started streaming what's up everyone happy friday how's everybody doing for those of you that are new subscribers billy can you see this or what it just came up great welcome uh i actually have a very good friend of mine that's visiting my buddy pat we've been friends for about 40 years say hey pat hey bat anyways uh this is i'm actually uh gonna do this lesson because of pat he's he's a beginner uh there's discount code for today's live stream it's rb 300. it's 60 percent off my beautiful book 30 or 40 off my ear training this is a big sale here uh if you want to support the channel that's one way of doing it you can also buy mugs and learn what your triads are what your seventh chords are what your modes are mugs of all those kind of things but if you want to know what we're doing in here either by ear or the theory behind it it's all in my book and my ear training course so um i'm going to start at the beginning there's a lot of beginners i get probably 70 000 plus subscribers a month so there's a lot of new people that are coming on here that know nothing about music theory and this is going to be a beginner's guide or it'll be a review for those of you that may know some but need a little uh need a little help remembering okay the first thing in my beautiful book is intervals intervals are the distance from one note to the next if i take the note c on the piano and i move up a half step to the first black key above it that's c to c sharp or d flat if it's d flat you would be call that a minor second interval okay then you have c to d is a major second c to e flat is a minor third c to e is a major third this is important to know if you want to learn how to build chords and scales but there's actually an easier way to know that and it's to take the major scale and say the major scale is just one two three four five six seven okay so if you're in the key of c c d e f g a b that's the major scale then back to c okay we're gonna call that one two three four five six seven essentially the major scale has all major intervals or perfect intervals okay so from one to two is a major second from two to three is a major second or what we usually say is one to three is a major third one to four is a perfect fourth one to five is a perfect fifth one the six is a major six one to seven is a major seventh so that's what i mean when i say all the major intervals right so we call this a major second to here major third to here major perfect fourth perfect fifth major six and major seven so all major intervals no minor intervals in here except here from seven to eight is actually a minor second we use lower case to indicate minor okay so what we do here is i take the major scale and this is most this is very very common you think the major scale is your basis for building chords okay and if there's an alteration in a chord as i'll show you if you when when you have a minor chord you put a flat before the number okay so if we take a major chord if you want to build a major chord let's say we're in c major you take the first note of the scale c right i'm going to write the scale here e f g a b and then c take the first note of the scale third note of the scale and fifth note of the scale and that gives you c major right there those are the notes we're going to see major if you're writing a song you know i did this video on justin bieber and toto that justin bieber you know uh saw had the chorus it was very similar to a total song well the the notes of each chord i explained if you use a one four five and six progression or any combination of those four chords there's only about four notes that sound good on those okay maybe five but the one three and five if it's a c major chord those are the notes that are going to sound good in the melody the 2 sounds good too right and sometimes the 4 sounds good if it's a sharp 4 but typically 1 2 3 and 5 are the notes that sound good so your melody is going to have those notes in it if it's going to be a melody that actually makes sense and that sounds like a a well-written melody which is really a tough thing if you have thousands and thousands and thousands of songs i said this in the video that are written with these same four chords and where i'm going to go over those four chords you're going to see how you could stumble across very similar melodies because then the only other difference is the rhythm right so let's say we take the chord f f is the fourth chord in the key of c you start on f and you just skip a note each time f a c that's an f major chord right so f major is f a c g major i'm just going to extend the scale one more note two more notes uh wait sorry one more note d right there oh i hate sloppy uh okay if i go to the five chord in the key of c that's the chord that's g major that has no g b d right that's g major and then the sixth chord is a minor the sixth chord has the notes a c and then e always just skip a note this is how you build chords in a scale so that's how you build triads there those are three note chords so this is the one chord use a capital roman numeral the four chord use a capital roman numeral anytime you have a major chord capital roman numeral and a minor chord you lose use a lower case roman numeral so these are the main chords that you would have in most pop songs one four five six right okay let's talk about that for a second here because this is kind of what's important about music theory so c major equals the note c e g f major equals uh or i'm gonna do it this way c major we say one three five okay if i were to make it a c minor chord you flat the third the middle note okay so this is c e g if i flat the middle note that means move it down a half step that would be c