[Music] welcome everybody to the first video of this Academic Year With Me Josh I've been extremely busy at Uni so I haven't been able to pump as much content out as I did last year on my Gap year but yeah nonetheless we'll get right through it so a lot of the times teachers waffle a lot look at a textbook and give you way more content than you need but today I'm going to cons consider that and show you all the content you need for superpowers so let's move on so what will you get in the exam it's a 16 marks in total in Ed EXL and it's usually a 12 marker and a four marker so what does this mean it's not that bad even if you completely fail this topic you can still make an AAR or whatever you can but obviously that is not an ideal situation so I'm going to teach you all the content you need so that you have it all un lock all right so so let's go to 7.1 then geopolitical Powers terms from a range of human and physical characteristics of superpower so things you need to know the factors I make up with superp power the idea of a soft and hard power spectrum and how you can balance it to create smart power and three the idea that over time maintaining power requires soft power hard power over time or you need to mix up both and you just need other things miscellaneous things definitions of superpowers Etc so let's move move on all right so the 7.1 a superpowers emerging and Regional powers can be defined using contrasting characteristics blah blah blah blah okay so what I want to highlight here guys to you is the definition of superpow and this is the one thing you should always do in your 12 marker is to Define key terms at the start so here at the start um if you have a 12 marker about superpow let's say assess whether or not India will become a superpower in the future you want to Define superpowers in your intro and that intro and that definition of superpowers I always give is a nation with the ability to project its influence anywhere in the world and act as a global dominant Force okay guys make a note of that write it down make it into a flash card that's the one thing you need to know and the six aspects are make or super power and roughly what they include as what I will show you sorry I messed up the wording there but usually remember six aspects are economic power political power military power cultural power demographics and access to natural resources that is what's covered in the spec and that's what you are expected to know so how's economic power what is economic power and why is it needed arguably the most essential part of superpowers the money is needed to invest exploit and develop so obviously you need money for everything nowadays you need money to build a military mean money to invest in infrastructure blah blah blah very self-explanatory political power slightly more slightly tricky as a concept but again not too hard it's the ability it's idea of like countries having abilities within organizations like the UN and World Trade organizations and by being a part of these organizations they can exert their influence on global political matters and as it says here get to their way and have a larger SC problems and yeah having political power the way you can link this sorry before I link it I want to say that you shouldn't look at these aspects of power in isolation you should look at them and how they amalgamate together to create like a superp power so yeah when assessing definitely talk about the mix of power not just like oh UK is strong because has high economic power although we don't really have high economic power we're kind of poor at the moment and brute but you get what I'm saying talk about them in respect to others and uh yeah same time simultaneously so having political power can also bring economic and physical security to Nations as more trade deals can be agreed upon and having many allies deter potential threats so the UK has many allies which DET attacks so you can talk about things like NATO stuff like that which I will also get on to later in this video or in the next one for part two and yeah just the idea of just having membership of trade blocks brings uh Power economic power as well through political power military power very self expy threat of action can be used for bargaining to achieve political goals so um historically this has just basically been the USA and back in the day this is what most countries did and uh Blue Water navies this is another good key term you can talk about is um a Navy navies with the capacity to access locations globally and uh by having Blue Water navies you can deter countries from exerting pressure so for example using this definition or this Subs segment of um what makes up a superpower and military power you can say the USA is obviously the biggest Powerhouse in terms of military power all right now we can look at cultural power as well so a country's way of life and ideologies such as the American dream can spread to other countries and encourage migration although I would rank this lower than the other ones since obviously what what's going to be what what's like how do I say does military power beat cultural power let's put it this way would a power of K-pop stop an invasion no so again this is one of the less significant ones so we move on and how we leave on to demographics and how does this make up the superpower so the most obvious thing is um just a larger population means a larger Workforce for TNTs and this assists economic growth through um not only a larger market but a larger working uh what's it called Workforce so uh we look at China China is a argu a superpower if you look at just purely on the demographics because they have like companies don't really need to expand outside of China so China already has such a massive Market they can just cater to W in China and uh this would create a lot of money and again contributing to the superpow status you see how this also kind of links to economic power so again make sure you don't talk about this stuff in isolation talk about how these facts contribute to one another and finally you have access to some natural resources so again very very self-explanatory so if a country has more access to resources they can generate wealth and uh and they can also