Class 11 - Chapter 2: Biological Classification

hello my dear lovely students so once again welcome back to this amazing platform of physics valla where i ayushi agarwal your botany expert is going to teach you the second chapter of class 11th that is biological classification i hope you all have seen the first video of living world and today we are going to start with the second chapter very important again from the point of view of need so let&#39;s not waste time and directly jump into the topic now this chapter is basically a kind of continuation of the first chapter itself living world how in living world you were studying about taxonomy you were studying about what is classification what is identification etc in this chapter you are going to study that what is there in classification what scientists did actually after classification in what groups are those organism divided so in this chapter we are going to study the different classification groups of organisms first thing second question comes in the mind that why the hell are we studying so much what is the need of biological classification why are we made to study so beta this is very very important chapter why because it is very important to know that what is the biodiversity around you there are 17 to 18 lakh species which have been discovered so far and is it not our responsibility to know that what organisms are present around us therefore biological classification becomes very important in order to understand the vast biodiversity on earth why again question comes my why when you are saying that it is important to know the organisms present around us but we don&#39;t find it important then why are we made to study this biological classification what is the point of classifying organisms but sure it is equivalently important for you as well because once you know that what are the organisms present around you once you know the importance of those organisms then only you can exploit you can extract benefits out of them either in the form of food shelter or clothing yes or no like for example there is a tree now you know that the tree eels pulp which you can use for making rubber how you know that tree is going to give you a pulp which you can use for making rubber you only came to know when some person when some scientist studied on that organism classified that organism identified that organism then only you came to know the benefit of that tree and then only you can use you can prepare the rubber out of that plant so that is why once you study the organisms present around you then only you can extract benefit out of them either in the form of food or in the form of shelter or in the form of clothing hence now i hope you must have realized the importance of classification that to extract benefit from the organisms either in the form of food shelter or clothing clear to everyone so these are the two needs of biological classification now owing to the needs of biological classification many scientists tried to group organisms the first scientific approach was done by scientist aristotle aristotle he proposed the first scientific approach of classification aristotle my dear students divided organisms into two categories the simple two categories as plants and animals right further on the basis of size he classified plants also into three sub-categories herbs shrubs and trees so he further classified plants into three categories on the basis of size smallest ones as herbs the medium ones as shrubs and the tall ones as trees whereas aristotle divided animals also into two broad groups on the basis of the presence or absence of rbcs rbcs are the red blood cells the two broad groups are enama and anima enima means beta those organisms whose color of the blood is red due to the presence of rbcs so rbcs if is found in the blood cells then those organism according to aristotle belong to enima whereas er means without so those organisms in whose blood rbcs are missing they were grouped under anima so ernaimer means without rbcs this was the simple classification proposed by aristotle the he just gave a layman kind of classification he just gave the first scientific approach of classification however the first formal classification system first proper classification system was given by scientists linears so linus gave the first formal classification system he actually used the term kingdom for the first time and he proposed two kingdom classification the two kingdoms proposed by lenious my dear students are kingdom planty and kingdom animalia so who gave the first formal classification system the first formal classification system your answer should be lineas which is that classification two three four five your answer will be two what are those kingdom animalia and planty now my dear students he actually did this by studying certain features let&#39;s see what are those features so features which were used by linus the most important feature on the basis of which his whole classification system is based is cell wall if cell wall is found in the cells of the organism then they are kept in the kingdom planty and if cells are not found then they are kept in the kingdom animalia first and foremost feature apart from this he also considered many more features like for example ability to eat if one is able to eat then that organism is kept in the kingdom animalia if not able to eat like trees then it was kept in the kingdom planty another feature ability to move if one is able to move then that organism belonged to kingdom animalia and if one is unable to move then that organism was kept in the kingdom planty sedentary non-motile clear apart from this he also considered one feature called response to stimuli response to stimuli let&#39;s write first now you will think ma&#39;am in the last chapter itself you told that consciousness is the behavior it is the defining feature of all living organisms and plants and animals both are living so they both will show response to stimuli they both are conscious type of organisms then how is it creating a difference why lineas chose response to stimuli as one of the feature of classification actually linear said response is given by both plants as well as animals but if the response is slow then slow response givers will be kept in the kingdom plenty and if the response is quick then those organisms will be kept in the kingdom animalia right yes or no now i hope this feature also makes sense clear one more feature which he considered was the presence or absence of contractile vacuole beta contractile vacuoles are found in the cells which are responsible for maintaining the water balance that is osmo regulation so contractile vacuoles are responsible for maintaining osmoregulation according to lineas if contractile vacuole are present in the cells of an organism then that organism belongs to kingdom plant animalia and if contractile vacuoles are absent then that organism belongs to kingdom plenty so my dear students this was the simple classification system of lineas and according to his classification system he kept organisms like protozoans chordates and non-chordates under kingdom animalia and organisms like bacteria fungi algae bryophytes pteridophytes gymnosperms and angiosperms in the kingdom planty do you find this classification system good do you find it perfect then your answer will be no why i hope you all can see the demerits of this classification system by your own self how let me point out one by one number one bacteria beta bacteria are made up of prokaryotic cells and remaining are eukaryotic so how can eukaryotic and prokaryotic be kept in the same kingdom this was his first flaw this was his first demerit second bacterias and many more organisms they are single celled they are unicellular and remaining majority of the them are multicellular so again unicelled multi-celled kept together does not make a good sense so that becomes a second reason for discarding linear classification system third can you see fungi and many of the bacterias as well their mode of nutrition is heterotrophic they cannot prepare their own food but if you see algae bryo teredo gymno they all are autotrophic they all can prepare their own food so how autotroph and uh heterotroph can be kept in the same group this also does not make a better sense so these were certain demerits of this two kingdom classification does now this classification system was replaced by ernst heykill&#39;s three kingdom classification ernst hakil was the scientist who proposed the third kingdom as protester so now the three kingdoms are kingdom animalia kingdom plantae and kingdom protesters in kingdom protester my dear students he kept all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms right he removed all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms kept in either plant or animals and kept them together in the kingdom protista so similarly all the protozoans which were initially kept in the kingdom animalia they were removed from there and they were moved to protista clear so what are the three kingdoms now animalia planty protista protista is that group which comprises of all unicellular eukaryotic organism and this kingdom was proposed by scientist heikel clear do you find this also sufficient no it is still unsufficient because yet bacterias prokaryotic organisms are kept in the kingdom plantee therefore three kingdom classification also got discarded and was replaced by four kingdom classification proposed by scientist cope land co plan nebacho four kingdom classification proposed kia and the four class four kingdoms are animalia already you know planty already you know protista already you know and the fourth kingdom established by in which he kept all unicellular prokaryotic organisms in short bacteria so monora comprises of prokaryotic organisms again one trouble is solved bacterias are now removed from kingdom plantae and kept in kingdom monarch good sufficient enough are you happy with four kingdom classification shall we stop no ma&#39;am no four kingdom is still not sufficient why because fungi the heterotrophic organisms are still belonging to kingdom planty which is wrong hence this four kingdom classification was replaced by rh viticus five kingdom classification so arij which whitaker is a scientist who proposed five kingdom classification he removed kingdom or he removed fungi from the kingdom planty and established itself as an independent kingdom so now the five kingdoms are what are the five kingdoms can you name them my dear students will you all try very easy let&#39;s write it animalia planty fungi protista so these are now the five standard kingdoms after rh whitaker classification rh classification after studying certain features out of which the most important is mode of nutrition he studied many features for classification but the most important being mode of nutrition this mode of nutrition is actually the important basis on the basis of which kingdom fungi was established clear apart from mode of nutrition he also considered features like body organization that is tallest organization whether organization is organ type organ system tissue grade etc mode of nutrition i told you it is most important cell type that means whether bodies prokaryotic eukaryotic single celled or multi-celled reproduction methods of reproduction what is organism preferring sexual asexual then presence or absence of nuclear membrane that whether the genetic material is true or it is false false means nucleoid type then phylogeny rh whitaker my dear students also considered evolutionary relationship as one of the important feature of classification rh whitiker also considered phylogeny as one of his feature for classification right so these are the list of the features which was considered by rh whittaker during his classification now we are going to see his classification system in a chart manner right so this chart we are going to typically do it from ncrt and it is very very important direct questions are asked from this chapter if you go and check the questions asked in previous year neet examination there&#39;s so many question asked directly or indirectly from this chart so please guys all my dear students pay attention and be sincere so this is an empty chart which now we are going to fill all the outlines have been done these are the five kingdoms and the list of the features which was considered by rh whitaker subset the first one is cell type so except kingdom monora all other organisms all other members of different kingdom are made up of eukaryotic cell and members of kingdom are made up of are made up of prokaryotic cell and if we talk about the remaining kingdom members then they are made up of eukaryotes cells clear moving ahead second nuclear membrane now my dear students you can see that only kingdom monora is having prokaryotic type of cell organization or cell type therefore prokaryotic cells better they do not have a well-defined genetic material their genetic material is diffused in the cytoplasm and not surrounded by any nuclear membrane such type of genetic material is known as nucleoid or geno4 that means genetic material is diffused in the cytoplasm right but if we talk about the remaining kingdom members so my dear students all are made up of eukaryotic cells and the characteristic feature of eukaryotic cell is presence of well defined genetic material the genetic material where nuclear membrane is present and their genetic material is known as nucleus agreed yes or no yes very good moving ahead third important feature of classification is cell wall cell wall beta presence of cell wall is a feature which is found in different organisms belonging to different kingdom if i talk about animal cells straight away you can write that in animal cells nuclear membrane is absent sorry cell wall is absent purely but in remaining if i talk about kingdom monora then in monarchs the cells are having cell wall however their cell wall is made up of proteins and sugars that is amino acids and sugar in short the cell wall of monaran is made up of murin peptidoglycan right yes or no will you remember this term the other term for peptidoglycan is murin so remember this thing that the cell wall of kingdom monarch is made up of peptidoglycan in protista cell wall may be present may not be present if present then usually it is cellulosic in case of fungi cell wall is present and it is chitinous in nature so the cell wall is present in fungi but it is made up of chitin chitin is also a polysaccharide it is actually a polymer of nag and acetyl glucosamine right coming to plant planty so its cell wall is present and which is cellulose sick animals may know cell wall i hope this feature is also clear to all my students moving ahead the next feature which he considered and the most important feature of rh whitaker is mode of nutrition so mode of nutrition is very important feature and the most important feature of classification nutrition may better according to according to rh whitaker monaran shows maximum diversity in term of nutrition in case of monorange majority of the members can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic in autotrophic also they show different categories in heterotrophs also they show different categories that i will teach you when i&#39;ll teach you kingdom monarch separately here you can only write that mode of nutrition can be both autotrophic as well as heterotrophic right and they show maximum diversity coming to protista protest protista also shows diversity in terms of nutrition but less than monora the members of protista can also show both autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition details we will do once i will teach you the kingdoms independently here we are just me fulfilling the chart so no further details further details will be done when i will teach you all the kingdoms independently correct if i talk about fungi fungi because they are heterotrophic because the members of kingdom fungi cannot prepare their own food that is why they were removed from planty and established as an independent kingdom so that is why mode of nutrition becomes a very important feature clear so mode of nutrition is heterotrophic planty clear auto drops animalia clear heterotrophs clear animals cannot prepare their own food they depend upon another sources therefore they are consumers they are heterotrophs they are not producers coming to the last feature of rh whitaker in this chart that is body organization body organization if i talk about kingdom monorail and if i talk about kingdom protester then better they are unicellular organisms that is why we say that their body organization is cellular body organization clear single cell body organization moving ahead to fungi fungi shows lose body tissue type of body organization loose tissue body organization so fungi shows loose tissue body organization planty proper tissue body organization and they can also form organ like roots stems leaves these all other organs of plants so body organization exhibited by plant ranges from tissue to organ level so maybe tissue or maybe organ type of body organization animals animals method you know they show organ and organ system type of body organization the highest range of body organization is exhibited by animals so you can simply write tissue organ or organ system organ or organ system type of body organization hope this chart is clear to all and every student please learn this chart and questions will be on your tips apart from these features one more important feature which whittaker considered was phylogeny he also traced evolutionary history in order to group organism remember that clear moving ahead but hope the five kingdom classification is clear now when we come in modern era in today&#39;s world in today&#39;s era after whittaker came one more scientist by the name carl voos karl who&#39;s bitter he was studying he&#39;s a microbiologist he was studying on the members of kingdom monitor he was studying on bacterias he found two broad deviations in kingdom monira he found two broad groups in kingdom monera showing great differences one group of bacteria was exhibiting one type of property and another group of bacteria in the same kingdom was showing some different property therefore kalvus thought that when in the same kingdom monitor two such groups are developing then why not to separate these two groups and establish them as independent kingdoms hence karl wu&#39;s divided kingdom monarch into two new kingdoms as kingdom archive bacteria and kingdom eu bacteria hence from five now we became six kingdoms the six kingdoms are kingdom archaeobacteria kingdom eu bacteria protista planty fungi and animalia clear so what kal wuz did khal wuz divided kingdom monera on the basis of certain features