minor so c e flat g so we'd go one flat three five these formulas are actually very simple to memorize okay if you know a major scale do fosso latino you can figure this out okay but it takes a little bit of memorization so minor chords have this arrangement one flat three five or if you wanted the intervals this is a minor third this is a major third this is a major third on the bottom c to e and a minor third on top okay c major c to e is a major third interval e to g is a minor third c minor is just the opposite c to e flat is a minor third e flat to g is a major third but the outer notes are the same between the two chords right c to g that interval is a perfect fifth p5 perfect p stands for perfect p5 so the same thing all right now um if i write down the notes of the other chords okay by the way once again discount code you want to support the channel you want to learn this stuff get my biato book it's all in it this stuff is actually in the very first chapter intervals how to build chords circle of fifths that we've talked about made many videos on that and if you want to hear be able to hear the chord progressions and be able to pick out melodies by ear at your training course anyways uh so this the a c major chord has c e g f major has f a c g major is g b d a minor has a c e now if you look at the chords and compare them f major has one common note to see right g major has one common note to c a minor has actually two notes that are common to c major okay that's why it's called the relative minor right there you're seeing when they start sharing sharing notes in this chord so c major is c e a minor s c e so if you're using that four chord progression there's going to be so much repetition of those notes those are good notes to hold on you can hold on the note e if you're going from the a minor chord to c you can hold over your melody note right so if i'm on a minor right and i play um so a minor and my melody note is e and i go to c major both of those notes are in the or that note is in both chords right a minor c major or the note c is in both chords right a minor c major okay so that shows you how when you have these what we call diatonic chord progressions meaning they don't change key how you get songs that just sound so similar so the extra notes that would work on these chords like i said the second degree or the ninth second and nine is the same thing right i'll do this second equals nine when you hear people four equals eleven sixth note of the scale equals the thirteen it's just an octave up so when you hear those terms that that's what that means a good note on c is the note d that's an extra note that you can put in your melody that'll sound good um on f you can put e or you can put g d you can put f sharp as a good note to use also on g you can put the have the note f you can have the note uh a you can have the note c if it's a sus chord and then a minor you can have the note b is good you have no g those are good notes you can have the note d all right so this is your palette if you're writing this f sharp is actually not in the key but if you have a c major chord here or that is the sharp 11 is what we call the fourth would be that note so four sharp four sharp eleven okay when you are writing these chords though so let's say i have a c major chord and i add a d to it that's actually called a c add nine or c head two so understanding this stuff will help you in many different ways if you are writing melodies there are a few rules to follow try not to double the bass note from chord to chord okay if you're playing a c chord on your guitar and you sing the note c and then you go to the to g don't sing a g on the note on the on the g chord all right that's doubling the root meaning the root of the chord right here's the root of c c by c major then i go to g major and if i go to g major what you don't want to do is go to the to the root you want to have too many roots in a row from chord to chord you don't want to have a parallel motion with your bass bass lines okay now if i say if you want to build other scales from this chords and scales are all the same thing they're just built from intervals a chord is just you know it can be three intervals played together right i can put these notes together it's f major chord i can put these notes together c major g major um a minor a minor seven okay if i want to write other scales like a minor scale we call it natural minor you ever hear somebody say natural minor or minor scale that's what they mean natural minor basically you take a major scale i'm going to write out the notes of the major scale and this is the formula you flat the three okay you flat the six you flat the seven so this would be a c minor scale i'll play the c minor chord one two flat three four five flat six flat seven one that's a c minor scale that is the formula for a c minor scale okay now all modes you hear that term modes all modes have a formula there are seven modes that we deal with in the major scale that comprise most of the notes you would ever have if you're a songwriter okay you rarely go outside the major scale occasionally you do uh when i interviewed steve lukather i talked about this song that he wrote called um i won't hold you back and he had this uh it starts on e flat major seven in the bridge i talked about and he sings uh um the second chord [Music] and that e flat note is the flat nine occasionally you get those dissonant notes like that that would be from the harmonic minor scale or from the um it could be from the diminished scale but that's not important right now but the formula of modes is actually very easy that natural minor scale is actually called aeolian and if this sounds