be used as a political tool so we look at the Russian Ukraine war which is ongoing right now um Russia obviously cuts off gas so this is is a bit of a case study Russia C gas supplies to the EU which led to widespread inflation of gas prices or is it gas price yes gas prices showing how controlling resources can be used to harm economies so yeah and um another idea of this is OPEC nations so um yeah these op Nations can uh control oil prices as they choose what prices to set it at to ensure they gain a profit and if finally what you need to understand is uh again what I literally said if you look at different aspects of power or super what super power makes up um in isolation some countries will be a superpow but you need to look at these factors together and some factors have more significance than others so again this idea that don't look at things in isolation economic power can lead to have knock on effects onto political power military power and cultural power and uh yeah you look at cultural power as I said before can the power of K-pop stop an invasion probably not so where would you rank the idea of cultural power in respect to military power so yeah definitely look at these together and how they interacts with one another is very simple so for example I'll give you one right now increased economic power equals increased investments in military power so yeah and um another big thing I always argued in my essay is I always argu economic power can be is the most important as it can be used to invest in all the other factors so yeah as I said before economic power can go to militaries can go to development of Industries such as Bollywood and again I don't know why I'm obsessed with K-pop today but K-pop and uh yeah we move on to 7.1 B okay so 7.1 B mechanisms for maintaining power sit on a spectrum from hard to soft power which vary in its effectiveness so what you need to know is power is measured on the Spectrum smart power is the idea of utilizing a mixture of soft and hard power and um hard power is a more direct military while soft power is more the use of more subtle political deals and trade blocks stuff like that so let's move on so what is hard power hard power's in definition is using military and economic influence to force a country to act in a particular way and a case study that highlights this perfectly is um Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 which they literally just walked in with military power and said this place is ours so yeah um you can even say um you can make so many links to it even today the Russian Ukraine war as another example okay now let's look at some pros direct and it can project a country's intentions very clearly so this is a direct method a very straight to the point no Dilly ding waffling whatever however the cons are very big if the tended goals do not go in plan it's very risky and again we look back at the annexation of cria and it led to Russia losing many alies or more recently the Ukraine Russian 2022 War has led to many sanctions on Russia and a lot of companies have decided to pull out uh within Russia so we can look at like McDonald's and stuff although they have slightly rebranded which is cheating but yeah a lot of companies have pulled out and decided not to sell products within Russia now we look at soft power and again it's the idea of a more subtle persuasion of countries to act in a polit particular way and um a good example not it's not the best example but it's the idea of like news channels news channels can exert like they can push sort of an agenda onto people as in they can twist not twist but they can project news in a sort of way that um uh follows a country's beliefs and what they think so an example of this would be the BBC World Service reports and they output news from a very British perspective and this again subtly persuades people to think in more of a western point of view and uh the pros ofice is obviously it's very low cost compared to hard power which requires tanks drones locky Martin missiles stuff like that and um if done correctly uh it can establish good relations with other countries but again the con is that this is way too soft it any works of a country hasn't well established respected culture uh so yeah not every country can be effective in using this method so we look at random like very small countries for example like tuvalu where thinking its cultural impact is limited and this method may not be direct enough to persuade countries and now we look at the idea of smart power so smart power is a mixture of hard and soft power and it is used to exer influence on other nations an example of this is trade agreements and trade blocks and this is arguably the most effective power as it takes the best aspects from both Powers all right moving on swiftly from Smart power we look at 7.1 C the relative importance of these characteristics and mechanisms for maintaining power has changed over time so what do you need to learn about this mcka geostrategic location theory and how power usage has changed over time and how the most important aspect of a super power has changed over time so truth be told guys this mcka geostrategic location for everything um I didn't really use it I didn't actually touch it at all most of the time but since this in a spec I decided to still teach it and I will try attempt to like make some links on what you can talk about with it so what is mck's geost strategic Theory first of all it's a theory of argued uh by this mcka guy that the area of the area of Eurasia was a key geostrategic location in the world so in other words um if you look at this place uh Russia would be the largest superpower according to this model and this is due to it commanding a large proportion of the world's human and physical resources and it's also protected uh by Invasion from sea and it argued that whoever controlled this like Heartland area will control the wild and those closer to the Heartland so in these yellow areas will become more influenced by this Heartland okay so you might be thinking a bit of a weird thing to talk about but the link I see from here is the idea of um I guess um back in a day people used to think that um what's it called what's it called resources there we