which i will tell you divided kingdom monitor into two new sub-kingdoms as kingdom rk bacteria and kingdom you bacteria does now how many kingdoms are there six kingdoms are there those six kingdoms are rk bacteria you bacteria protista then fungi planty and animalia yes or no apart from creating six kingdoms called he also developed one more category of classification above kingdom he created one more category of classification by the name domain till now we know that kingdom is the topmost category of classification yes but carl who&#39;s created one more category above kingdom called domain and he placed these six kingdoms into three domain thus his classification system is known as three domain six kingdom six kingdoms you can see now let&#39;s see what are those three domains the three domains are domain archive in which he kept kingdom archebacteria domain prokaryo which includes kingdom eu bacteria and domain eukarya in which he included the remaining kingdoms consisting of eukaryotic cells that is protista fungi plantae and animalia so therefore his kingdom classification is known as three domain six kingdom six kingdom you understood three domains are over here domain archive domain prokarya and domain eukarya correct will you remember out of three domains in two domains there are organisms with prokaryotic organization and in one domain there is organisms with eukaryotic organization will you remember this let me write it for you so out of out of three domains you know the name two domain members are prokaryotic you know the two domains number one and number two and one domain that is domain u carrier here the members are eukaryotic in nature clear to everybody right now the question comes on what grounds he did what actually he observed in kingdom mourner that he thought to divide kingdom honorary into two new kingdoms so the first and foremost thing which he observed was the gene sequencing of 16s rrna he was actually studying the ribosomes of bacteria the ribosomes of bacteria are 70s type right 70s ribosomes they are made up of two subunits the larger 50 and smaller 30 the smaller subunit that is 30s beta this is made up of one of the type of rrna called 16s rrname he was this fellow carl boos was trying to understand the gene sequencing the arrangement of nucleotides in 16s rrna and he was surprised to find that in the same kingdom there were two different results of 16s rrna gene sequencing one group of organisms in kingdom monarch was showing one result of gene sequencing and there was another group of organisms in the kingdom monitor which was showing some different result carl wu said that if such basic thing cannot be similar in the same kingdom then these members are not fit to be kept in the same kingdom and hence on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequencing kalvu&#39;s separated kingdom monira into two new kingdoms why because members of kingdom bacteria were showing some different result and members of you bacteria were showing some different result of 16s rrna gene sequencing clear yes or no yes okay very good very good now let&#39;s proceed further here again one more chart is there charts always makes the study more interesting and easy right so now here i am going to show that what are the features which carl who&#39;s considered apart from 16s rrna gene sequencing in order to establish three domain six kingdom classification so here i am showing the three domains as domain archive domain pro carrier and domain eukarya in which the six kingdoms are divided and these are the list of features which carl wuz considered in order to propose his classification first and the very important feature you know 16s rrna gene sequencing so when he did 16s rrna gene sequencing when he tried to understand the nucleotide arrangement in the 16s rrna he found different results what are those different results we are not concerned you should simply know that the result of 16s rrna gene sequencing was different in the kingdom monera hence he divided kingdom monarch into two new kingdoms right clear moving ahead nature of nucleus apart from 16s rrna my dear students karl voos was also studying on the structure of nucleus he found that in members of rk bacteria in members of rk bacteria histone protein is present in their dna which usually is not present in prokaryotic cells so this is an exclusive feature of rk bacteria that histone proteins dna is nucleoid type no nuclear membrane is present around rk bacteria but his stone proteins were found found however the nature of the genetic material is nucleoid in prokaryotes genetic material is nucleoid but no histones here histones are found so can you see this similarity of rk bacteria with eukarya domain another feature which he considered was the structure of plasma membrane my dear students whether it is a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell the only structure similarity is the plasma membrane plasma membrane is uniformly common in all the type of cell and it is represented by lipid by layer with unbranched side chain so whether it is prokaryotes or eukaryotes the structure of plasma membrane is same which is lipid bilayer you know if you don&#39;t know then this also we will cover in our chapter cell so till then just stay tuned so this is how the lipid bilayer is and this type of plasma membrane is found in prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes with unbranched side chain but if i talk about rk bacteria if i talk about the domain archive and kingdom archaeobacteria then karl vuz found that their plasma membrane is represented by lipid mono layer plus branched side chain isn&#39;t it a different factor isn&#39;t it quite different and that is why this fellow carl voos decided to separate members of kingdom archive members of archaeobacteria from the members of eu bacteria clear coming to the next feature cell wall composition normally you have seen the five kingdom chart we have written that in kingdom monarch the cell wall is made up of murin it is made up of peptidoglycan yes or no so here cell wall is peptidoglycan commonly called as murin but in case of rk bacteria if they were true bacteria if they belong to kingdom monitor then their cell wall should also be made up of murin but no the composition of cell wall in rk bacteria is not muran rather it is called as pseudomurine i will tell you what is the difference between murine and pseudomuri later but here you should know that the cell wall of rk bacteria is made up of pseudomurine whereas the cell wall of prokarya is made up of murine eukaryotes depending upon the kingdom cell wall may be chitina cell wall may be cellulosic hemicellulosic etc so cell wall here you can write may be chitinos maybe cellulosic hemicellulosic etc clear so there&#39;s so many differences that khal whose decided to divide kingdom monarch into two sub kingdoms asking the monera as kingdom eu bacteria and kingdom rk bacteria so this is the latest classification system of karl wu&#39;s sixth kingdom and three domain i hope all the classification systems are clear to each and every one of you yes or no if yes then just give a thumbs up in your comment section right okay so this is all about the classification system now we are actually entering into the main part of the chapter where i am going to teach you each kingdom independently first starting with kingdom mourner kingdom monitor means first we are going to talk about the general features of both the sub kingdoms archebacteria and eu bacteria and then i will tell you their unique properties clear so first we&#39;re going to start with this kingdom and first we&#39;re going to start with the general features am i clear or not so we are going to start now with the first kingdom that is kingdom monitor first we are going to discuss about their general features and then we are going to talk further first of all beta the first and the foremost important line regarding the regarding this kingdom you should know that bacterias are the sole members of this kingdom this kingdom was proposed by monera which uh this kingdom was proposed by co plant who kept all unicellular prokaryotic organisms into this later on it later on it was separated by carl voos but initially all the unicellular prokaryotic organisms were kept in this kingdom and bacteria are the soul members i don&#39;t remember the year in which neet has asked question on this line that dash is the sole member of kingdom monitor and so and so options were given and the correct answer was bacteria so bacteria are the sole members of kingdom monora first and foremost important line but bacterias they are cosmopolitan cosmopolitan means the ones which are found everywhere on this board on the fan lights everywhere soil everywhere you will find number of bacteria so bacterias are cosmopolitan that means they are found everywhere now if i talk about the cellular structure of the bacterias if i talk about the cellular structure of the members of kingdom monarch then bachcho their genetic material is naked type their genetic material is not well defined not well defined means that genetic material is represented for example this i&#39;m drawing a small bacteria right this is these are the outer membranes of the bacteria right for example i called as plasma membrane now the plasma membrane inside encloses the fluid which is called a cytoplasm within the cytoplasm the genetic material is present directly diffused it is not separated by any nuclear membrane no histone proteins are found in their genetic material plus the genetic material is represented by double stranded circular single chromosome and such genetic material is known as nucleoid or geno4 right so what is genetic material genetic material in monarch is represented by double stranded circular single naked naked means no histones plus no nuclear membrane right along with this feature bacterial cytoplasm also do not have any compartmentalization compartmentalization means that there are no membrane bound cell organelles like er golgi mitochondria etc they only have non-membrane bound organelles like ribosomes so next important feature which you should know is that they lack membrane-bound organelles however however non-membrane bound organelles like ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm and the nature of ribosomes is 70 s clear yes or no very good moving ahead now macho these bacterias these whole soul members of kingdom monarch their bodies just represented by one cell and that cell is also prokaryotic in nature correct so their body organization is very simple however if we talk in terms of their functional aspects and we talk that how do they live their life then their life living pattern is not that simple so we can say that the simple bacterias are simple in organization but exhibit complex behavior like their mode of nutrition respiration reproduction is not as simple as their structure this line i have taken directly from ncrt very very important line it can come either in the form of correct and correct true false match following etc so please mark this line as important that bacterias they possess simple organization body organization but exhibit complex behavior clear very good now due to the absence of certain proteins like tubulin protein the cytoplasm of bacteria do not show any movement there are no cytoplasmic streaming taking place in the bacterial cytoplasm bacterial cytoplasm is still so we can say that bacterias the members of monera do not exhibit cyclosis cyclosis means cytoplasmic movement there is no cytoplasmic movement taking place in the cytoplasm of bacteria right they lack proteins like tubulin so no microtubules no cytoske skeleton structure also found in their moving ahead now on the basis of shapes if you study the structures and the shapes of bacteria then bacterias can be of four distinct shapes they can be either comma shaped called as vibrio like vibrio cholerae which causes cholera second they may be rod shaped called bacillus like bacillus anthracis so vibrio spiral shaped like spirochetes called as spirochetes and some may be spherical in shape called cocaine just a second spirochetes and some may be spherical in shape called cocai like streptococcus bacteria right so on the basis of shape bacteria can be of how many type students four types so we can classify bacteria on the basis of their morphological appearance thus bacterias are also known as morphological species more for species because we are classifying them on the basis of shape they can be of four types bacillus vibrio then your spirochetes and cocaine right yes or no very good moving ahead some bacterias may be motile and some bacterias may not be motile depending upon the presence or absence of flagella remember if flagella is found then bacterias are motile if back if flagella is not found then they are called as non-motile these flagellas are the extensions of the plasma membrane and they are made up of flagellin protein apart from flagella bacterias may also possess some more extensions either in the form of pili or in the form of fimbre pillai are better made up of pellen proteins they are helping in alloying the exchange of genetic material between the two bacterias through conjugation i will tell you what is conjugation but till now understand that bacteria may give rise to extensions like flagella that is responsible for motility made up of flatulent protein pili made up of pellen protein helps in exchange of genetic material and fimbre made up of fibrin protein and responsible for the attachment of the bacteria to the substratum so this fimbre is responsible for the attachment of bacteria to the substratum clear so this is also one of the important general feature which you should know so now you know water pili you know what are fimbre these are just the extensions of which are found in the prokaryotic cell and exhibiting some unique features in bacteria apart from their main genetic material the main genetic material which is known as nucleoid geno4 i told you apart from that apart from main genetic material bacterias the members of monera also possess some extra chromosomal genetic material some extra chromosomal self-replicating circular dna called plasmid self-replicating circular dna called plasmids this is a this is a unique feature of prokaryotic cells only plasmids are absent in eukaryotic cells so what are plasmids they are extra chromosomal self-replicating genetic material found in the cytoplasm of bacteria clear this is also important general feature which you should know now moving ahead moving ahead so these all other general features which you should know regarding the members of kingdom monitor now we are moving ahead towards their diversity towards their functions towards their activities what they perform and the first one which i am going to discuss is their mode of respiration that how bacteria respire beta bacteria shows diversity in terms of mode of respiration they can be four broad categories of bacteria on the basis of their mode of respiration which i have divided as obligate aerobes obligate anaerobes facultative aerobees and facultative anaerobes right so all the four types of respiration now i am going to tell you starting with obligate aerobes bacho obligate means strict compulsory so obligate means strict aerob means oxygen so those bacteria who compulsorily require oxygen for respiration are called as obligate aerobic bacteria on the other hand obligate anaerobe name itself suggest obligate means strict anaerobes means without oxygen so those organisms who do not require oxygen who respire in complete absence of oxygen are called as obligate and aerobic bacteria shall we write it yes come on obligate aerobes bacteria who require bacteria who compulsorily require oxygen for respiration anaerobes bacteria who do not require oxygen for respiration are called as obligate and aerobes clear next set facultative arrows facultative anaerobes facultative means not strict alternative so facultative aerobes means those bacteria who normally do not require oxygen who normally are anaerobic but if provided with oxygen then they will also start respiring in aerobic conditions so what are facultative aerobes write it see bacteria who normally do not require oxygen they are anaerobic however can also respire aerobically right on the other hand contradictory to this is facultative anaerobes facultative anaerobes are those bacteria who normally require oxygen but can also respire in the absence of it correct shall we write it chalo let&#39;s do it so bacteria who normally require oxygen however can also respire and aerobically they are called as facultative anaerobic organisms clear to everyone are all the four types of mode of new uh respiration clear once again obligate aerobe strict aerobic obligate anaerobe no oxygen strict no oxygen facultative aerobic which require no oxygen usually but can also respire aerobically facultative anaerobe who are naturally aerobic but can also respire anaerobic if conditions are provided clear so this is one of the mode of diversity in bacteria apart from respiration next important function exhibited by bacteria is nutrition so moving ahead to nutrition part bacteria as i told you beta they exhibit maximum diversity in terms of mode of nutrition this question was asked in 2011 you can go and check the paper in 2011 this question was asked that which kingdom exhibits maximum diversity in terms of nutrition so your answer will be monitor bacteria shall i write this point very important highlight it maximum diversity in terms of nutrition chaat can you remember the chart can you recall that there you wrote that bacterias can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic they can prepare their own food and some bacteria cannot prepare their own food now autotrophic can be of two types photolithoautotroph or chemolido autotrophs photolitho autotrophs my dear students are those group of bacteria who utilizes sun energy to prepare their food photo means sunlight autotroph means can prepare their own food so those group of bacteria those group of bacteria who prepares food in the presence of light right and uses electron donor as an any inorganic compound like water or hydrogen sulfide and uses inorganic carbon source as well as electron donor right for example purple and green sulfur bacteria very important you should remember this example purple green sulfur bacteria purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria these bacterias they can prepare their own food by utilizing light as a source of energy and carbon source electron source are some inorganic compound like co2 and water or hydrogen sulfide clear moving ahead chemolithe autotrophs these are also those group of bacterias which can prepare their own food but utilizes