like a fire hose of information like i said it's all laid out neatly in my book you just look at these things and you memorize them this is really the the there is no shortcut to this major scale is actually called the ionian mode so ionian they have very cool greek names the second mode of the major scale is dorian the third is phrygian probably didn't think you're gonna learn all this today right lydian is number four that goes with the fourth chord in a major scale the five chord is mixolydian the sixth chord is aeolian and the seven mode is locrian now each of these goes with one of the chords of scale we already talked about one four five and six the modes that go with those one four five and six the modes are ionian lydian mixolydian aeolian those are really the scales they come from but think of a mode as basically like a um a mode is a subset of a scale the parent scale would be c major right if i start on d and use all the notes of c major that's d dorian okay d dorian is all the notes of c major but it's just starting in d if i start on the note e the third note of c major and i play all the white notes that gives you phrygian f gives you lydian g is mixolydian a is aeolian b is locrian okay so each of these modes has a formula i already told you that the one and the six right the one is the major scale six is natural minor will come to those so dorian to get this this has its own formula the formula for dorian is flat 3 flat 7. that's it if you take a major scale and you flat the third note and you flat the seventh note of the scale you'll get a the dorian mode phrygian you flat the two flat the three five flat six and flat seven lydian okay one of my favorite modes i don't have any favorite modes actually you sharp the four five six seven that's all you do is you sharp the four in lydian mixolydian you just flat the seven aeolian we just talked about that that's natural minor aeolian you flat the three you flat the uh six and you flat the seven locrian has a lot of flats in it locrian flat two flat three uh four flat five flat six flat seven okay these modes you'll get these notes if you take the c major scale if i go from d to d that would be d dorian i'm going to put the lowercase roman numeral because that goes with the minor chord the two minor three chord and then the seven chord here is diminished okay we'll talk about that in a second but uh one four and five are major are major modes two three and six are minor modes and this one we won't talk about their locrian yet okay that's a little special circumstance okay um so if i start using all the white notes if i start on d and i play from d to d i'm going to get this i'm going to get the flat 3 and the flat 7 but that's actually related to a d tonic so not to be confused if i take a c major scale and i make all these c tonic c modes right like c ionian and c dorian c fridge and c lydian c mixolydian c o oleacylogrian that each of those would be from a different key c ionian would be from the key of c c dorian i just flat the third and flat to seven okay c phrygian i flat to two flat to three flat to six and flat the seven see lydian i raised the fourth that's what it means by sharp four yes billy low green flat two oh i wrote three sorry there we go i had i had a uh thank you billy billy did you notice that or somebody say that i'd understand people chad said too billy uh okay so uh lydian has a sharp four so if i take a c major scale and i raise the fourth note to f sharp so in a c major scale it would normally be f if i change it to f sharp and keep all the other notes the same it becomes c lydian uh then c mixolydian is a c major scale with a flat seven this would be with a regular seven c major this is c mixolydian you can hear the difference between those those that that functions that's a totally different function c mixolydian comes from the key of f major it's the fifth mode in f major okay uh z aeolian one two flat three four five flat six flat seven okay we already talked about that uh that um uh is the natural minor scale right and then c locrian one flat two flat three four five a flat i'm sorry one flat two flat three four flat five flat six flat seven okay these are the formulas for all your modes okay so i started out with the intervals but i said okay yes intervals you need to know because if you're gonna learn things by ear duh i know that if i want to sing the note f i know the sound of a perfect fourth i know that interval or if i don't even know what note i'm playing and i hear that oh that's a major six and if you told me the starting note was c then i'd know that higher note was a because that's a major 6th above this is why ear training is important because if you want if you hear somebody play right then you say c a g f c or if you hear that okay uh we're not it's not christmas time yet so i won't complete that but um my daughter laila wants me to grow a beard for christmas or wants me to look like santa claus for christmas and i told her i'd have to start growing it now to get it down to about here and my wife's like you're not growing a beard like that and then everybody was saying you look so old and i said i am old anyways what do you guys think should i grow my beard out that long yeah billy says yes are people saying yes i should yeah yes i'm taking a poll right here should i grow my beard but by december it'll be about here because that's i grew my beard for 11 months one time and that's about how long it was um anyways so these formulas you just memorize that's it there's no there is no i say this all the time every time i do a music theory lecture on here and i've done many many of them music theory is memorization okay unfortunately it's