go that's what I was going to say human and physical resources were the biggest key drivers of becoming a superpower and you can also link this so if you do want to do like a counter argument for example you have a 12 marker uh talking about uh what is the most significant part of a superpower you could um you have a paragraph about human and physical resources you can easily link it to this mcka ge strategic Theory saying oh also according to this model um this my point holds well and you can say this is more important than economic power for example so that is something I see in this it's a great link to make so uh if you're listening to this or just copying down please listen to this uh you link this when talking about what's the most important power and you can link this and you can do this as a Counterpoint and you can use this Theory to back up your point so um go back 10 seconds or 20 seconds if you don't understand what I said but yeah use this in your essay when to counteract your points about which power of which powers are the most important within a super power okay now what is the influence of this Theory so um again a bit of a weird one to throw at you it's more of like a history thing uh it persuaded the u USA UK and other European countries that Russia needed to be contain and it reinforced the idea that control of physical resources was important so if you look at back in the Cold War era um a lot of efforts were made to I guess reduce the influence of Russia and um yeah this you can use as a passing point to further back up this mcka Theory saying and saying how human and physical resources are the most important thing in making a super power so there you go guys that's how you link it and um another thing you to know is how power usage has changed over time so obviously in colonial times military power hard power was the main way to exert control but as you've seen today in more modern times more soft power tools have been deployed and mainly in the form of trade box and agreements so um we look at EU and the association of Southeast Asian Nations and um another good one we can see is um it's not exactly it's more smart power but you can you can argue it's soft power um it's more like trade uh what's called tariffs on Chinese electrical vehicles in America they very they tried to limit a lot of Chinese Eevees into the American market and yeah that's an example of using more soft power to I guess reduce the effect of rising superpowers but the one thing you need to know is that although we are in a period of smart or soft power and um hard power exists to this day so not so recent but the USA Iraq 2003 Iman is a clear example and with 202 obviously the Russian Ukraine war is another example and now we move on to 7.2 so the patterns of power and have they and how have they changed over time so things they understand uni by multipolar world and we need to look at that British Empire as a unipolar um what's called unipolar Power case study neocolonialism as another case study of I guess it's more of a indirect control as highlighted by 7.2 B and um and how different patterns of power have different risk level associated with it and is main takeway I want you to take over or take home is that over time strategies to M power to maintain power have changed from hard to soft power or hard to softer power that should be a better word because smart power is the main thing that's being utilized today and it's the idea of colonialism shifting although colonialism I guess in some way still exists today it's shifting to this idea of new colonialism which means new colonialism and I will get into that later so moving on swiftly we're going to talk about the next part so um before I get on to that next part we're going to look at a great keyword to use in our essay sphere of power so what does this mean it's the idea that a nation's power reaches out towards a certain area and ends at a certain area although realistically your power is dotted everywhere you can imagine it like a sphere to simplify it and it's the idea of a nation's reach of influence and what I like to imagine is if you get a compass and then you put your compass on your on your country and just draw a perfect circle around it and that Perfect Circle represents what where the country's reach or influence ends so yeah it's a great key word to using 12 markers use it as soon as the examiner sees you SPH of power they'll be like wow this guy knows his stuff and um I might just Mark him more leniently or I'm just going to see this person this essay in a different light this man is a genius at geography so yeah definitely use it and let's move on so patterns of power you can look at the difference patterns different patterns of power and there's different case studies for them so unipolar world what does that mean it means one power or one nation AKA a hyper power dominating and controlling the world think British Empire and how at one point they they had around 24% of Global land that is an example of unipolar world no one else came close to the British Empire and um the second one is bipolar world so by to Polar you understand so two dominant countries competing against each other so think Russia versus USA during the Cold War era or more recently we're looking at China versus USA um competing for uh the superpow status and now we look at multi-polar world and I guess you can say it's happening today so it's idea of many countries competing for the top spot so think about the rise of Brick Nations so Brazil Russia India China South America in the 21st century and you can just talk about the decline of USA uh also yeah I would say it's pretty recent multipolar world you can argue the world isn't a bio multipolar world at the moment but uh this is a lot of times due to the decline of the US in the 21st century and um again these are just good great key terms to for into 12 markets deflex your knowledge as I mentioned here with the S of power so let's move on to the main maintenance of power in the Imperial era and we can look at um the British Empire uh so yeah we'll go through how Colonial mm works and its definition how the British Empire maintain its Empire so massive case study through a more direct hard power