chemical as a source of energy chemo chemo means chemical so those group of bacteria prepare their own food by utilizing chemical energy like for example you see in case of nitrifying bacteria like nitrosomonas nitrosococcus they use the energy developed by the oxidation of ammonium and nitrites that you study in nitrogen metabolism so nitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria like nitrosomonas nitrosococcus nitrocystus nitrobacter beta they generate energy by oxidizing ammonia to nitrite and nitrite further to nitrate and while doing this whatever energy is produced such bacterias utilize it for preparing their own food and therefore these kind of bacteria who can prepare their own food by utilizing chemical as a source of energy are known as chemolido autotrophs clear yes or no so on the basis of nutrition there are two types of bacteria photo lead autotroph on the basis of autotrophic mode of nutrition there are two types of bacteria photo lead autotroph bacteria who can prepare their own food by utilizing light as a source of energy chemolitho bacteria who can prepare their own food by utilizing chemical as a source of energy right now next category is of heterotrophic bacterias who do not prepare their own food majority of bacteria are heterotroph and in heterotroph also there is one category of decomposers so majority of the bacteria are decomposer type of heterotroph right let&#39;s write it heterotroph bacteria who [Music] do not prepare their own food they basically consumers now heterotrophs make sorry categories some bacteria may be parasitic some bacteria may be symbiotic some bacteria may be saprophytic but majority of them are decomposers which feed on dead and decaying organic waste so okay yeah so if i talk that which is the maximum type of nutrition exhibited by bacteria heterotroph and in heterotroph if i ask you which is the maximum type of nutrition exhibited by bacteria then our answer will be decomposer please note it down mark it as important question will come from this section as well right so this is all about nutrition which you have to do now you have studied two aspects of bacteria one is their respiration another is nutrition third important aspect in the bacteria is their mode of reproduction yes or no so when it comes to reproduction bacho then bacteria shows only a sexual mode of reproduction bacterias divide by fission method there is no true sexual reproduction taking place in bacteria bacterias only divide by fission method which is an asexual method bacterias may in bacterias there is no zygote formation there is no meiosis there is no alternation of generation that means there is no switch from haploid to deployed and deployed to haploid this simply there is a parent bacteria it divides produces daughter bacteria these daughter bacteria again mature again divide new daughter bacteria simply fission simply asexual reproduction no confusion no complexity simple fast reproduction clear let&#39;s do it so reproduction bacteria reproduces asexually by fission method where there is a parent bacteria having not so well defined genetic material invaginations occurs in the form of mesosomes they grow finally reach to the center genetic material duplicates and ultimately the bacteria divides into two equal sized daughter cells receiving the same amount of material right this is fission now coming back however bacteria do not show true sexual reproduction true sexual reproduction means what true true sexual reproduction means alternation of generation as there is no alternation of generation there is no zygote formation there is no meiosis there is no change from haploid to deployed or deployed to haploid thus they do not show any true sexual reproduction let&#39;s write no true sexual reproduction means no alternation of generation that means there is no such kind of activity that means there is no zygote formation or meiosis therefore we can say bacteria reproduces very quickly because asexual method of reproduction is very simple fast and quick process am i clear with this will you all remember all the three functional aspect of bacteria respiration nutrition and reproduction respiration four types take nutrition three categories reproduction only asexual no true sexual no true sexual means no alternation of generation no alternation of generation means no switch between haploid deployed deployed haploid as they lack zygote formation and meiosis right thumbs up for everybody yes or no very good very very good impressive proceeding further so this is the general study now we are going to study the organisms of this kingdom which are further divided into two new kingdoms rkbacteria and eu bacteria so first i&#39;m going to teach you about rk bacteria and then we will proceed further to you bacteria rk bacteria you know they were separated from the kingdom monarch by carl voos on the basis of certain features those features were 16s rrna gene sequencing structure of plasma membrane cell wall composition and the nature of genetic material because they contained histone proteins correct now rk bacteria beta they are one of the primitive most organisms on this earth these organisms can survive in any extreme environmental conditions let&#39;s write this point very very important go and check the paper of 2012-13 you will find questions on this right so rk bacteria are the group of organisms who can survive under extreme environmental conditions they can survive under extreme environmental conditions why question is why they can survive so we have two reasons for this number one i&#39;m writing here our space constraint is there the cell wall nature and number two is their cell membrane you remember we discussed that the cell membrane is made up of lipid mono layer so this lipid mono layer does not allow the external environmental condition to impact the internal environmental conditions number one second cell wall is made up of pseudome yes yes or no yes so now let me tell you what is pseudomurid focus pseudo murine betta first to understand what is pseudomurine you should also know what is murine so murine is actually the type of chemical found in the cell wall of bacteria which is made up of proteins and sugar there are four different types of amino acids making peptidoglycan and two different types of complex sugars nag and nam anisetyl muramic acid and n-acetyl glucosamine however in rk bacteria this nam is replaced by nat nat stands for anesthetic tallow salmon murronic as said does due to this replacement only nam replaced by nat due to this one change only the composition of cell wall in rk bacteria is known as pseudomurine and this pseudomurine again make this archaic bacteria resistant towards the external environmental conditions clear shall i write it yes ma&#39;am you should write it okay so if i want to write it i should have a space okay okay so space constraint is there i will write somewhere here so cell wall structure if i talk about the cell wall structure is pseudo murine where nam is replaced by nat n-acetyl muramic acid is replaced by an acetyl talosamine muronic acid this gives cell wall a resistance nature clear now archaeobacterium idea students can be divided into three categories as methanogens halophils and thermoacidophils all the three types of archaebacteria can survive in extreme environmental conditions as if i talk about methanogens then first feature on the basis of which we are going to classify them is their habit and habitat but methanogens as the name suggests they are found in the regions rich in methane because they themselves are methane producers correct methanogens genes means producer methanol is methane therefore they can be found in the gut of luminance in rice fields in marshy areas right methanogens these are methane producers thus found in methane rich regions like gut you know what is gut yes gut of ruminants ruminants means cows and buffalos okay moving to halophiles hallow means salt so these are those bacterias which can survive in even extreme salinity salinity which is like in ocean water they can be found where more than 35 percent salinity is there some halophiles are also found in hyper saline lagoons where salinity may reach up to 100 so in that extreme saline water these bacteria can easily survive their osmolarity is matched up with the ocean water right if i throw you in the ocean water you will not be able to survive due to exosmosis our osmolarity does not match with the ocean water but halo files their osmolarity is matching with the osmos osmolarity of the ocean water hence they can survive in that extreme environmental conditions as well so halophiles are those who can survive in extreme saline conditions they can they can survive in extreme saline conditions where salinity is more than 35 percent sometimes even hundred percent right coming to the third type thermo acidophilus name itself suggest thermo means temperature acido means low ph so these are those rk bacteria who can survive in extreme high temperature of up to 80 to 100 degree celsius and ph as less than 2 right so these bacteria can survive in high temperature which is about 80 to 100 degree and low ph like maybe two or even less than two right so these are the three types of rk bacteria which are found in extreme environmental conditions due to their cell wall nature and plasma membrane nature moving ahead next is on the terms of nutrition but methanogens they are chemoautotrophs they can prepare their own food by utilizing chemical as the source of energy halophiles purely heterotrophs cannot prepare thermoacidophils are also chemoautotrophs next mode of respiration methanogens strict anaerobes obligate anaerobes remaining to their facultative anaerobes means normally require oxygen but even if not given they can respire anaerobically so they are facultative and aerobes clear yes or no so these are the three types of archaeobacteria and their classification system which you should know and remember whatsoever question will be asked in need will be only from this section if you remember this much if you see this video learn this from the video read the ncrt i guarantee you that all the questions will be easily solved right proceeding further organisms of monera organisms of monarch now we are going to talk about those bacteria which are true bacteria and there are different groups in true bacteria out of which two we are going to discuss as microplasma and cyanobacteria few information we are going to discuss about mycoplasma and few information we are going to discuss about cyanobacteria are you all ready guys absolutely yes ma&#39;am ma&#39;am is also ready so why to waste time start with mycoplasma mycoplasma is the smallest bacteria known with an average size of 0.3 microns it is also known as pplo plural pneumonia like organism correct now microplasma do not have cell wall it does not it lacks cell wall hence do not have a well-defined shape right charlo lichtenstein microplasma number one smallest bacteria smallest sized organism number two also known as pplo number three lags cell wall therefore no defined shape no defined shape means showing pleomorphy so they show pleomorphism right because they lack cell wall therefore they are also known as bacterias with their coats off coats means clothes they know what they do not have cell wall now so that is why microplasmas are also known as bacterias with their coats off so also known as bacterias with their coats off right so these are certain points which which you should know for microplasma coming to the next true bacteria and coming to the next organism of monora you bacteria cyanobacteria very very important this you need to do in little bit of detail cyanobacteria also first of all known as also known as blue green algae they are the only bacteria to show proper oxygenic photosynthesis photolithe autotrophs they prepare food they show photosynthesis but during photosynthesis they do not release oxygen as a by-product however cyanobacteria performs oxygenic photosynthesis performs oxygenic photosynthesis as they have pigments similar to higher plants they have chlorophyll a this is a unique feature in bacteria otherwise normally photolitho autotrophs they trap light with the help of other pigments like bacterial chlorophyll but they do not have chlorophyll a presence of chlorophyll a is only reported in one type of bacteria that is cyanobacteria so they possess chlorophyll a for trapping light apart from chlorophyll a cyanobacterias also have some additional pigments called phycobilins so they also have some additional pigments called phycobilin right now they have [Music] proper cell wall unlike that of microplasma cell wall cell wall is present in cyanobacteria and that cell wall is four layered so cyanobacteria possess multiple layered cell wall four layered cell wall cyanobacterias but so they are purely aquatic they are non-motile [Applause] they are free-floating right i hope all these features which i have written so far you are able to understand that cyanobacteria commonly known as blue green algae they perform oxygenic photosynthesis as they have chlorophyll a for trapping light along with chlorophyll a they have some additional pigments called phycobillions then they are they are having proper four layered cell wall followed by their aquatic in nature they lack flagella hence they are non-motile plus they simply float on the surface of water they cannot swim because they do not have flagella so cyanobacteria they simply float on the surface of water hence they are free floating all these points clear so we are going to now start the next kingdom after monarch is protista you know that the term protester this kingdom protester was discovered by ernst haekel this kingdom was coined by ernst heykill yes or no we did it this fellow ernst hakel coined the term protista and he separated all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms which were initially placed either in kingdom plantae or in kingdom animalia they separated from there and kept in this new kingdom protista so all the members of kingdom protester are unicellular eukaryotic in nature clear right now you are coming after studying kingdom protester bacho after kingdom monarch and in kingdom monarch you have seen that organisms are made up of prokaryotic cell which lacks well-defined nucleus which does not have membrane-bound organelles in its cytoplasm but now we are starting with those those kingdoms which are made up of eukaryotic cells thus in protista onwards or from protista onwards the cells will possess well-defined genetic material well-defined genetic material means the genetic material which is present in the nucleoplasm as the genetic material is separated from the nuclear membrane it is separated with the help of nuclear membrane plus the genetic material have histones for packaging yes or no so we can say that in pro carry in eukaryotes the genetic material is true nucleus type right the second point it was discovered by ernst hayekel right now they possess well-defined nucleus well-defined nucleus means when the genetic material is surrounded by nuclear membrane is surrounded by nuclear membrane and possesses stones for packaging now cytoplasm shows compartmentalization from protester from kingdom protester onwards due to the presence of membrane-bound cell organelles like er golgi body etc mitochondria etc they also have ribosomes for protein synthesis but now the cytoplasmic ribosomes found in protista are ats type so you can mention over here they possess 80s type of cytoplasmic ribosomes in monarch you see you you have seen that the ribosome nature was 70 s but now here the nature of ribosome changes from 70 to 80 s clear yes very good now majority of the members of kingdom protester bear bitter they are aquatic in nature they may be fresh water or they may be marine but majority of them are aquatic so you should know this question may come on this line that protestants the member of kingdom protista are majorly found aware so your answer should be they&#39;re majorly aquatic in nature in aquatic they may be marine or they may be fresh water right very good now since kingdom protista is made up of eukaryotic cells and there is one more peculiar feature of eukaryotic cell that is presence of protein called tubulin which is responsible for providing cytoskeleton structure of the cell as well as the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells also shows cytoplasmic streaming called cyclosis no more cytoplasm is constant rather it shows circular movement called cyclosis so you should know that members of kingdom protista their cytoplasm shows movement called cyclosis clear next point now coming to the very important aspect of any organism of anybody&#39;s life is reproduction so when i talk about reproduction and protester then protista can reproduce by both the methods sexually as well as asexually asexually they will reproduce maybe by fission method or fragmentation method but when it comes to sexual reproduction then protista shows proper sexual reproduction involving gamete formation fusion to form zygote there is a switch between haploid and deployed generations which is called as proper alternation of generation so you have to remember that members of kingdom protista they show both the type of reproduction that is asexual and sexual sexual reproduction means what involving both gamete formation and zygote formation when gametes and zygotes are formed this lead to alternation of generation between haploid and deployed stages from haploid to deployed after fusion and again from deployed to haploid after meiosis so this this is called as alternation of generation and it is a peculiar feature of sexual reproduction clear yes or no very good now moving to the next point next general feature of this kingdom protester bacho the members of kingdom protester the boundaries of kingdom protesters we say are not well defined the boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined why because the organisms which are captain kingdom protista they may be moved to other kingdoms as well if i talk about chlamydomonas if i talk about chlorella still their position is in doubtful that whether they should be kept in protester as they can also be kept in kingdom plenty no doubt we keep them in kingdom protest only but yes some may say that they can be also captain kingdom plantae right so some organisms of kingdom protista which are kept in kingdom protista can also be moved to other kingdoms hence we can say that the boundaries of this kingdom are not properly marketed right read it boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined as organisms which belong to protista are more relevant to other groups other than protista clear yes or no for example chlamydomonas and