foreign continue with a discussion on bilateral and unilateral contracts and this lecture we shall seek true explain and distinguish between what amounts to a bilateral contracts and what amounts to a intellectual contracts now this distinction is very crucial because in contracts law you can have a contract that is going to be either a bilateral contract or a contract that is going to be a unilateral contract so it is important to know the difference between the two bilateral contract and a natural contracts now for bilateral contracts now for bilateral contracts I'll give an example and then I'll use the example to explain what a bilateral contract is because of bilateral contracts you have one person making a promise to the other that I'm going to sell my car that cost hundred thousand dollars to you and then the other person to be saying that I also promise to pay you 100 000 for your vehicle now what you can see in this case is that the person making the offer only promises to sell his vehicle to a particular person the person making the acceptance it's also promising to pay a particular amount of money so for example a person who is living in Singapore tell somebody who's living in Australia then I promise that on the 1st of January I'll send to you 20 cartons of milk then the person in Australia says I promise that when you bring the 20 cartons of milk I will pay you 500 000 now in this case no money has been paid to anybody all we have is that there is an exchange of promises so you have one person promising the other person something and the other person also making a return promise that is how bilateral contracts arise so you can see from our discussion that we mentioned that these are contracts that arise when one person who is known as the promisor he makes a promise in exchange for a return promise from another person called the offeree these contracts arise when one person known as the permission makes a promise in exchange for a return promise from the other person called the ferry so all we have is that there are two promises that are actually depending on each other for example a promises to sell and deliver 10 cards to be on the 10th of January 2020. B also promises to pay for all the cars when they are delivered over here you can tell that there is an exchange of promises between two persons thereby creating a bilateral contract a bilateral contracts then we have intellectual contacts now for intellectual contracts we do not have the exchange of promises in fact it is only one person that is why it is called unilateral it is only one person who is making the offer and the person to whom the offer is made usually all that the other person is required to do is the performance of the ACT for in lateral contracts you have one person making the offer but a person to whom the offer is made is not required to make a return promise all the person is required to do is action action performance go ahead and perform that is all action and make the promise I don't I don't expect a return problems for you all I return is action meaning that there is any natural contract so for example whoever shall help me arrest the murderer of this journalists I shall pay you 5 000 galaxies whoever shall help me arrest the main address of amitually journalists I will pay you an amount of 5 000 Ghana cedis now think about this if I make this promise on radio to the whole world in Ghana now whoever shall help me arrest the person I shall pay five thousand Ghana cedis when the people are going to arrest do they have to call me to inform me no remember when we looked at gallon and Carbonic smoke ball we were told that when people make General office where the carbonics mobile company said that whoever shall buy this medical preparation so I'll use it according to the instructions and contract the influenza who pay 100 pounds that was a natural contract because the promise was only coming from the promise all the promise was only coming from the carbonics mobile company and all the other party was required to do was to Tender the acceptance by the performance by performing the action action so the action of looking for the murderer of Amazon the action of buying a medical preparation and using this for the experiment is the acceptance of the offer so for in a natural contracts the promise and manage from only one person known as the promisor and he makes the promise in exchange for the actual performance by the promising by the pharmacy and remember it is a natural contact because the promisor does not require a return promise from the promising oh the permission requires is the performance of the act all the promissory requests is the action action of the acceptance he requires the performance of the ACT if I say whoever shall paint my wall for me I'll pay you 10 000 cities I don't want to come and tell me I'm going to paint the wall no whoever shall paying the world for me so all I want is action go ahead and praise the Lord and come and show yourself to me and I pay the money because the promise is made by only one person I eat overall now how are unilateral contracts created they are usually created by General office made to the public at Large or to a particular person by way of public notice you remember once again the case of Khalil and kabalik's milkball the offer was whoever whoever will buy this medical preparation use it and contract the influence that will pay you this amounts of money now that was an offer that was made to the public at Large a general offer so a general offer I usually officer I made to the public at large or to a particular person by way of a public notice and there are two types of general office you can have a general offer that can only be accepted by one person who is usually the first in time and that's usually in the case of reward contracts that whoever shall help you arrest the murder of Amish Ali which are paying 10 000 Ghana cities so it's only one person who go and arrest him because once the first person arrested him there's no other amateur anywhere for another person to arrest so you can have General offers that can only be accepted by one person who is usually the first in time so the first person who comes that accepts is the one that will be deemed to be the one that has accepted the offer if I say whoever shall paints my house for me I shall pay ten thousand Ghana cedis the woman coffee transferred to pay in the house which house again is there for you to get paid that is why we are saying that the first type of general office are the ones that can only be accepted by one person who is usually the first in time and then there's another type of general office that's why they can be accepted by numerous persons numerous persons not like we saw in the case of cologne and