approach okay let's move on so what is colonialism so in the exam if you asked about for example 12 marker how colonialism worked the exam definition is the acquisition of political control over a territory by another country and the subsequent settlement of that territory so imagine you watch probably like uh what's those games called Kingdom war war of Kingdom stuff like that I forgot what it's called um as soon as you overtake one country you start overtaking different ones and yeah it's just like building a Clash of Clans base if you think about it um the more loot you get the more you can upgrade your Cannon upgrade your mortar upgrade your barbarian king or Arch Queen and I'm offing now but it's just a more direct control of countries via political influence and this is a form of hard power that involves military Invasion so here's a graphic I showed you here not graphic I didn't make it but painting I guess and yeah and some strategies used for colonialism include the imposition of an alien legal system so we can look at this a not great this is a bad word it's not a great thing but a very clear example of the imposition of an alien legal system is the Belgian colonization of um Rwanda and how it plac the tosti people above hu people which obviously led to the outbreak of the Civil War and uh yeah it's the idea of divide and conquer and U the government also dictated through Colonial admins so people those District Commissioners in Kenya from the British Empire and cultural imperialism so the British Empire is often credited for bringing idea like Christianity to many African colonies and countries and to this day a lot of African countries are very Heavenly heavily Christian and these are things you can use as case studies if you're asked about colonialism hard power or just like passing comments I would say and here we are now with the British Empire case study and the four things it used to maintain its power was obviously cism and Direct Control trans Oceanic cables military garrisons and controlling major trade routes so I don't know if you look here about what you need to know but these are just a few mechanisms they used to control the world not the world but Empire and we're going to look at Ocean Trans Ocean cable was first and how it helped maintain the British Empire so um they had a lot of well-connected cables allowing for efficient Communications in the oceans and examples of these were cables are connected from UK to all major continents in areas like Canada India Hong Kong Egypt and New Zealand and this is actually what I did in if you look at this graphic here this is what I did in my classwork probably like two plus years ago now and uh this basically represents like the um cable lines that um the British Empire had and by doing this I guess you can do more efficient uh what's it called efficient trade efficient Communications and as you can see here on the slide you can waffle about this being good for controlling trade or helping in communicating about potential attacks so yeah it's your world you do what you want with this information but this is how I would say this is what I would say all right next one military garrisons so these are just literally just military posts placed in different continents to counteract potential invasions so again there's a pattern here guys can you not see where the UK have base it's all India Hong Kong uh etc etc they um just base in these countries to maintain larger areas of Asia and these military PS also U help prevent potential invasions or deterred invasion in some other countries So that obviously helped maintain their power and another one big one I like this one the most I talked about it a lot it's the large control of the world meant very efficient trade of goods and one of the best things they probably did or best things they I don't I don't say it's not the best thing sorry apologies wrong wording again not the best the most effective thing they did was um controlling a large amount of Africa uh which remember that the Empire had access to the Suz Canal given access to Asia I don't know if you remember a couple years ago as Su as Canal got blocked and I'm pretty sure this led to a few um I guess trade shortages not trade shortages but trade problems so this route if you can see here this the Su Canal um I'm going zoom in here um right through here literally gives a very fast access towards Asia and as a result it's really good sorry let me just go back and yeah it gives large control to Asia so again great trade routs means more spreading uh more trade which increases economic power there you go another link and now we move on to I believe 7.2 B yeah and this is um yeah I'll discuss it later all right so 7.2 B multifaceted indirect control including neoism mechanism has become more important okay so you need to understand that in today's world commonism does not slide anymore you can't just invade a country and take over completely that is not how the Work World works anymore so what has this meant for the world so obviously countries still want to exert control over other countries and they have done this through neocolonialism and I'll explain that what what that means data exactly and you see have a deep understanding of like the mechanisms of neocolonialism so things like um yeah political neoism economic neocolonialism and yeah I will get on with it so what exactly is new colonialism so in an exam all you need to know is that it literally means new colonialism and um the idea is is that uh yeah using trade investment culture to influence independent countries instead of direct governance and it it's the idea of using this indirect control over countries rather than Direct Control so again it's the same goal as cism is to it's trying to take control of countries but it makes them look better since you're not actually like imposing any legal not legal alien legal systems so the three main ways neoc neocolonialism my tongue's getting twisted there are through Aid debt and trade so how does Aid today contribute to neoism so Aid is obviously given to allies who the superpower want good relations with and um a lot of us Aid is tied Aid so we talk about this a lot in health and human rights um if you ever do it but