Attila: Biography, King, Battles, Death, & Facts

Introduction

• Attila, also known as "Flagellum Dei" (Scourge of God), was the king of the Huns from 434 to 453.
• Renowned for his leadership and military prowess.
• Expanded the Hunnic Empire across Europe, from the Alps and Baltic to near the Caspian Sea.
• Infamous for his invasions against the Roman Empire.

Attila's Reign

• Co-Ruler: Initially ruled with his brother Bleda until 445, when he murdered Bleda to become the sole ruler.
• Empire: Controlled an empire extending from the Alps and Baltic in the west to the Caspian Sea in the east.

Military Campaigns

Attacks on the Eastern Roman Empire

• Attila and Bleda negotiated a peace treaty with the Eastern Roman Empire at Margus, demanding an annual tribute.
• The Romans defaulted on payments, prompting Attila to attack the Danubian frontier in 441.
• Significantly damaged cities like Singidunum (Belgrade) and advanced to Constantinople.
• In 447, launched another major campaign against the Eastern Empire, devastating the Balkans and advancing into Greece.

Invasion of Gaul

• In 451, Attila invaded Gaul, targeting the Visigothic kingdom.
• Faced combined forces of Romans led by Aetius and Visigoths.
• Defeated at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, marking his first and only defeat.

Invasion of Italy

• In 452, the Huns invaded Italy, sacking cities like Aquileia and Milan.
• Forced to retreat due to famine and pestilence.

Death and Legacy

• Attila died in 453, reportedly on his wedding night.
• Succeeded by his sons, but the empire quickly fragmented due to internal conflicts and external pressures.

Descriptions and Character

• Described by contemporary Priscus as short and squat with a large head and deep-set eyes.
• Known for his negotiation skills and practical yet harsh leadership.

Historical Context

• The Huns, a nomadic people, were known for their fearsome horsemanship and archery skills.
• Played a significant role in the decline of the Roman Empire.
• Their empire dissolved soon after Attila's death due to internal strife and military defeats.

Sources and Further Reading

• Contributions by E.A. Thompson and fact-checked by Encyclopaedia Britannica editors.
• Suggested readings include works on the Huns’ invasions and the decline of the Roman Empire.