puberty, bone problems, enlarged spleen
    • Hemoglobin H Disease/Beta Thalassemia Major: Severe anemia, pale appearance, poor appetite, dark urine, slowed growth, jaundice, enlarged spleen/liver/heart, bone problems

Diagnostic Tests and Investigations

Preliminary Assessments

  • Medical and Family History: Essential for initial screening
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC): Low hemoglobin, low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) suggest thalassemia
    • Menser Index: Differentiates thalassemia from iron deficiency anemia
      • Calculation: MCV / Red Cell Count
      • Index < 13: Thalassemia
      • Index > 13: Iron deficiency anemia
  • Peripheral Blood Smear: Assess red cell properties
    • Indicators: Microcytic & hypochromic red cells, variation in size and shape, increased reticulocytes, target cells, Heinz bodies

Follow-Up Testing

  • Serum Iron Studies: Ferritin, unsaturated iron-binding capacity, total iron-binding capacity, percent saturation of transferrin excluded iron deficiency anemia
    • Normal porphyrin levels (Beta thalassemia) vs. elevated (iron deficiency/lead poisoning)
  • Hemoglobin Electrophoresis: Type and amounts of hemoglobin in red blood cells
    • Hemoglobin types:
      • Hemoglobin A: 95-98% (adults)
      • Hemoglobin A2: 2-3% (adults)
      • Hemoglobin F: < 2% (adults)
    • Findings in Thalassemia:
      • Beta Thalassemia Major: High Hemoglobin F and A2, low/absent Hemoglobin A
      • Beta Thalassemia Minor: Mild increase in Hemoglobin A2, mild decrease in Hemoglobin A
      • Hemoglobin H: Seen in Hemoglobin H alpha thalassemia
  • DNA Testing: Not routine, confirms gene mutations; important for fetal diagnosis in high-risk cases

Additional Evaluations

  • Regular system evaluations if diagnosed:
    • Biliary Tract and Gallbladder Imaging: Monitor possible complications
    • Abdominal Ultrasonography: Regular monitoring
    • Cardiac MRI: Assess heart condition
    • Serum Hormone Measurements: Regularly check for imbalances

Conclusion

  • Importance of regular evaluations for diagnosed patients
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