a lot of superpowers want to be paid back for this Aid and as a result receiving countries are in debt so by putting countries in debt superpowers can manate countries receiving aid and to like accept really bad terms of conditions or like cont contract so imagine I give you a contract where I want 90% of everything you earn after you graduate that a terrible contract you're not going to take it but some countries are so poor or so low income that they have no no choice but to accept the aid and a key example of this which I discussed also in my globalization video which you should watch is the IMF provide loans to developing countries but a receiving Country Must agree to run a free market in a lot of cases so you're essentially what this essentially showing is that countries have to allow them to invest allow other countries to invest in it and obviously this is very advantageous for the superpower so yeah that is just one way of exerting control uh make sure you note it down and this idea of manipulation and how does debt need to nuclearism so this is also very similar to aid but what you need to know is that debt channels loans from developing to developed World which increases inequality and what I like to say in my essays which I forgot to spit here is the idea of polarizing inequalities so by causing a power difference this causes um black holding poweres to increase super powers gain control over the vulnerable and a key case study for this would be the debt relief schemes such as that heavily indebted poor countries um so these hipc schemes are still exerting country over the over control over the poorest and again to qualify for such schemes developing countries must follow the policies of the superpowers which again very manipulative and um very in favor of the superpowers and finally we have trade so today the whole world often runs on a western free trade ideology and this is exalted or this is how is it in forced by um NOS or organizations such as the World Trade organizations and uh these organizations are often dominated by the USA and the EU and whilst them and also the main stock markets run on this Western free trade ideology and um as a result superpowers use TNTs to manipulate countries to follow trade agreements so um example of this is a very popular one so the Chinese economy was westernized in 1978 if you don't remember the open door policy where they allowed free trade and investment and this attract the TNTs allowing Western powers to exploit cheap wages so we talk about a lot of factories in China for producing cheap Goods like teu AliExpress stuff like that and this subtly influences countries and as again you can see this within China where they open up their markets okay so moving on we're going to move to 7.2 C different patterns of power bring varying degrees of geopolitical stability and risk very self-explanatory so let's move on to what you need to know so you just need to know the idea of how stable different worlds are so we look at a unipolar world which is a hyper power it's often uh said that it's hard to maintain influence and control and can be hard to control Rogue groups opposing with superpower so whilst yes you control a lot of the world the mechanisms for controlling the world or sorry controlling what you influence is very hard when you there's only one superpower in the world uh yeah so I'm as a bit waffly but again very self-explanatory bipolar world you can argue to be more stable than unipolar world so you think about today's world it's always the debate of China versus USA who's the biggest superpower and um the big thing need to know it really depends on Communications between countries and also the idea of a multi-polar world uh with the brick rise of Brick Nations and it's arguably less stable than the uni or bolar World due to Every Nation aiming from the top spot so imagine everyone has the same goal being the best then obviously there going to be a bit of conflict going on and uh what you also need to know is they are very complex relationships that creates fears over alliances and that is pretty much what you need to know for this so just some remember some key points about it different parts different patterns of power have different things what's called different degrees of risk associated with it and now we move on to 7.3 so emerging Powers varying by influence on people and the physical environment which can change rapidly over time so to summarize what you need to know here you need to know the emerging Powers uh you need to know the exam definition of an emerging power which is a great again for a 12 marker and this is ations with the potential to become a big influence on the global stage you see very simple but very easy thing to forget when you're on an exam just Define key terms guys that's the biggest thing you need to take away and then you also need to know the shrimps and weaknesses of certain emerging powers and different development theories so this is going to be quite a long one but here we go so let's move on to 7.3 a so a number of emerging countries including Brazil Brick Nations and other G2 members are considered increasingly important in the global economic and political systems so you need to know what bricks are so and G20 are so bricks Brazil Russia India China G20 an international forum for the world's 20 largest economies and uh these countries are closing the Gap to becoming actual superpowers and the emergence of these nations uh The Brick Nations and G20 Nations is mainly due to the decline of European countries so we look at like UK for example UK have fallen off so hard uh since the world war so postwar era and USA although it doesn't seem like it or you don't really think about it the USA's economic growth has slowed since 1990 and the biggest role uh you need to know about is that's causing this is the manufacturing Industries moving from the US towards Asia and what is known as a global shift watch my globalization video if you don't know what that is and these emerging powers are playing a bigger role politically so Brick Nations and other emerging Powers have been more present in agreements such as the Paris agreement another very famous one but yeah that's what you need to know and um