chlorella okay so these are certain general features related to kingdom protista now we are going to study the classification of protista like that of monera also shows diversity in terms of nutrition and on the basis of nutrition itself we can divide kingdom protista into three broad groups that is producer protestants consumer protestants and protozoans in producer protestants we have kept those protestants who can prepare their own food and they are diatoms dinoflagellates and euglenoids in consumer protestant we have kept those protestants who cannot prepare their own food and feed on dead and decaying organic waste and under this category we have kept slime molds clear last protozoans macho it is that category of protestants which are considered as primitive relative of animals because they do not prepare their own food either the members are parasitic or they are saprophytic or in short they are depending upon some other sources of food they cannot prepare their own food and under protozoan we have four sub categories as flagellated protozoans ciliated protozoans amoeboid protozoans and sporozones one by one all this classification we have to do in detail without wasting time my dear students let&#39;s start first with producer protestant and in producer protestants first we are going to talk about diatoms so are you all ready for diatoms yes very good ahead so they belong to group called chrysophytes diatoms and diatoms and desmits together they belong to group called chrysophyta so first we are going to study chrysophyta under kingdom protista which includes diatoms and desmits this group includes diatoms and desmits these are producer protestant that means these organism can prepare their own food they are autotrophic in nature now if they are autotrophic in nature that means they can trap light and prepare their food for trapping light but so they need photosynthetic pigments that means the members of chrysophyta have photosynthetic pigments because of which they can trap light and produce food now you should know what are those photosynthetic pigments so the photosynthetic pigments which are found in chrysophytes are i&#39;m writing it over here chlorophyll a chlorophyll c xanthophyll they have a special type of xanthophyll called fucoxanthin this fucosa anthem where my dear students is actually a brown colored a golden brown colored pigment right so this fucosanthen this presence of fucozanthin in the members of chrysophyta impart them slight golden brown color hence they are also known as golden brown algae clear so diatoms and decimates they are photosynthetic protestants they belong to chrysophyta they have photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a chlorophyll c xanthophylls one special type of xanthophyll found in them is fucozanthin which is brown in color hence these organisms may also appear brown in color clear very good now my dear students if they can prepare the food then someday will come when the food will become in excess yes or no so will they throw their excess food out of the body or will they store it yes they are going to store when papa brings in your papa brings excess amount of money and then you utilize the amount which you require remaining do you throw no you keep it in your bank for further use you reserve your extra money similarly these organisms can prepare their food but but when it becomes excess they store it in the form of leukocene oil also called as chrysol laminarin clear let&#39;s write this point the reserve food material in them is leucocene in bracket you can write chrysol laminarin right clear now question comes from where are they present so as i told you majority of the protestants they are aquatic so diatoms and decimates they are also aquatic and majorly they are free floating organisms found on the surface of water they are free floating that means they lack flagella they are non-motile organisms see so now they are microscopic because they are unicellular you know that float passively they are free floating why why do they float passively in water current because they lack flagella clear next point told you they are photosynthetic in nature they can prepare their own food now you know why can they prepare their own food there they have their own pigments excess food is also getting stored moving ahead towards their body structure now if i talk about the body organization of dye atoms then it has been observed that the body organization of diatoms is like biscuit box it is like a tin box you know biscuit box or tin box which is having two halves there&#39;s one upper half and there is one lower half and always remember if you want to close that box then the diameter of the lid should be more than the diameter of the dabba yes or no the box the lid diameter should be more than the diameter of your actual box that means the upper half diameter is always more than the lower half so that both fits properly into each other similarly in diatoms also body is in diatoms body organization body is similar to soap box like or tin box like or biscuit box like soap box like how as it is divided into two halves there is one upper half which is known as epitheca what do we call upper half as you call upper half as epitheca and then there is a lower half called hypotheca and remember the diameter of epitheca is going to be more than hypotheca so that the body fits into each other well i hope you have understood this now i am going to show you with the help of a simple diagram okay so let me remove some points from here or okay right now i&#39;ll just draw it over here yes see so this is how the body of diatom is can you see this it is like a box it&#39;s like a soapbox 10 box biscuit box having how many halves two half this is the upper half which is called as epitheca and this is the lower half which is called as hypotheca can you see the upper half epitheca is having more diameter as compared to lower half that is hypotheca correct now inside this it encloses the fluid which is cytoplasm it&#39;s all cytoplasm there&#39;s a large central vacuole inside which is present the nucleus right and all other cell organelles are also present in the cytoplasm along with ats ribosome because it is represented by eukaryotic cell yes or no i hope the structure of diatom is clear to each and every one of you now next and very important point from the point of view of need but so the cell wall is present in diatoms the cell wall of diatom is rich in silica silica is an indestructible chemical may die but their cell wall due to their indestructible cell wall they will not undergo decomposition now for example this is my ocean they&#39;re chiefly found in ocean water they are also called as chief producers in ocean now they are free floating diatoms so diatoms are floating over here they will die once they will die their body will stop floating and will get deposit at the seabed they are going to form heaps of diatoms on the seabed now they cannot be decomposed because of because of the presence of indestructible chemical called silica in their cell wall as a result diatoms gets keep on depositing on the sea bed forming heaps of diatoms and these heaps of diatoms is known as diatomaceous earth or kissinger right so these are diatomaceous earth this diatomaceous earth is of great economic importance why it is slightly gritty in appearance and it can be used in making syrups toothpaste nail paints in fact varnishes the paints which you use in your home so all these uses diatomaceous earth yes or no let me repeat once again due to the presence of their walls are embedded with silica silica is an indestructible chemical as a result the wall of diatoms also become indestructible once they die they settle down at the seabed forms their heaps they pile up they are called as does diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat accumulation over billions of years referred to as diatomaceous earth yes or no very good now moving ahead now these diatomaceous earth they are gritty in appearance and they are having so many economical benefits like for example they can be used as i told you in nail paints it can be used in varnishes it can be used it can be used in making toothpaste your syrups and etc clear now one more important point diatoms are also called as chief producers in the ocean diatoms are simply free floating organisms on the surface of water so they are maximally exposed to light they&#39;re on the surface now they&#39;re maximally exposed to light hence they trap as much as amount of light possible and perform maximum photosynthesis therefore known as chief producers in the ocean clear yes or no so these are the points which you have to remember for dye atoms under the heading chrysophyta i hope this thing is clear to all my dear students one more time i am going to show you the body organization the structure of diatoms and then we will move to dinoflagellates that is the second producer protestants so how is the body let&#39;s revise and then let&#39;s proceed further how is the body the body is soap box like represented by two halves the upper half which is known as epitheca and the lower half which is known as hypo thicker the diameter of epithequer is more than the diameter of hypotheca so that they both fit into each other well clear inside is the cytoplasm large central vacuole in which there&#39;s a nucleus present apart from this they have all the membrane-bound organelles here and there all ribosomes and etc clear they are non-motile they do not have flagella that is why they are free floating right now let&#39;s talk about their reproduction also little bit i&#39;m going to tell you about their reproduction normally protista can reproduce by both sexual as well as asexual method however when the conditions are favorable these protestants prefer what asexual method of reproduction so diatoms under favorable conditions undergo fission remember this point write it diatoms reproduces asexually by fission method reproduces asexually by fission method under favorable conditions however when the condition becomes unfavorable then diatoms switches their mood from asexual to sexual clear right however when the condition becomes unfavorable the mode of reproduction changes from asexual to sexual so just remember this thing the diatoms prefer asexual mode of reproduction over sexual clear now moving ahead towards the next group of protista producer protester dinoflagellates dinoflagellates are included under the group pyrophyta clear so they are included under the group pyro fighter like diet diet like diatoms and decimates are included in the chrysler fighter so dinoflagellates are included under pyro fighter please remember not given in ncrt but important for you cello so now let&#39;s start discussing about the dinoflagellates dinoflagellates beta they are also unicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic protestants dinoflagellates similar to that of diatoms they can also photosynthesize and they can also prepare their own food so they are photosynthetic protestants again why what is the reason that they can also prepare their own food same reason presence of photosynthetic pigments so my dear lovely students dinoflagellate first of all they&#39;re aquatic they prefer to live in marine water so they are mostly marine and they are photosynthetic in nature why photosynthetic due to the presence of photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a chlorophyll c xanthophylls they may also have beta different type of xanthophyll some may have fucosanthin some may have another type of xanthophylls like peridone so they may have xanthophyll-like fucosanthin or peridyne my dear students fucozan thin is a brown colored pigment so dinoflagellates having fucozane thin in high amount will also appear to be golden brown in color and peridine is the photosynthetic it is a pigment it&#39;s a photosynthetic pigment which is red in color so a dinoflagellate having peridone will appear in which color red in color remember this thing very good now you know they have photosynthetic pigment they can prepare their own food so if they can prepare their own food a day will come excess food is happening will they throw out no they are also going to store and dinoflagellates my dear students store food in the form of carbohydrates or oils carbohydrate or oils clear very good now unlike that of diatoms dinoflagellates are motile organisms they do not float rather they swim on the water surface why do they swim because they have flagella with them they are flagellated and how many flagellars do they have they have two flagella placed perpendicular to each other i&#39;ll show you with the help of a diagram clear so now i&#39;m going to show you a a dinoflagellate a simple representation of a unicellular photosynthetic protestant over here try to understand try to see so yes this i&#39;m just drawing trying to draw a simple dinoflagellate over here some diagrams are given in your ncrt as well now you can see i&#39;m i&#39;m drawing two openings yes or no yes very good right so this is how dinoflagellate outer appearance will be now the cell plate is represented with is actually stiff cellulosic cell plate is present in them which is called as thicker or liquor so the cell wall which is in dinoflagellates is stiff in nature due to the presence of cellulosic plates and such stiff cellulosic plates are known as thicker or laurica so let me write the name so this is how these are the suppose these are the stiff cellulosic plates right and due to the presence of my dear students these stiff cellulosic plates it seems to be like as if dinoflagellate is wearing an armor it has protected its body from the outside conditions the stiff cellulosic plates gives an appearance of what armor around dinoflagellates therefore dinoflagellates are also known as armored organism you know what is armor armor is the one which old time knights the soldiers used to wear all those made up of metals and ulna so that they can be protected from the swords and other weapons of the enemy so similarly dinoflagellates it seems they&#39;re wearing an armor of stiff cellulosic plates to protect them from the outside environmental conditions right so this is how the dinoflagellate will appear now you can say two grooves can you see two groups one is transverse and another is longitudinal so this is one groove and this is another groove and in each groove are placed one flagella i told you these are flagellated organisms how many flagella two both the flagellas are placed perpendicular to each other each in one groove one in longitudinal groove another in transverse groove so what are these these are the flagella the locomotory organ beta they undergo whirling movement flagella and its position is going to swirl right and it is going to help in the movement of dinoflagellate such movement is called as whirling movement because the flagellas are swirling in their position and this is helping in the movement of dinoa flagellate clear very good moving ahead so most of them have two flagellas one is in the longitudinal groove and second is in the transverse groove or furrow clear between the wall plates you can see it very clearly in the diagram now moving ahead so i hope all these points are clear the structure of dinoflagellate flagella whirling movement let me write it over here dinoflagellates shows which type of movement they show whirling movement clear now moving ahead coming to the point peridone remember i told you the dinoflagellates may also have a red colored pigment called peridine so the dinoflagellates which are having peridone they will appear to be of which color they will appear to be red in color so next point is related to that there are some dinoflagellates some red colored dinoflagellates like goniolex and gymnodinium which are responsible for causing red tides how they rapidly reproduce by asexual method they undergo fission they increase their number on the surface of water and when tides come then those tides appear red in color due to large number of these red colored dinoflagellate i am repeating it once again pay attention that red dinoflagellates like goniolux and gymnodinium due to their rapid multiplication by fission method they rapidly increase their number on the ocean water up ocean water surface is having large number of red colored dinoflagellates so when tides are going to come those tights will also appear red in color and such tides are known as red tides right very good so very often right red dinoflagellates like example goniolux and gymnodinum is also one of the example undergo rapid multiplication and that makes the c appear red not c appear red basically red c is caused by cyanobacteria trichodesmium eritrium here you just remember c will appear red but specifically the denotion is with respect to the tides it is going to cause the red tide clear if the question comes that which organism causes red c then your answer should be cyanobacteria trichodesmium erythrium if question comes which organism causes red tide then your answer should be goniolux and gymnodinium please highlight whatever i have said right now pin this video for this line very important neet is going to ask this question clear moving ahead now the one example which i have mentioned goniolux apart from causing red tide it also produces a toxin called saxy toxin but so it is a neurotoxin right if it is in taken by the fishes then it causes paralytic shellfish poisoning it affects the vertebrate organisms the stocks in this neurotoxin affects the vertebrate organism and causes psp in fishes let&#39;s see toxins released by such large numbers which large numbers goniolex goniolex is a red colored dinoflagellate which also produces a toxin called which toxin sexy toxin will you remember the name yes it is which kind of toxins are neurotoxin and it affects the functioning of vertebrate organism and it causes paralytic shellfish poisoning clear very good in fishes so it causes death of animals such as fishes and which is that disease which is caused in those fishes it is psp paralytic shell selfish poisoning so which is the toxin released by goniolux quickly saxxytoxin which kind of toxin is this neurotoxin it affects vertebrate organism and it may kill some marine organisms like large fishes and those fishes may die due to psp clear okay so very good this is all about dinoflagellates i hope diatoms and dinoflagellates both are clear to all my lovely students moving ahead towards the next photosynthetic protestant that is euglena euglenoids euglenoids the most common example in euglenoid is euglena viridis right now let&#39;s try to understand about euglenas euglenas they are richly found in fresh water and that fresh water should be stagnant so first and foremost line is that these are the organisms