Memory: The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.
Multi-Store Model (MSM): A model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 that describes memory as consisting of three distinct stores.
Memory Stores
Sensory Memory
Brief storage of sensory information.
Duration: milliseconds to a few seconds.
Types: Iconic (visual) and Echoic (auditory) memory.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Holds a small amount of information for a short period.
Duration: Approximately 15-30 seconds.
Capacity: About 7±2 items.
Information is either transferred to long-term memory or forgotten.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Storage of information over a prolonged period.
Duration: Potentially unlimited.
Capacity: Unlimited.
Types of LTM: Procedural (skills), Semantic (facts), and Episodic (events).
Processes in MSM
Encoding: The process of converting information into a format that can be stored in memory.
Storage: Maintaining information over time.
Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed.
Key Studies
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966): Demonstrated the serial position effect, supporting the distinction between STM and LTM.
HM Case Study: Provided insights into the role of the hippocampus in memory formation.
Criticisms of MSM
Oversimplification: Does not account for the complexity of memory processes.
Emphasis on structure over process: Focuses on the stores rather than how information is processed.
Alternatives to MSM
Working Memory Model: Proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, includes multiple components for processing different types of information.
Levels of Processing Theory: Suggests that memory retention depends on the depth of processing rather than distinct memory stores.
Practical Implications
Understanding memory can aid in developing effective learning strategies.
Techniques such as chunking can enhance STM capacity.
Summary
The Multi-Store Model provides a foundational framework for understanding memory but has been supplemented by more complex theories that consider both the structure and processes of memory.