you need to know this case study so again you need to know about emerging powers and one of the questions you could get is explain how emerging powers can um assess the statement Bri what's it called assess the statement that emerging Powers have the ability to I don't know overtake superpowers something along the lines of that and a good case study of this would be the rise of China and how they used economic reforms to become an emerging power to shift from not being emerging power to an emerging power so key things need to know in 1950 the shift from a Marxist to a socialist economy helped increase economic growth and this is further exacerbated by the 1978 open door policy which allowed for more Investments to be made obviously so more FDI another key term foreign direct investment and as a result China's average growth is 10% annually for the last 25 years so big numbers and you also need to know that China exports over 200 billion more products and services to the US spit Imports so you can see there's inequality in trade so they're trading a lot more to us when us is trading to them so that's something to note down and then another thing that helped the rise of China is obviously the military expansion so what another thing you need to know is in 1997 they adopted new strategic concept of high-tech and computers to carry out basic military operations and they have a massive budget for the military being $216 billion dollar in 2015 uh these statistics are very outdated since if you look this is taken from the textbook if I remember correctly and this textbooks were made in 2016 so just bear that in mind this might have increased or decreased but it's still a large number nonetheless and another thing you can link this to is how China has been expanding their influence or dominance in the Pacific Ocean as you can see what they're trying to do in Taiwan in 2022 and uh stuff like that so you need to know how China have adopted new military strategies to I guess expand their influence and Military advancements have allowed China to expand beyond the Western Pacific so they opened their first military logistics base in Djibouti I believe in 2015 as well so you can see how the rise of China can be attributed to increasing military influence and I guess people are taking them more seriously nowadays which is very prevalent today there have a lot of sanctions not sanctions on like bans on Eves and whatnot tariffs okay now we move on to the political influence and how Rising political influence of China has helped it become an emerging power so China have actually taken a leading role in the G20 Nations to respond to financial crisis and they also have become a key broker with North Korea with Rising threats so imagine North Korea doesn't speak of anyone so you have to go through China to speak with them so then again you're giving China a platform and I guess a lot of countries have the tread lightly along the Waters of China so they don't offend them uh because they're allied with North Korea and um yeah they've just increasingly become more increasingly influential in other Asian countries and this is taken from the globalization section but you can link it back so credit s in 2016 conducted a study and they said that 30% % of FDI in Thailand and 44% of FDI in Cambodia was from China so again they invest a lot in other countries as well so they're creating a Reliance and therefore allies and alliances and another small thing to knowe is a demographic power I mentioned before so China's population is around 1.4 billion large labor force and Military so again more labor equals more income more taxable income and uh what else it creates a bigger job market creates more just Industries in general and more people working in these industries pumping the money in and also a bigger military which can be used to invade and I guess showcase their power and um you need to know how the rise of China although I've mentioned all of these in a positive light you need to also mention how these have not always worked out so these factors have also helped China rise and they can also be a weakness to China so let's see how the economic reforms I mentioned earlier have become a downfall for China and why perhaps these factors these same factors making them an emerging power are the same ones not making them into a super power if that makes sense so yeah so China is sort of in the middle not in the middle but I would say leaning towards superpower but there are some things as to why they haven't become fully a superpower and we can look at the economic reforms and we can see how uh China's GDP per capita is still only 10% of the US's despite being arguably the US's biggest rivals in this current world and it shows a uneven wealth spread and um yeah so only the top top top people in China actually the ones making the money and we need to talk about the state run ownership of the economy so whilst yes it's good that the government is getting this money channeled in they do the state run ownership does generate a massive debt levels for the government since you need to take out loans for businesses it costs a lot so yeah there's massive debt levels for the government as well um which can also be a downfall of China perhaps you can link the massive debt levels as to why there's uneven well spread perhaps there's not enough money um due to the debt to reinvest fact into the um social welfare you so yeah you can just make these little points little links it doesn't have to be exactly how do I say it it doesn't have to be you don't have to have it in an actual case study to mention it you can just link it like this stuff like that and another downfall of um the demographic within China is that it has China has an aging population and as you can see today we can compare this to India which has the second very large population as well and so you can see how China in the future will have a smaller Workforce slowly and is going to be overtaken by India who have a lot uh younger Mig not migrants younger people and a younger working age people so to highlight this again the median age of people in China in 2015 was 35.2 years compared to India with 27.5 so again showing how India's Workforce and I guess talent pool