which are found in fresh water stagnant fresh water clear number one point second if i talk about their body organization then their body is somewhat like conical in shape how conical the upper part is broad and you as you go down the body starts tapering so it&#39;s like an inverted triangle upper part is broad as you go down the lower part becomes narrow euglena&#39;s better they lack cell wall and their outermost boundary is represented by proteinaceous covering called pellicle so instead of cell wall they have a protein-rich layer called flex pellicle now due to cell wall is not there so constant shape is not maintained hence their body organization is flexible clear now shall i draw the diagram of euglena how the body is it&#39;s like inverted triangle see so this is how euglena is you can see the upper part is broad and as we go down it becomes tapering this outermost boundary is pelican it&#39;s a eukaryotic single cell eukaryotic organism so inside it it will have all well membrane bound cell organelles and nucleus everything so it is going to have a big nucleus in nucleus means genetic material along with the nuclear membrane then they have all the cell organelles here i&#39;m going to show you some chloroplast why because these are photosynthetic protestants and being photosynthetic protestant they should have chloroplast in them so this is chloroplast now my dear lovely students the photosynthetic pigments found in euglena are similar to that of higher plants their chloroplasts have pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b along with xanthophylls so whatever the pigments are found in euglena is similar to is similar to what is similar to higher plants as they have chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b along with xenthophylls and carotenoids right so next point is okay have i written yes the pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in higher plants hence whatever photosynthesis takes place it takes place with the help of these pigments similarly beta they are also photosynthetic they will also prepare their own food and a time will come they will try to store it so if they store it they store it in the form of paramylon bodies clear now they&#39;re found in water so they also need some contractile vacuoles for maintaining the osmo regulation so they also have contractile vacuole for maintaining osmoregulation apart from this my dear students euglena are also motile organisms they are motile due to the presence of flagella how many flagella two flagella they&#39;re eukaryotic organisms so their flagella arise from basal bodies so there are basal bodies right first basal bodies are produced and from those basal body arises flagella how many flagella two one shot and another long so there are two unequal size hetero conti flagella one is long flagella that you see outside and second is short flagella rising from the basal body that soon merges with the longer flagella chotavala is going to soon merge with the longer flagella so there how many flatulas two a short one and a long one soon the shorter one merges with the longer one and what you see outside is only one flatula clear yes or no does euglena also shows flagellar movement this flagella is going to swirl in order to allow the movement of euglena right yes or no the point of meeting where the two flagellas meet this point of meeting is known as para flagellar region now my dear students flagella has one sorry this euglena has one special property that is it shows mixotropic mode of nutrition it shows what it shows mixo trophic mode of nutrition what is mixotropic mode of nutrition that means euglena can act as both autotrophic and heterotrophic depending upon the conditions provided for example if light is present then these euglenas are going to trap light and prepare their own food but when they are deprived of light then they change their mode of nutrition from autotrophic to heterotrophic and they start predating they become predators they start prepared predating on other small organisms that means their mode of nutrition is mixo-trophic why because in the presence of light they trap light prepare their own food however if light is not there in that case they change their mode of nutrition from auto to hetero they become predator they start feeding on other small organisms near to them i hope euglena is also clear so these are the points which you have to remember for your neat examination with respect to all the three photosynthetic protestants we are completed with diatoms dinoflagellates as well as euglena so photosynthetic protestants are done moving ahead to next group and that next group is consumer protestants that includes slime molds so far we have completed with the photosynthetic protestants which includes diatoms dinoflagellates and euglenoids now we are heading towards the next group of pro next group of protesters on the basis of mode of nutrition that is slime molds slime balls my dear students are consumer protest who are not able to prepare their own food rather they depend upon some other organisms they feed on dead and decaying organic matter they are saprophytic protestants as they feed on dead and decaying organic matter they feed on the body moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing the organic material clear if i talk about the body organization of slime molds then slime moles the vegetative body of slime mold is represented by a mass of multi-nucleate cell wall less structure called plasmodium so this is the plasmodium which is the body of slime molds it is the vegetative body cell wall-less body of slime mold which is multi-nucleate and it is produced when the conditions are favorable so during favorable conditions under suitable conditions slime moles they form an aggregation called plasmodium and this plasmodium size may grow up two feets long so the main body of slime mold is what plasmodium now when conditions become unfavorable like maybe water availability light availability nutrient availability something is not perfect in that case condition will switch from favorable to unfavorable in that scenario this plasmodium will produce a fruiting body this plasmodium will produce a fruiting body bearing a swollen structure on the tip so this is the fruiting body bearing a swollen structure on the tip so read it during unfavorable conditions plasmodium produces a fruiting body bearing a swollen structure on the tip now here division takes place inside the swollen tip to produce large number of spores so after division number of spores are produced a time cup a time comes when this structure when this swollen structure it ruptures the swollen structure is going to rupture to release the spores outside remember betta the vegetative body is wall less it is not having cell wall but the spores which are produced after the rupture of the structure on the fruiting body these spores are resistant highly resistant because of the presence of cell wall around them and now whenever the favorable conditions comes first of all these spores which are released they are dispersed through air current and whenever they get a favorable condition they germinate and they grow into a new slime mold clear so next statement says the spores they possess true walls next which are extremely resistant and can survive for many years they&#39;re dispersed through air current now you can see in slime mold one very common thing this plasmodium is wall less without cell wall right so this cell wall-less feature of plasmodium is similar to animal-like organisms fruiting body fruiting body is a fungi like feature and presence of cell wall around the spore is a plant-like feature so can we say that slime molds are the connecting link they are showing some features related to animal related to fungi and related to plant so slime molds are connecting link in protista which shows some features similar to animals similar to plant and similar to fungi hope this small concept of slime old is clear to everybody and questions will surely come come only from the section which i have told so focus on them revise them learn them moving ahead with the last group of protesters which is protozoans protozoans are bacho considered as primitive relatives of animals why why are they considered as primitive relative animals because their mode of nutrition is heterotrophic their mode of nutrition is heterotrophic they may either be predator or parasitic or saprophytic but they cannot prepare their own food hence they are considered as the primitive relatives of animals protozoans can further be divided into four as amiboi protozoans ciliated protozoans flagellated protozoans and sporozoans clear so there are how many types of protozoans four amiboid flagellated ciliated and sporozones correct now let&#39;s talk about these different types of protozoans first feature on the basis of which we are going to study them is their habit and habitat army boy protozoans better they may be aquatic maybe terrestrial they may be found on moist soil they may be parasitic as well so if i talk about the habit and habitat of amiboy protozoans so they may be found growing on land on moist soil on wood as parasites etc so amiboid protozoans you can write that they grow either on land or water may be found on moist soil etc if i talk about ciliated protozoans then they are usually equated some forms may also be terrestrial but usually they are equated then mode of nutrition may be predation maybe parasitism if i talk about flagellated flagellated also may be aquatic or some forms may be terrestrial they may be parasitic terrestrial if i talk about sporo zones then my dear students sporozones are exclusively all endoparasites they all are endoparasites that means they grow inside the host body clear because of which they lack locomotory organ they don&#39;t have any locomotory organ thus the second feature on the basis of which we are going to study protozoan is locomotory organ amiboid protozoans as the name suggests they have pseudopodia for locomotion if i talk about ciliated then they have celery locomotion flagellated flagella for locomotion sporozones being endoparasites they do not have any locomotory organ clear next some special and exclusive feature which is found in respective groups only in case of amiiboy protozoan students some marine forms have been reported which have silica surfaces silica shells so this become a feature special feature of amoeboid protozoans marine forms may possess silica shells coming to ciliated celiated may one very good example is paramecium it is a ciliated protozoan which is also called a slipper like animal now in paramecium you must have observed they have a specific opening for the ingestion of food called gullit so ciliated protozoans are those group of protozoans which have a specific opening for ingestion as well as ejection so they have distinct openings for ejection and ingestion they have a special opening called gullet for ingestion of food for ingestion of food talking about flagellated protozoans beta they show rare sexual reproduction and they prefer to live either as commensals symbionts or parasites so their rare sexual reproduction and prefers to live as commensals or parasites or symbionts etc special feature in case of sporozoans is that if you talk about sporozoins one very good example of sporozoin which i can recall is plasmodium it causes a very dangerous disease called malaria in all sporozones it has been observed my dear student that infectious if i talk about the life cycle of different sporozones then it is observed that in the throughout their life cycle some of the other stages do come which are infectious and infectious stage of the life cycle is actually responsible for causing the disease so we can write that infectious pore like stage infectious pore like stage appears in their life cycle right example for amivoid you can remember the example of entamoeba for ciliated you can remember paramecium for flagellated but you can remember trypanosoma which causes african sleeping sickness and for sporozones i have already told you plasmodium so with this your entire protista kingdom is over hope you have understood this well so far we have completed monarch kingdom including rk bacteria and protista so we have completed with kingdom mourner as well as kingdom protester now students we are jumping into the third kingdom which is kingdom fungi are you all excited not drained out now very good no should be no one should be drained out it&#39;s very very interesting very very important keep up your spirits high keep yourself motivated throughout the lecture so now we are starting with the third kingdom which is kingdom fungi but so you know kingdom fungi was studied was coined by rh whitaker on the basis of the mode of nutrition rich whitaker observed that members of fungi are kept in kingdom planting fungi are heterotrophic they cannot prepare their own food then why are they kept in the kingdom planty where all other organisms are photosynthetic so he rh removed all the members of fungi and established themselves as an independent kingdom so first you should know this write this learn this that kingdom fungi was established by orange whiteticker or whittaker however you pronounce on the basis of mode of nutrition yes or no guys yes very good now this is the first and foremost thing we should which you should know regarding kingdom fungi now proceeding further now you have to see see other general features of this kingdom first of all you you know that this is a group of eukaryotic mainly multicellular heterotrophic organisms so first point itself says it&#39;s a group of multicellular exception may prevail one or two but majority of them are multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms that means these are those organisms who cannot prepare their own food they depend upon dead and decaying organic matter they may be saprophytic in terms of nutrition clear moving ahead second point cell wall fungi they have cell wall but the cell wall is not made up of cellulose rather it is made up of another polysaccharide called chitin and chitin is chemically it is a polymer of sugar nag nag stands for n-acetyl glucosamine very important point so usually fungal cell wall is kittenous exception is there but when i will teach you the classification of fungi there i will tell you that which fungi specifically the lower most fungi oh my cities their cell wall is cellulosic however if the question comes in general that the cell wall of fungi is then your answer should be kitiness what is chitin chitin is chemically it&#39;s a polymer of nag nag is n acetyl glucosa [Music] clear to everybody very good moving ahead third point majority of them are terrestrial uh yes majority of the fungi they are terrestrial few of them primitive fungi may be aquatic otherwise these fungi are either they are growing on dung or they are growing on skin or they are growing on tree bark etc so majority of the fungi my dear students they are terrestrial some primitive fungi may be aquatic clear fungi my dear students prefer to grow in warm and humid climate they grow well in warm and humid climate that is why mummy used to keep food in refrigerator mommy keeps food in refrigerator why does not she keep the food open for throughout the night why she keep it in the refrigerator the only reason is outside the refrigerator the condition may become warm and humid and it will lead to the contamination of your food fungus may start growing that just to avoid that thing mummy keeps the entire leftover food in the refrigerator where temperature is cool and not humid rather it is dry thus such conditions will not allow the growth of fungus so where fungus grows fungus grows well in warm and humid conditions clear okay now coming back to the first point itself i have written that they are multicellular do you know any example do you know any exception example of multicellular fungi is everything albugo uh penicillium etc whatever you can think of they all are multicellular but can you give me any one example of exception in multicellular fungi yes very good absolutely correct exception is east yeast is a unicellular fungus and it is commonly used in making bread and beer you know that this yeast can be used in making bread dough that is why it is known as baker&#39;s east and it is it is also used in making beer it is also used in brewing industries as ferment for because it helps in fermentation hence east is also known as brewers east here somewhere i have written yes east is a unicellular fungi which is used in making bread and beer because it is used in making bread hence east is also known as baker&#39;s east and because it is used in brewing industries for making beer hence it is also known as brewers east will you remember very very important this line is also going to come in class 12th so please remember over here and then revise in class 12. going back to the original page i hope all the first three general features is clear related to fungi moving ahead as i told you fungi comprises of eukaryotic organisms so eukaryotic means those organisms who have a well defined genetic material they have true nucleus in their cytoplasm do you all agree raise your hand yes correct and apart from true nucleus fungi also contains their cytoplasm is compartmentalized due to the presence of membrane-bound organelles like golgi bodies like endoplasmic reticulum like mitochondria but plastids are not found why plastids are absent because fungi are heterotrophic they do not need plastids they cannot perform photosynthesis so question will come which cell organelle is absent in fungi your answer should be plastids now there is one cell organelle called golgi bodies you all know structurally golgi body is represented by number of flat and sac like interconnected structures called cisterna there are multiple cisternas yes or no in one golgi body however in fungi golgi body are unisysternal that means in fungi golgi bodies are only represented by one sister they are not packets of cisterna in fungi golgi bodies are unicisternal will you remember this yes or no yes give me a thumbs up very good so they are unisa sternal clear fourth point go through it once again read it by your own yes moving ahead now coming to the body structure if i talk about the body then the body of fungi is phallus like talus means undifferentiated body not having true root stems or leaves rather their body is made up of group of haploid cells so if suppose if suppose this is a body of fungus for example this is a body of fungus so this body is made up of number of cells now it&#39;s a multicellular body so these multi-cell bodies each cell the ploidy of each cell is in made up of number of cells employee of each cell is n and when the body