kabalik's mobile company remember in that case we're told by the judge that whoever many Elder said that whoever shall buy the medical preparation use it according to the instructions and contract the influenza that is the person that we will say has accepted it was a general offer that could have been accepted by numerous persons but that is different from the example where you say that whoever shall arrest the murderer of amazu Ali you shall pay him 10 000 Ghana cities that one only one person or maybe yes I'm going to arrest the person and then first in time that arrest him and that is the end there's no more to be arrested anymore and so to explain in the natural culture the general office I shall go through once again the case of Khalil and kabalik's mobile Company Limited we reported in 1893 one Queens bank at page two five six what are the parts of this case the defendants made a solid medical preparation made and sold a medical preparation called the carbolic smoke ball and then the defendant advertise the smoke ball in a number of newspapers in the following ways and I quotes 100 pounds reward will be paid by the carbolic smoke ball company to any person who contracts the increasing epidemic influenza codes or any disease caused by taking code after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks according to the painted directions supplied with each ball one thousand pounds is deposited with the Alliance Bank region streets showing our interest in the matter relying on the advertisement plaintiff purchase one of the smoke balls at a chemist use it in compliance with advertisements contracted influenza and ensued the defendant for the 100 pounds but the defendants refused to pay one question for the court to decide was whether the advertisement was an offer or an invitation to treat now in the holding of the Courts in the holding of the Courts this was what Langley LD said and the statement I'm about to really hear from the judge which is explaining the unilateral contract who is explaining the general offer you will see that in this case of cologne and Carbonic smoker company the general offer was one that could have been accepted by anybody at all who performed the conditions in a manner so this is what the learner just said let me leave LG in the case of Khalil versus Carbonic smoke ball Company Limited reported in 1893 one Queens bench at paid two five six these are the words of the dash and I quotes now on that point in is common to the words of those advertisements and to the words of all other advertisements offering Rewards they are offers to anybody who performs the conditions named in the advertisements and anybody who does perform the conditions accepts the offer in point of love this advertisement is an offer to pay 100 pounds to anybody who perform the conditions and the performance of the conditions is acceptance of the offer there was no need for the referral in this case to give notice of the acceptance that's another point to note that the performance of the conditions is an acceptance of the offer he goes out to say that unquestionably as a general proposition when an offer is made it is necessary in order to make a binding contract not only should it be accepted but that acceptance should be notified but is that so of cases of this kind I think the true View in a case of this kind is that the person who makes the offer shows by his language and from the nature of the transaction that he does not require notice of the acceptance apart from notice of the performance now if you take a look at this case of Khalil and kabalik's mobile company it is a case that clearly does an extension between bilateral and in natural contracts now if I ask you in Carlow and Cabela's mobile Company Limited how many people made the offer it was only one person the company cabinets mobile company they were the only ones who made the offer and that offer could be accepted by who anybody who tended the performance so that is how we call a natural contract and it was created by a general offer the general offer was made to the whole world you remember when we look at the types of general office we said there was one kind that can only be accepted by one person who is usually the first in time and the other that can be heard by numerous persons as the case may be now let me look at the colonial carbonics it falls under the second category General offers that can be accepted by numerous persons because Lindley LJ set as follows and as you can see he said and I quote they are offers to anybody who performs the conditions named in advertisements and anybody who performs the condition accepts the offer and points of law this advertisement is an offer to pay 100 pounds to anybody who will perform these conditions and the performance of the conditions is acceptance of the offer that was made to the whole world and that was capable of being accepted by anybody who tended the performance that is Khalil and kabalik's mobile Company Limited and that shows as general office so remember general office you can have a general offer that can either be accepted by numerous persons as we've seen in Cologne and Carbonic smoke ball or by one person who is usually the first in time remember that for general office they are offers mates with the public at large or to a particular person by way of a public notice and remember for unilateral contracts the promise is made by only one person and the person to whom it is made is usually required to only tender acceptance by way of performance remember that extension between electrical contracts and then bilateral contracts bilateral contracts where we have the exchange of promises one person makes a promise to another who Tendencies also a pretend promise and I return promise is what would usually be the consideration for the other promise and so there's a promise by one person I promise to give you my car praying for another person I promise to pay 10 000 cities for it bilateral contracts so we've seen in this lecture what bilateral contracts are are we have used a case of cologne and Carbonic smoke ball to explain how you can have a natural contract created by a general offer and then in a remember in Cologne and kabulous we're told that that person tending acceptance does not even have to notify the parole all he is required to do is to perform the act and that will begin to be an acceptance now that we are done with bilateral and natural contracts our next lecture will be a discussion on what amount on acceptance in law in contract law when we talk about acceptance what will amount to an acceptance that is what shall be the subject of our next lecture and so this is why we shall wrap up with our lecture on contract law specifically bilateral and unilateral contracts thank you