is a lot younger so there's more potential in that sense they have more time and by 2020 this is a very bad statistic again taken from an old textbook but you can say it was projected by 20120 12% of Chinese people will be over 65 and retirement age is set at 51 so again link it lots of elderly to support a lot of people claiming social welfare especially old people pension schemes stuff like that so uh it's very costly to support a lot of old people so yeah uh that could be a downfall you can mention as to why China isn't going to become a superpower within the next 20 years or 10 years so yeah moving on uh we can also talk about um how emerging some emerging powers in depth and um we need to talk about in general the strengths and weaknesses in this section so we're going to move on to that okay so within this one I will focus on China India and Brazil China I've already spoken about a lot but here are just some little stuff to note down in your mind I won't read it out so just pause it and read it here you go India of it shrimps and weaknesses Brazil with it strength and weaknesses and now we move on to um development theories and this is a great way in your 12 markers to link back to a fairy or make it like a what's it called synoptic link that's what examiners love they love when you use every part of your knowledge and uh yeah mostly people tend to forget this part so definitely learn these theories and how um I guess in the to Market it asks you where how would you for example assess the extent to which let's say USA is a superpower you can always link it to one of these models and say stuff like using rosto's modernization Theory it is clear that USA is a superpower but yeah so um yeah I'll just go through a few of these and I will yeah again I'll give you more key points and show how these fies can be used to explain how merging powers can become super powers so rosto's modernization fairy this you've probably done in gcsc very tedious okay so tldr this is a model that argues that countries need to meet certain prerequisites to develop and they have to go through the five stages to go from developing to developed so it's it's a very linear model as you can see and um I will talk about the what's it called the weaknesses of this model later but this is essentially each stage so you have traditional Society so imagine people just farm for their own needs only and then preconditions or take off so farming is sort of Shifting uh they're using farming the farming economy's income to build on infrastructure and then takeoff is where most emerging powers are are when manufacturing Industries have been introduced and causing rapid growth which leads to more Investments and better infrastructure when you have drive to maturity new ideas and Tech uh that's the main part remember tech for drive to insurity and number five high mass consumption so countries have reached a superpow status or developed status and yeah this is a very linear model again and um just to link it back what you could do with the model would be like oh as of right now China might be between stage three and four or stage four uh whereas the USA You could argue might be stage five but this is all subjective so you can argue how you want in the exam and you can just make a little point about this so let's move on to um Frank's Dependency Theory so Frank's Dependency Theory consists of a periphery and core and what the periphery regions are so that are the outer regions think like um Hunger Games we have like the capital and other districts the periphery region provides services to the poor countries so we think about how um let's say cheap goods for example oil copper coffee blah blah blah and in return um sorry so the periphery provides cheap goods and a market for goods uh from the core regions and in return the core regions provide Aid and goods to the pery regions so there's like a little what's it called interaction or relationship going on where the periphery provides goods and both sides give resources back but core countries control the development of the periphery by setting prices of goods and interfering with economies via things like the IMF and the World Bank which I discussed earlier how these um core regions can limit the development of the periphery through policies and the core uses military aid to buy loyalty of the periphery so again just to summ up it's Lally just the relationship between developing and developed countries and it's the idea that these regions are polarized so there's no movement in Frank's Dependency Theory so you can't move from periphery to core core to periphery and yeah um this argues that this model argues that these roles are set within society which I will discuss again in the weaknesses of this model and yeah so we move on to a very similar one called Wallen Stein's World System Theory so what this shows as you can see the arrows is that there's a middle ground between the core and periphery named the semi periphery so this is obviously a more accurate model if you put it this way because no country if you look at Frank's dependency there's only a periphery and core which again to Define countries into two categories very bad but here it adds the third category which you can argue makes it better and it's the same so the periphery regions rely on core countries to export raw materials and are forced into unequal trade patterns and uh it also argues that the relationship between superpowers and other nations follow a neoc colonist relationship so how would like to explain Frank's dependency of extra steps but yeah just make a mental note of it you don't actually have to know these like inside out you just need you can just name drop it and be like using one's World assistance it is clear that China or India is in a semi- periphery region since it's relying on aid from blah blah blah XX stuff like that so let's look at criticism of uh rosto's modernization Theory again might not need it in the exam but good to mention it so in a Counterpoint so uh it describes the process of economic change mainly it does not help in understanding how countries gain political or cultural power and uh within this model socialist and communist countries like USSR or China are not expected to