is represented by group of haploid cells then that body is called phthalus like undifferentiated no true root stems and leaves clear so what is palace like body which is made up of haploid cells right and their body is represented it&#39;s tallest like clear now when the body is tallest-like so the life cycle pattern will be haplontic that means the zygote whenever they will show sexual reproduction when the zygote will be produced that zygote will undergo immediate reduction division so heplantic life cycle is exhibited by fungi which is also known as zygotic meiosis because as soon as zygote will be produced it will undergo reduction division to again produce haploid group of cells clear so body is talus like life cycle is hepalontic hepalontic also known as zygotic meiosis why because the zygote as soon as it is produced it undergoes reduction division proceeding further now we are talking about the body of fungi so let&#39;s continue so the body of fungi is talus like and it is represented by thin thread like structures called hypha it is represented by thin thread like structures called hypha so single unit the basic unit in the body of fungi is high fee which is a thin thread like filamentous structure number of hyphae they intermingle number of high hyphae they intermingle to form a loose tissue kind of body organization called mycelium so the body of fungi is represented by network of hyphae mesh of hyphae called mycelium clear or not very good there is one exception there is one fungi which do not form mycelium can you guess giving you five seconds ten seconds can you guess a can you guess a fungi whose body will not be represented by mycelium and along with the reason not only the answer i want the reason as well yes very good the answer is on the board itself east east my dear student it is a unicellular organism being a unicellular organism how will it produce high fee hyphae itself is a multi-cell structure so east is the only one it&#39;s a unicellular fungi whose body is not made up of hyphae or mycelium then what body organization will be called for higher for east it will be called a pseudo hyphy tk hyphae term we can use because it is a member of fungi but not true hyphy so pseudo hyphy or you can simply say it is a unicellular fungi if you want to call it in terms of hyphae then pseudo hyphae am i clear or not let&#39;s write it so body is represented by thin thread like hyphy and number of hyphae intermingles to form mycelium exception east why because it is unicellular am i clear very good now talking about the body of fungi itself let&#39;s talk about high fees now these high fees in detail hyphae my dear students may be septate or aseptaid clear now what is septate what is aseptaid ma&#39;am what all of this let&#39;s see so i&#39;m drawing two high fees in some of the fungi rather if i say in higher fungi in advanced fungi the hyphae the mycelium is made up of septate septates means septa means cross walls divisions partitions so such high fee which are partitioned with the help of walls then such high fee are known as septate high fee however in case of lower or primitive fungi the high fees in their body they are not separate it is continuous like a hollow tube so such high fee where no partitions no cross walls are present they are known as aceptate hyphae presence of aseptic hyphae is a feature of lower or primitive fungi correct whereas presence of septate hyphae is a feature of higher or advanced fungi now these septate hyphae may be either uninucleate like this that means in each segment there is one nucleus or they may be bi nucleate clear they were uni or bind nuclear depending upon the condition i will tell you that condition but aceptate hyphae they are senocitic they are multinucleate because all the nucleus will appear together they are not separated by walls now so this separate hyphae seems to be xenocitic multinucleate clear and this septic hyphae can be either uni or by nucleate yes or no so we can say that high fees can be either aceptate that means no partitions as a result condition becomes multinucleate observed in lower fungi that means partitions are found one more thing my dear students but you can see i have made the partitions but i have made discontinuous partitions can you see see some openings are there see openings are there in the in middle remember partitions are never continuous they are discontinuous some openings are there why just to maintain the continuity of cytoplasmic flow within the hyphae correct so just to make the continuity of the flow of cytoplasm so partitions are there but they are discontinuous to allow the flow of cytoplasmic material remember this thing now the septic hyphae may be either monokaryotic means uninucleate or can be dikaryotic that means binucleate so yes they can be either monokaryotic or dicariotic dikaryotic means binucleate di means two karyo means nucleus monocarrion mono means one karyo means nucleus monokaryotic septate hyphae means vegetative hyphae the fifi which has still not undergone reproduction whereas binucleate or dicariotic hyphae represents reproductive hyphae why because the exchange of genetic material has took place the nucleus can you see exchange of genetic material has took place in between each segment of the high fee this marks reproduction so hyphy having dikariotic condition is reproductive hyphae hyphae having uni nucleate condition represents vegetative hyphae so monokaryotic means you can also call it as vegetative hyphae and dicariotic you can also called it as yes or no clear so what i have told you let me sum up for you very quickly so the body of fungi is talus like undifferentiated it is represented by thin thread like pipe-like structures called hyphae hyphae they mesh they form network-like structure called mycelium in case of lower fungi the high fees are continuous then there are no partitions hence the condition becomes multinucleate but in advance fungi in higher fungi these high fees they are having partitions septas however those septas are discontinuous for maintaining the flow of cytoplasm now since their septate condition may be monokaryotic or dikariotic monokaryotic represents vegetative hyphae and dicariotic represents reproductive hyphae as it has undergone reproduction exchange of genetic material has taken place clear very good now moving ahead so this is how the body of fungi appears to be hyphy and all i hope all the features which i have written so far is clear to each and every student moving ahead towards the next property of fungi very very important that is reproduction so fungi being a lower so not well developed kind of organism can reproduce by all the three methods that is vegetative sexual and asexual vegetatively it reproduces by fragmentation method asexually also fungi can reproduce by producing different types of spores and sexually it also reproduces by forming gametes and zygote here we are more concerned fragmentation is very simple when a part of a fungi detaches from the body gets the favorable condition can develop into a new organism so this type of reproduction is vegetative is fragmentation let&#39;s talk about asexual and sexual reproduction first i&#39;m going to tell you about asexual reproduction that how fungi reproduces asexually by sporulation method and then we will discuss sexual reproduction as well clear shall we move ahead yes very good so first of all we are going to talk about asexual reproduction in fungi which is done with the help of sporulation method fungi produces different types of spores asexually such spores are called as mitospores why because these birds are produced after mitosis clear that is why these spores are known as mito sports remember this point asexual spores can also be known as mitospores why because these spores are produced after mitosis now there are different groups of fungi each group produces its own kind of asexual spore one by one i am going to tell you about all those types of spores first is zeus four my dear students zoo spores zoo itself means something related to motility so zoo spores are the thin walled motile spores produced in lower fungi like umai cities during favorable conditions so zoo spores are thin walled spores motile means plano spore motility is plano non-motility is a plano so their motile spores means plano spores produced during favorable condition observed in case of lower fungi like um icts right now these motility is due to the presence of flagella now zeus poor may have either one flagella right or they may be motile due to the presence of two flagella so multi or zoo spores they may be due to one flagella or maybe two flagellars may be present if there are two flagellas then they both the flagellas may be present at the head of the zoo&#39;s pore and if two flagellas not present on the head then they may present literally as well once again i am repeating the first asexual spore which now i am telling you which is observed in lower most group of fungi oh my cities is zeus force boats are thin walled mitospores plano spores produced during favorable conditions they are plano due to the presence of flagella number of flagella may be one or two if there are two flagella then both the flagellas may be present at the head of the zeus pore or they may be present laterally clear these spores beta they are produced within a covering first of all suppose this is a fungi right this fungi is going to produce a stock like structure on that stock like structure a swollen tip is going to appear inside which these zoo spores will be produced the tip is going to burst releasing the motile zoo spores and whenever they will get the favorable condition they will start germinating into a new fungi because these spores are produced within a covering that is why they are known as endogenous spores [Music] so these are endogenous spores why because they are produced within a covering clear moving ahead towards the next asexual or mitospor which is this sees my god it&#39;s killing me the temperature is too low okay so moving ahead sporangiospores sporangiospores are basically they are also asexual or mitospores which are observed in case of another group of lower fungi zygomycitis so first of all they are also thin walled produced during favorable conditions third there but they are non-motile they are a plan of sports they are also endogenous supports my dear students they are also produced within a covering and next they are observed in case of zygomycitis clear moving ahead third type of asexual spore is gunidia kunidi are also asexual spores which are observed in case of higher fungi like ascomycitis and deuteromycitis so first of all comedia let me draw conidia over here yes these are also asexual mitospores they are also non-motile a spores sports they are also thin walled why because they are produced during favorable conditions observed in case of higher groups of fungi like ascomycitis and deuteromycitis but they are exogenously produced unlike that of zeus pores and sporangio spores conedia are exogenously produced on the stock called kunidio 4. i&#39;ll show you how so there are stock which is produced in case of ascomycitis and deuteromycitis called kunidio4 right on these stocks are present some bottle shaped structures and on these bottle ship structures comes in chains spores called kunidia so can you see these are the chains of spores called conidia which are born on the stock called that means they are produced exposed they are not produced within our covering such spores are exogenously produced so remember this thing canadia are the asexual spores produced in case of asco and deuteromycetes during favorable conditions exogenously they are also non-motile born on a stock called kunidio iv clear so these are the list of asexual sports there is one more asexual sport called clemido spores clamadospose are the only thick walled spores non-motile spores which are produced during unfavorable conditions the three which i told you so far zeus poor sporangio sports and comedia all three are produced during favorable condition hence they are thin walled but if i talk about chlamydospores then clamato spores my dear students they are thick walled spores produced during unfavorable condition in case of fungi right so this much you have to do for asexual reproduction in fungi what you have to remember fungi can reproduce asexually by sporulation method it produces different types of spores depending upon the group of fungi can be zeus poor can be canadian can be sporangio sports or clemidospores one note point basidiomycitis is the only group of fungi that do not reproduce asexually it only reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation method what have i said have you heard it properly shall i repeat listen to me besito my cities is the only group of fungi which does not produces which does not produces asexually it only shows either sexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction through fragmentation correct okay very nice proceeding further now let&#39;s discuss about the sexual reproduction in fungi so fungi can also reproduce sexually by the method of formation of gamete and their fusion to form zygote so if i talk about sexual reproduction so first i will divide this into two because in lower fungi like oh my cities and zygomay cities there is one specific method of sexual reproduction going on and in higher fungi like asco and basidio remember deuteromycetes do not exhibit sexual reproduction tick so in case of lower fungi lower punjab includes oh my cities and zygomay cities whereas hire fungi to show sexual reproduction includes ascomycitis and deuteromycitis sorry basidiomycitis not deuteron because deuteromycetis the members of deuteromycetes their sexual reproduction is yet not reported now in case of lower fungi that is oh my cities and zygomay sexual reproduction is very easy it is done in three steps first is plasmogamy second is karyogamy and third is meiosis what is this plasmogamy means fusion of the protoplasm so suppose if i talk about um icts who my cities they have produced their spores now spores first of all they will come in contact suppose these are the two sexual spores of umai cities or zygomay cities there are two gametes spores means gametes over here miospores or you can say gametes so two gametes of uberzygomycitis have come in contact so what will happen initially their protoplasm is going to fuse that fusion of the protoplasm is known as plasmogamy as soon as fusion of the protoplasm takes place instantly that two nuclei their two independent nuclei will also fuse fusion of nuclei is known as karyogamy correct now as soon as this fusion of the two nuclei takes place soon after plasmogamy and karyogamy simultaneously a deployed zygote will be produced and this deployed zygote i told you life cycle of fungi is heplantic zygotic meiosis so this zygote will instantly undergo meiosis to release some haploid spores so these are the gametes gamete one gamete two these are the miospores right so this three stage simple sexual reproduction is observed in case of lower fungi plasmogamy directly karyogamy and then meiosis to produce haploid spores but what happens in case of higher fungi that is asco and basidio there is one intermediate stage between plasmogamy and karyogamine what happens their gametes their gametangia when they come in contact plasmogamy takes place but sometimes initially instantly karyogamy does not take place the two gametes they will fuse what happens plasmogamy takes place fusion of protoplasm takes place but as seen in case of lower fungi the lower fungi both plasmogamy and karyogamy is taking place simultaneously however in higher fungi it is not taking place simultaneously there is a dikariotic stage there is a n plus n condition appears called dicariotic stage di means two nuclei so instant after plasmogamy due to no nuclear fusion a partial stage comes called dikariotic stage this dikariotic stage is short-lived in case of ascomycitis whereas it is long-lived in case of basidiomycitis now after dikaryotic stage then comes your karyogamy where the fusion of the nucleus takes place to produce a deployed zygote and now this zygote will undergo meiosis to produce haploid miospores correct so what is the difference between sexual reproduction of lower fungi and higher fungi lower fungi reproduction is done in three steps plasmo cario meiosis but in case of higher fungi there is one more additional step in between plasmogamy and by the name dikariotic stage it is actually a partial n plus n it&#39;s a partial n plus n condition that arises temporarily it is short-lived in case of asco and long-lived in case of basidio then comes karyogamy zygote is produced and then that zygote undergoes meiosis to yield haploid spores clear so this is how sexual reproduction takes place in case of fungi now after meiosis meosports are released you have to remember some names of the meospores produced in different groups of fungi let&#39;s discuss them so sexual spores or miospores use for ascospor basidio spore and zygospores whose sports beta as the name suggests these are the miospores which are produced in group of fungi umai cities umai cities lower fungi gametes formed plasmogamy karyogamy zygote meiosis spores spores will be called as ooh spores so whose spores are the sports produced there&#39;s a meosports in oh my cities correct next asco sports asco&#39;s sports name suggests these are the mio sports produced in asco my cities you have to remember some more things in case of asco and basidio sports but the ascospores are endogenously produced spores suppose this is a fungi fungi forms a fruiting body ascomycitis forms a fruiting body called asco carp with a swollen tip called ascus inside the ascos gametes used to form zygote and now the zygote will undergo reduction division inside this ascus reduction division takes place to produce haploid myospores which are called as asco spores so since asco are produced within a covering these are endogenous pores clear observed in ascom icts coming to third type of sexual spore which is observed in case of basidiomycitis remember basidiomycitis reproduces sexually by forming basidio spores my dear students basidio spores are [Music] exogenously produced how suppose this is a basidiomycitis it also produces a fruiting body thick this fruiting body is called as basidio carp now this basidio car on the tip will have a club shaped structure like this not a spherical not like this not like a sack like structure knot rather it will have a club-shaped structure called basidium on these basidium will be some steric matas some bottle shape structures called steric matter where these sexual spores will be produced in chains so these are basidio spores correct so what are the serious spores