like memorizing your multiplication tables okay once you memorize them you don't even think about it the formulas that uh that i'm putting down here i don't think about because i've taught them thousands of times okay when i hear a chord if i hear this chord i know oh that's a c lydian voicing i can hear that this sharp four f sharp i hear that short for that instantly when i hear that sound i'm like oh that's definitely lydian okay if i hear this sound uh i say oh that's lydian definitely that sounds like lydian to me for sure right if i hear this sound i say oh that's dorian that's a dorian sound because i hear that duh i hear the root here and i hear that note and i know that's the sixth and i hear the the third the flat third in that chord i hear the duh which is the 11. so when i hear these things and i don't have perfect pitch but when i hear these sounds i know what they are okay if i hear this chord oh that's a dominant seven sharp nine sharp five i just recognize the sound of these voicings they're very common okay even if it's a complex voicing like this that is a major seven sharp five chord that would really be uh d uh d flat major seven sure five or f major with a d flat in the bass okay but every chord has a particular sound a sonic signature you don't have to have perfect pitch to recognize these things you have to do ear training okay to recognize these are called modal chords so they could be called modal chords or you recognize that c add9 if i put ba in the bass [Music] then that becomes a different chord that's a minor 11 okay now i sang that a because i knew what the interval from this i knew that interval to go down a minor third from [Music] in order to create that chord and so and you should be able to sing any intervals you should be able to hear oh that's an add nine chord or an add two c add two c add nine would actually be the same notes just with the that note up the octave that or so if i put a b flat in the base [Music] nice that's a totally different kind of chord a in the bass gives you a minor 11. put b flat in the bass and you have the nine the third the sharp four right and the six that would be b uh major thirteen or major six sharp eleven okay there is no seventh in this chord i'd have to go like this to have the major seventh in there but or i would just call the c add9 over b flat that's actually a more accurate description of that so all these add notes when you see this in a chord chart if you buy some guitar music or something or piano music you see little chord charts and has the chord names the chord names basically describe what notes are in the chord and what you need to know to know that if you know the major scale if you simply know that and you know that the 9th 11th and 13 are the 2 4 and 6 9 11 13. so c at 9 would be c major it's saying really c major add nine c e g add nine that means add this note d okay if it said add uh add six or c thirteen c major thirteen c major 13 would be c e g that's c major with the note uh a on the top i'd actually call that a c six chord because a c 13 would you'd have to have the note b in it so this is a lot more complex but when you see these 9 11 13 or add two add four that's what it means means add those notes of the scale add four add six major seven means it has the seven in it so count count the seventh major scale there's a seventh okay so c major scale would be c major seven would be c major with a seventh on the top major seventh interval major seventh interval from the lowest note to the highest note okay so this stuff is not as complex as it seems but there is memorization involved like i said my biato book 60 off that's the biggest sale that i have 40 off my ear training course that's the biggest sale that i've had uh if you want to get those if you want to be able to recognize these things you guys have seen me when i do my top 10 spotify things or you know rock chart or pop chart and i hear the song and i can play it immediately well a lot of it first of all i can immediately hear what the chord the first chord is not from perfect pitch i'm referencing whatever the last song i heard was and then i can predict for the most part what the other chords are right it's it makes it so easy once i hear two chords i'm like okay i know what key it's in so i know what the other chords are going to use and rarely am i fooled i can pretty much just i'm not fooled actually it doesn't matter what what the chord progression is i'm not fooled there's no pop songs where i'm where i say oh i don't know that progression even you know if it's everything in its right place which i put in the uh in the video with uh the justin bieber video i did i use that as an example of people using an interesting [Music] um it's i'm beautiful beautiful right a melody if you guys know that song i don't believe people i i mean i'm thinking there's people out there don't even know who's radiohead is that drew billy probably so people can write great songs without resorting to that one four five and 6 boring chord progression there you go you guys are amazing thank you so much if you haven't subscribed subscribe to my channel check out my sale here like i said rb 300 is a discount code that's how i make a living for my channel that's how i can bring you videos i don't have any videos behind a paywall or anything like that i give it away um and i want people to learn this stuff so that they can write better hopefully use their creativity and write better music in the future that's kind of the goal of this that's why i started teaching on youtube on youtube it's coming up on five years in june it'll be five years so you guys are amazing thank you so much have a great weekend see you