develop without this okay so moving on we look look at Frank's Dependency Theory and its criticisms so again as I mentioned before it suggests that countries are permanently stuck in an underdeveloped States and there is no movement as you can see between um a periphery becoming a core region so it argues that uh roles are set so and um a great example or counter example of this are Nic so countries like South Korea Singapore uh yeah but the one thing you can argue about this is that these countries have also received help from the USA so it kind of proves Frank's Dependency Theory but at the same time it doesn't and finally we move to the Wallin so assistance are and here's some what's it called criticism so the semi periphery countries are catching up but again this model also suggests that the roles are set and the the analyzes power rather than explaining it and using the semi refere logic China and Brazil on the same level economically or as a superpower but this is not the case so you can make the same um criticism so the Dependency Theory it just it just puts countries together that should not be together and it doesn't really go into detail of how they Define a periphery or semi- periphery so is it defined by military power or economic power we don't know so that's something you can criticize and here we move on to how superpowers have a significant influence over the global economic system and the things you need to know how superpowers control the global systems and how they control the so here we have things you need to know so one how they control the economy through igos so intergovernmental organizations how superpowers use TNTs to F influence the economy and Global cultural influence as a way of increasing influence so without skipping anything let's go through all of these so what you need to know for 7.4 a are igos and uh you need to know the case studies of the World Bank IMF World Trade Organization WF and how they influence the global economy so let's look at the World Bank First so their role is to deel finance development of countries we've learned some developed countries very simple you've probably done this before and how this how Su control people or countries of this is that countries or developing countries receiving loans can be manipulated to follow rules and regulations set by um superpowers exerting for power so yeah again it's what I mentioned before they give aid but at the cost of everything and over 40% of votes are given to the eight largest contributors which keeps superpowers in control of the economy so there's a uneven distribution of voting you can't really call it a democracy and again richest people can dictate what happens over the economy and now we move on to the IMF so again the role to stabilize Global currencies and Loan loans to countries in depths and yeah again very similar to the World Bank between 1980 to 1999 IMF imposed conditions of forign countries which caused Cuts in Social spending so again it shows how the IMF can influence countries to cause Cuts in Social spending and uh yeah spend more on developing the economy which is great if you want to invest in a country but bad if you actually live in the country and again similar to the World Bank the Voting Rights within the IMF are proportional to Investments so if you remember back to the G20 so 20 most advanced economies they have 70% of all voting rights which means that the IMF is a way to maintain superpower status rather than to elevate the stesis of emerging powers and World Trade Organization again you learn about this probably but they work to remove barriers to international trade and they have negotiated a sequence of global free trade agreements have gradually removed trade taxes and quotas and again in general tldr it promotes free trade which is a western ideology further pushing the superpower what's it called mentality or mindset onto the economy and finally we have the WF so this is the world economic Forum it's a Swiss nonprofit organization that acts as a discussion forum for businesses politicians and igos and we discussed prot trade and prot TNC policies which grows the influence of the free market and Western ideology which further promotes or increases the power of Western superpowers and yeah again the idea is that these Western powers are trying to grow their power through their ideologies okay so now we move on to 7.4b and this is the idea of tnc's and patents and how TNTs are do dominant economic forces in a global economy and how they U assert this power through patents so what are patents they are exclusive rights for an invention along with the rights to sell them and harnesser exerts power is a um an example case study would be apple they have pents to sell their products and this allows them to choose who can sell and buy their products and ensures cultural globalization and controls the spread of a country's influence and again the World Trade Organization enforces pent routes so through the use of patents you can spread culture and again um culture ideology things like that a way of life although it's not the greatest thing in um displaying power or super power status it is a more subtle way but it's still a way of controlling the economy and um very short one we need to talk about how Global culture also influence um Power and how it's linked to economic influence and Tech so what you need to know is that TNTs are the main drivers of cultural globalization and westernization and the top 10 companies were American in 2016 including Google Apple and Microsoft and Within These companies their values are also portrayed so a lot of these if you see their adverts they always talk about individual Freedom the idea that consuming Goods is a good life so again it's the fact that there's so many Western tnc's that they've been able to portray not portray sorry to um display ideology which subtly influences people and again influence helps a superpower maintain its power or help spread its ideology all right so that's the end of part one be sure to go watch part two which will be dropping quite soon and watch out for the anky flash cards that will pop up maybe in the next video so yeah stay tuned for that and I'll see you guys in the next one oh [Mic]