basidio spores are exogenously produced spores on the basidium on the fruiting body basidio carb in basidio my cities these are miosports because they are produced after meiosis they are produced after reduction division clear so will you remember these points yes thumbs up very good last is zygosports as the name suggests these are produced in group of zygomycitis so remember this thing these are produced in zygomay cities clear so these are the names these are the list of neosports produced in different groups of fungi lower fungi sexual reproduction three stages higher fungi sexual reproduction in four stages i hope the sexual reproduction asexual everything all the general features related to fungi is clear in each and every student now moving ahead to the next topic and very important topic of fungi that is classification i am using these terms oh my city zygomaticities ascorbicido have i told you no now i&#39;m going to tell you that why am i using all these terms come so scientists studying fungi divided fungi into broad five groups on the basis of morphology of their mycelium where whether this hyphae is septate or aceptate then mode of spore formation which type of neospore which type of mitospore type of fruiting body if they are having and etc so all on those features the fungi is divided into some groups those groups are phycomycitis which is of lower fungi it includes oomy cities and zygomay cities they both are lower fungi followed by ascomycitis basidiomycitis and deuteromycitis deuteromycitis beta it is just an additional group of fungi where all those fungi higher fungi are kept whose nature of sexual reproduction is still unknown but if their sexual life cycle is discovered then the members from deuteromycetes are majorly either moved to ascomycetis and sometimes they&#39;re also moved to basidiomycitis majorly to ascomycitis because the other features of deuteromycetes are very much similar to ascomycitis so what i have said i am writing it over in the notepoints the members of deuteromycetes are those whose so members of deuteromycetes are those whose sexual life cycle is yet not decoded but as soon as it gets decoded the member of deuteromycetes is then moved once it is discovered then the member of deuteromycetes is moved either to asco or to basidio but majorly to asco why because members of deuteromycetes they show more similarity with ascomycitis [Music] so these are the five classifications of fungi on the basis of morphology of mycelium mode of spore formation fruiting body habit and habitat etc now i am going to teach you all these five groups of classification in a very simple in a very very simple manner with the help of a chart right my dear students if you remember this chart then all your problems will be sold no trouble will come to you so please try to remember the chart which i am drawing which i am making it right now your all the points related to the classification of fungi will come on your tips so let&#39;s start yes or no come on so the first feature on the basis of which we are going to divide them is on the basis of the habit and habitat except oh my cities all other fungi groups are terrestrial oh my cities my dear students they are aquatic otherwise they are all terrestrial tick second feature cell wall cell wall i told you now cell wall is titanous but there is one exception oh my cities my dear their cell wall is cellulosic and in all remaining it is titans yes or no tell me clear shall i move ahead very good next point third mode of nature of mycelium structure of mycelium in case of lower fungi you remember mycelium is hyphae is aceptate unbranched and xenocitic so indonesia you can write hyphae is aceptate unbranched and multinucleate any doubts we have done in the starting of fungi classification in all these three higher fungi hyphae is septate and branched now in case of asco and basidio my dear they may be either uni nucleate or by nucleate if the members of ascomycitis and bacidiomycitis have yet not undergone sexual reproduction then their high fees will be ud nucleate otherwise they will be binucleate so the high fees septate branched and either monokaryotic or dikaryotic but what in case of deuteromycitis deuteromycitis hyphae are septet and branched but will they ever become dicariotic no why because deuteromycetes do not show sexual reproduction there will be no exchange of genetic material does in case of deuteromycetes their hyphae will be septate branched and monokaryotic yes or no clear very good moving ahead nature of spore there are two types of spore mio and mito so first we&#39;re going to discuss about their miter spores asexual spores you know everything we have done you just have to mention what you have learned previously into this chart so mito sports oh my cities zoo spores zygomycitis sporangios ascomycitis exogenously produced conedia basidiomycitis yes come on very good basidiomycitis do not show asexual reproduction so no spores but reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation method and deuteromycetes similar to ascomycitis reproduces asexually by kunidia clear next miosports oh my cities whose spores zygomycitis zygospores ascomycitis ascospores born on fruiting body called asco carp basidiomycitis basidio spores deuteromycitis no sexual reproduction no miospores correct yes or no can you remember this whole chart yes can you correlate with whatever i have taught previously in this chart yes or no yes very good now last is examples which you have to learn examples my dear students only learn from ncrt no hair and their examples so in case of um icts you can remember examples like albugo candida which causes white rust in crucifers very good apart from albugo you can also remember example like saproligna correct yes or no very good now moving ahead zygomycitis example bread mold rhizopus mucor mucido which goes which grows on cow dung it&#39;s a coprophylus fungus so many examples one or two i will mention over here remaining you can learn from your ncrt east penicillium neurospora clavice neurospora is called as drosophila of plant kingdom because it is used extensively in genetic engineering clavicep causes ergotism because they&#39;ve got in rye penicillium you know first antibiotic yeast unicellular fungi which is used in making bread and beer basidiomycitis example the edible one mushroom some disease causing fungi are like paxenia which causes rust disease astilago which causes smut disease correct deuteromycitis alternaria solani which causes early blight of potato apart from alternaria solani then you have helmentosporium then trichoderma and so on so all these examples you can directly learn from the ncrt and please please focus on the notes plus ncrt that&#39;s it for the classification of fungi hope it is clear to each and every student whole fungi kingdom is finally finally over i hope you all enjoyed till here now all the major kingdoms which we have to cover in this chapter are done the last topics of the chapter which are left are viruses mycorrhizae and lichens so which we are going to do now okay so i hope fungi is clear to everybody now before starting with viruses let me give you some more important information regarding the classification of fungi right now i have explained you the general features of kingdom fungi that how they reproduce what is their organization body structure as well as classification but now i am just going to give you two to three some extra information regarding the various classification of fungi that is also going to be equivalently important from the point of view of neet so as you can see on your board i have written the different classification scheme of fungi on the basis of the morphology of mycelium on the basis of the sporulation type of fruiting body etc you have also seen the chart of classification now according to this fico my cities which is off which can be further divided into two that is the lower functions umai cities and zygomay cities followed by the higher fungi that includes ascomycitis basidiomycitis and deuteromycitis now the lower fungi umai cities is also known as algal fungi why umai cities the other name the general name for umai cities is algal fungi and it is known as algal fungi because of two reasons first of all they are usually aquatic in nature and second their cell wall is cellulosic you know that in fungi cell wall is chitinous but in the members of umai cities it has been seen that the cell wall is cellulosic in nature moving ahead with zygomaticity zygomycitis can also be known as conjugation fungi moving ahead with ascomycitis ascomycitis you have seen that their fruiting body was asco car which where which bear a sack-like ascus on the top where where asco spores are produced so because of that sac like ascus this ascomycitis is also known as sac fungi on similar grounds basidiomycitis is also known as club fungi because the fruiting body basidio carp bears a club shaped structure called basidium so so in relation to that club-shaped basidium basidiomycitis are also known as club fungi moving ahead deuteromycetes my dear students they are also known as fungi imperfecta and the reason for them being called as fungi imperfecta is that they do not show true sexual reproduction the members of deuteromycetes in their life cycle sexual reproduction is yet not reported that is why they are called as fungi imperfecta these additional name of each group of fungi should be known to you questions may be asked from this section as well so now your fungi group is done moving ahead the next two kingdoms are kingdom planty and kingdom animalia kingdom planty you know we are going to do it as a next chapter and kingdom animalia also you study in detail in your zoology so all the five kingdoms three kingdoms i have covered so far fourth kingdom i am going to cover in the next chapter fifth kingdom is done in your zoology so overall the kingdom classification the kingdom details is done but there are some organism like viruses subviral agents mycorrhizae lichens these are also considered as living organisms but could not find a suitable place in any of the five kingdom classification by rh whitaker so now i am going to teach you all those organisms who could not find any position any suitable position for themselves in the five kingdom classification of whitaker along with the reasons i am also going to tell you the reasons that why such inhuman thing has been done to these organism and they could not find a suitable place in their classification system so let&#39;s start with next topic viruses and subviral agents so yes moving ahead with next and very important topic viruses and subviral agent as i told you these are the organisms who did not find a suitable place in whittaker&#39;s five kingdom classification why the question comes why the reason to this question is viruses my dear student they are a cellular organisms these organisms they are not even made up of one cell they are actually exception to cell theory now whitaker classification include all those organisms who follow cell theory whose body is at least made up of one cell or group of cells but when he saw viruses then he observed one thing which was very uh uncommon that viruses are not even made up of one cell so viruses are a cellular organism they do not follow cell theory hence they could not find a suitable place in whitticus five kingdom classification apart from them being acellular there are many more features which are associated with viruses because of which again they could not find a suitable place for themselves viruses are actually my dear students connecting link between living and non-living they show certain features similar to living organisms and certain feature similar to non-living therefore whittaker could not understand that whether viruses are living or not if they are not living then surely they cannot be a part of five kingdom classification and if they are living then again they&#39;re acellular according to cell theory all living organisms are made up of cells and viruses if we consider them as living then why their body is not even made up of one cell so there was a lot of confusion in the mind of whitaker hence he excluded viruses and the subviral agents from his kingdom classification clear very good see so viruses are acellular organisms and their connecting link between living and non-living i will explain you how are they connecting link but before that the term virus was coined by pasture the term virus means venom or poison so the term virus was coined by pasture which means venom or poison they are a cellular organism they are the connecting link between living and non-living why are they connecting link so what are those features that make them similar to living and what are those features which make them similar to non-living let&#39;s discuss so first i&#39;m going to share all those features of viruses similar to living organisms number one presence of genetic material viruses have genetic material either in the form of dna or rna but never both and presence of genetic material is a living property no chair table fan lights ac will have genetic material yes or no because they are non-living and anything which is which is living will definitely have genetic material so in viruses presence of genetic material was reported so write this point the first property of them being similar to living object is presence of genetic material which can be either dna or rna but never both remember this thing if in place of or i write and then the statement becomes wrong clear second feature because of which they are considered as living they can be considered as living they undergo mutation that genetic material may show mutation and mutation is a feature of living objects so second reason they undergo mutation number third reason some viruses have also been observed with enzymes like for example lysozyme right reverse transcriptase enzyme so presence of enzyme has also been reported in viruses which is again a living feature write it that is presence of enzymes for example like lysozyme clear fourth they can also undergo division they can multiply so multiplication increasing their number is again a living feature your table your chair your fan can they reproduce can they increase their number by their own no it would have been so good if they would have also been shown reproduction bought one ac it multiplied and made two acs bought one fan it multiplied overnight made four fans it would have been so good now but unfortunately non-living objects do not reproduce but viruses it has been observed they can multiply and they can increase their number so thus they are one of the feature of living organism can multiply next beta viruses are thought to be living only when they are present inside the host body outside the host body they are inert but when they are present inside the host body then they show living properties thus we can say that viruses are obligate intracellular parasite so remember this thing the living property is only when these viruses are present inside the host body so you can write that viruses are compulsorily obligate intracellular parasites clear i hope all the features are clear to each and every one now these are certain features because of which you can consider them as living but now why do we consider them as non-living let&#39;s see so now i&#39;m going to show you all those features because of which viruses is also considered as non-living and number one reason is they are a cellular their body is not even made up of one cell they are thus exception to cell theory right second outside the host body my dear students viruses can be crystallized their crystals have been reported their body can be crystallized and can be stored in bottles scientist stanley i&#39;ll tell you stanley scientist he crystallized the crystals of virus tmv tobacco mosaic virus so this property of viruses getting converted into crystals is a non-living property now we are living bodies are not like puzzles you cannot dismantle my body and again rejoin to make my body like original one no it is not possible because i am a living object you cannot dismantle my body and reorganize it however in viruses their body are inert outside the host body and can be crystallized so this is again a non-living property write it second point their body crystalline they can be crystallined and the crystals can be stored inside the bottle wherever you want to keep next in viruses no energy storing mechanism no respiratory mechanism has been reported now imagine a living body which is without respiratory system which is without energy storing system can you imagine anybody without energy storing system without respiratory system no but viruses also do not have such property hence they are considered as non-liver so what next feature of viruses being non-living are they lack energy storing system next they also lack respiratory system and all these property make them similar to non-living now you can see that these are the property that are making viruses similar to non-living and these are the properties which are making them similar to living so what to do what to decide therefore scientists called viruses as connecting link between living and non-living objects clear yes or no and this is the reason why viruses did not find any place in viticus five kingdom classification now moving ahead let&#39;s discuss the contribution of various scientists in the field of virology virology is basically the study of virus so let me write it over here study of virus [Music] is known as virology clear now moving ahead first talking about pasture i&#39;ve already told you who is pasture he&#39;s the one who coined the term virus so in front of a pasture we can write that he coined the term virus now second scientist stanley i already used this name stanley also stanley is the one who for the first time crystallized the virus tmv and told that the crystals are largely made up of proteins clear so who is stan lee stanley is the one who crystallized tmv he crystallized tmb tmv is tobacco mosaic virus so he crystallized tmv and said that the crystals are made up of largely made up of proteins clear moving ahead third scientist is ivan ruski ivanovsky was the scientist who said that he was studying on tmv tobacco mosaic virus and said that viruses are even smaller than bacteria because these viruses can easily pass through the filter paper of bacteria so ivanovsky was the scientist who explained about the size of the virus so he was studying on tmv while studying tmv he told that viruses these particles the ones which he was studying tmv virus the ones which was study viruses are even smaller than bacteria why because they can easily pass through bacterial filter paper correct last is scientist badgering bedrink was the scientist who said he actually proposed a statement for virus as contagium vivum fluidum he gave a very cool statement for viruses as contagium vivum fluidum means infectious living fluid according to him according to this fellow according to badgerink if an infected an organism was infected with virus if the fluid from that organism is infected to another healthy person then that healthy person also develops the same symptoms as it was present in an unhealthy body so what he said bedrink i am repeating it once again for viruses he stated a statement contagium vibum fluid fluidum which means infectious living fluid first of all why he proposed this statement for virus because in his experiment he found that when a body when a fluid from infectious person a body who is infected with virus so if the fluid from that body is injected and given to a healthy person then that healthy person will also develop the same symptoms as observed in unhealthy body so healthy body will also become unhealthy why because the extract of the unhealthy body was transferred in the body of healthy person so viruses actually got transferred and gave the symptoms in the healthy body as well that means they are infectious in nature they are infectious living fluid clear so what badgering did this fellow he infected or he injected a fluid from unhealthy to healthy body and observed the same symptoms in it right that is why he proposed the statement contagium vibum fluidum now moving ahead types of viruses now before starting with the types of viruses you should be aware about the structure of viruses now you know that viruses are not even made up of one cell then what is the body of virus made up of so your answer will be that viruses are nuclear protein niche structures their body is made up of nucleic acid and protein structurally virus can be can have three parts envelop capsid which is their body and body enclosing the genetic material so before starting with types of virus yeah here i&#39;ll just use the space so before starting with types of virus first let me tell you about the structure of virus structurally virus my dear students consist of three parts envelope may or may not be present it is not compulsory second is capsid capsule is actually the body of the virus and this capsid is made up of proteins and the body that is capsid inside is present the genetic material which can be either dna or rna right envelope is actually made up of proteins which is contributed by the virus which is contributed by the capsid plus lipids and carbohydrates that come from the host body and presence of envelop is not a compulsory factor envelope may be found in viruses like hiv or herpes but it is not a compulsory factor so structurally virus is made up of three part envelope capsid like for example this is a capsid chick this is a capsid which is made up of proteins okay and each unit of capsid is known as capsulomere so this is capsid and these each unit of capsid is known as capsulmere and this capsid or capsulomeres are actually protein issues and inside it they enclose the genetic material which can be either dna or rna now around this capsid envelope may or may not be present right if envelope is present then it is made up of protein contributed by the virus lipids and carbohydrate contributed by the host clear may be present may not be present so this is how a simple virus will look like so therefore you can say that viruses are nuclear proteinaceous structure why because their main body is made up of protein that encloses the nucleic acid that is your genetic material now moving ahead with the types of viruses so in your course there are two viruses which you have to study one is tobacco mosaic virus and second is bacteriophage virus first let&#39;s start with tmv as the name suggests it is a virus that infects the tobacco plant correct so what is tmb it is a virus that infects tobacco plant structurally it consists of capsid and encloses the genetic material capsid which is made up of capsulometers total number of capsulometers recorded in a tmv is 2130 so structurally tmv is made up of capsid and genetic material capsid is obviously the body the proteinaceous body and the basic unit of capsid is capsulmere how many capsulometers are found in tmb near about 2130 capsulomeres whereas if i talk about the genetic material then do remember in tmv the genetic material is single stranded rna no dna is found in tmv and rna whether it is single stranded yes so genetic material in case of our tmv is single stranded rna single stranded rna is made up of 6400 nucleotides so capsomeres are 2130 whereas number of nucleotides in rna is six thousand and four hundred clear so yes now moving ahead okay if i talk about the size of tmv then approximately the length and the breadth if i talk about this length and the diameter of tmv is about 3 000 angus strom is the length and the diameter is about 180 angle strong so this is the standard size of tmv clear yes or no so this is how you can draw the body of a tmv suppose this is a body that is capsid which is made up of number of capsulometers correct how many capsule meters 2130 apart from this then close the genetic material the genetic material which is single stranded rna having 6400 [Applause] nucleotides clear and their length and diameter is about 3000 and 180 3000 angle storm and 180 angstrom length and diameter [Music] correct so this much you have to do for tmv moving ahead two words [Music] the next set of viruses which are bacteriophage my dear students bacteriophage are the viruses the name itself suggests the virus which attack bacteria bacteria killing viruses are bacteriophages right now structurally their body is represented by a polygonal head a neck region and a tail region so struck first i&#39;m going to draw the bacteriophage and then we&#39;re going to study so what is bacteriophage it is a virus that attacks bacteria bacteria killing virus now i&#39;m going to draw the structure it is having a distinct polygonal head right this head is made up of or this head contains enzymes like lysozyme as well as they have genetic material which is double stranded dna so they have genetic material which is double stranded dna very important question comes from this section tmv has single stranded rna whereas bacteriophage has double stranded dna where it is present it is present in their polygonal head region right now head and neck region are connected with the help of collar wait okay so now there&#39;s a short collar followed by a neck region and then there is a long tail so this is a long tail which ends with six tail plates three on one side and three on another side so these are six tail plates this is how the bacteriophage appears to be there&#39;s a head collar a small collar just like your body there&#39;s a head there&#39;s a collar neck tail region and then there are six tail plates three on one side three on another these tail plates my dear student they help bacteriophage to get attached on the surface of bacteria so tail plates are responsible for helping in the attachment of bacteriophage on the substratum which is usually the bacteria the head also contains enzyme like lysozyme right so this is how bacteriophage appears to be question will be asked directly on the genetic material and roll off tail plates and what is bacteriophage i hope types of viruses is also clear this much you have to do for viruses what are we supposed to learn for viruses first of all why are they considered as connecting link why did not they get any position in whitticus five kingdom classification third types of viruses structure of viruses correct and contribution of different scientists now moving ahead towards the end part of the chapter by discussing the subviral agents there are three subviral agents reported these are those viral agents which are even smaller than viruses we say that viruses are the even smaller than bacteria yes or no you have seen in the contribution of scientists that viruses are those which can even pass through the filter paper of bacteria that means viruses are even smaller than bacteria now some scientists also discovered particles which are even more smaller than viruses and there are three viroids virusoids and prions little bit information you should know regarding all the three number one is viroids so now we are starting with subviral agents number one subviral agent which we are going to discuss is viroids viroids my dear students they were discovered by theo diner this scientist name you have to remember that is why i&#39;m telling you first second point my dear students viroids are only the the body of viroids are only represented by the genetic material they do not have any capsid like that of viruses in viruses the body the structure of viruses was represented by capsid and genetic material correct but in viroids diner reported the presence of low molecular weight rna which is not protected by any proteinaceous capsid so what are viroids viroids are represented by low molecular weight rna but lacks protein code around themselves these are subviral infectious agents infectious agents how because they can cause disease like for example pstd potato spindle tuber disease they are infectious in case of plants right okay so they were discovered by teodiner second point the they&#39;re represented by low molecular weight rna as genetic material third lacks capsid lacks protein coat they are infectious and cause disease like for example pstd which stands for potato spindle tuber disease chrysanthemum disease called chrysanthemum stunt citrus exocortis so there are some disease which are caused by viroids that you should remember pstd stands for potato spindle tuber [Applause] disease apart from this they can also cause chrysanthemum stunt disease cry xanthamum stunt disease clear so this is the little information regarding viroids which you should know i am repeating it once again viroids discovered by diner they are represented by low molecular weight rna that lacks protein coat around itself they are infectious in nature and cause disease like pstd or chrysanthemum stunt right now the next subviral agents are virusoids virusoids are even smaller than viruses you know they&#39;re subviral agent and they do not have any independent existence these virusoids are the subviral agent which are reported inside the body of some other larger viruses correct so what are virusoids virusoids are the subviral agents that are present inside some other larger virus present inside some other larger virus now can you see viruses themselves are so small and virus are even smaller than viruses that for their existence they need a shelter of some other larger virus so these are virusoids third comes prions prions are infectious proteins they are subviral agent and their structure is structurally prions are only protein they lack genetic material clear so you can say that prions are those sub viral agents whose body is represented by infectious proteins correct these are simply infectious proteinaceous structures and they can cause number of disease so write about prions prions are subviral agents which are actually highly infectious in nature represented by only proteins and cause number of disease like for example bovine spongy form encephalopathy second kuru disease third scrappy sheep disease etc guru disease is also known as laughing death disease so bovine spongy form encephalopathy kuru disease also known as laughing death disease scrappy sheep disease these are the names of different diseases which have been reported due to prions and structurally prions are infectious proteinaceous particles they are subviral agents as they are even smaller than virus so there are three subviral agents viroids virusoids and prions i hope all these three are clear now my dear students apart from viruses even mycorrhizae and lichens are also two such organisms which could not find any place in viticus classification however there&#39;s a different reason to it unlike that of viruses my dear students mycorrhizae and lichens are actually composite structures of two different organisms if i talk about first i&#39;ll talk about lichens and then i&#39;ll come to mycorrhiza so first if i talk about lichens lichen is a composite structure which is made up of two different organisms algae and fungi now algaes are the member of planty and fungi itself is a new kingdom so whittaker got confused that where to keep lichens whether in kingdom planty or whether in kingdom fungi so he thought not to keep them into any kingdom let&#39;s keep them independently so lichens are living organisms but as their composite structure of two different organisms belonging to two different kingdoms hence could not find a place in whitaker&#39;s classification system clear so what are lichens let&#39;s discuss lichens first of all they are the composite structures composite unit of two organism basically algae and fungi they are mutually associated lichen is a mutual association of fungi and algae where fungi and algae both are getting equal benefit and that is why they have decided to live together as one unit clear cello so let&#39;s write in that manner so lichens are the mutual association between algae and fungi right the algal partner in lichen yes the algal partner in lichen is known as fico bionde why because the study of algae is phycology whereas fungal partner is known as microbiond why because the study of fungi is known as mycology clear repeating once again pay attention lichens are the mutual association between algae and fungi mutual means the two different organisms have decided to live together as they are equally getting benefited the algal partner is known as phycobiont and the fungal partner is known as mycobiond this algal partner is basically the member of chlorophycy sometimes cyanophysia also so majorly chlorophycy sometimes cyano5c sometimes a bacteria cyanobacteria may also get associated with fungi to form lichens but usually it is the green algae that gets associated with fungi to form lichens moving ahead fungal partner majorly the fungi which contribute in lichen formation are the members of asco my cities but sometimes some members of basido my cities may also contribute in the formation of lichens tikkem now third point this this is the first point second point now the third point in lichen 95 of the lichen body is made up of fungi and five percent of the body is only algae so i have to remember the major partner out of the two organism the major partner is fungi and the minor partner is algae so fungi is contributing also a lot i&#39;ll tell you the functions of each con of each component in lichen and with the comp and with the contribution only you can decide that fungi is a dominant partner as compared to algae so who is the dominant partner in case of lichens the dominant partner is fungi why fungi is dominant partner now i am going to tell you five funchai is a dominant partner students because fungi is contributing a lot in making of lichens now see fungi knows how to absorb water and mineral fungi know how to reproduce fungi know how to make anchorage means attachment to the substratum but does not know how to prepare food right what am i saying listen to me again fungi knows fungi is like a father okay leave everything now listen fungi is like a father in a home see what is the role of the father father goes to the office does the work brings money with that money you can buy the food items you can make a home and everything father can bring the raw material with the help of the money but who is going to use those raw material in order to cook food so that is the role of the mother correct so in lycan also fungi is the father and algae is the mother how fungi goes to the market brings the raw material for the food preparation that is water and mineral second it also makes the home it makes the complete anchorage of the organism third it also help in the reproduction but does not know how to use those raw material for preparing food hence hence algae is required now algae comes in the picture utilizes the water and mineral absorbed by the fungi in order to prepare food so the role of algae is limited in preparation of the food this is the benefit which fungi is getting in return algae is getting the shelter it is getting the raw material for the preparation clear so therefore both these partners have decided to stay together as a composite unit now let&#39;s write so what function is algae doing functions of algae algae simply performing photosynthesis by utilizing the raw material provided by fungi now if the algal partner is the member of cyanophic then apart from photosynthesis it can also perform nitrogen fixation that is an additional role and it only happens when the algal partner is the member of cyano5c but here i am keeping simple and crisp i am considering that this algae is a member of chlorophysy and it is only responsible for performing photosynthesis and preparing food now so this is the role and function of algae now roll off fungi in lichen why it is a major partner why it is dominating because number one it collects the raw material it absorbs water and mineral for photosynthesis second it makes the shelter it prepares the anchorage for the lichen on the substratum third it also helps in reproduction so you yourself can see that the function performed by fungi as compared to algae is more hence fungi is a dominant partner in lichen but still dominant partner doesn&#39;t mean a father is dominating in the home that doesn&#39;t mean that your home can run without your mother if mother goes out even for one day the whole home gets disturbed yes or no so mother is also equivalently important algae is equivalently important in lichen if algae escapes automatically fungi will die due to lack of food and if fungi escapes automatically algae will die in absence of water and mineral so that is why it is a mutual association clear one more last point my dear students lichens are indicators of pollution they are good indicators of air pollution why because lichens do not prefer to grow in sulfur dioxide rich medium so remember this thing lichens are air pollution indicator why because they do not prefer to grow in so2 rich medium do not grow in so2 rich medium clear apart from this lichens have lot many important role some lichens are edible some lichens are used in making perfumes medicines etc but what you have to remember is simple they are pollution indicators what is what is liken made up of what are the role of its each partner that&#39;s it clear now apart from lichens there are one more such organism who could not find a place in whitaker classification and that is mycorrhizae as liken mycorrhizae is also a mutual association between two different living organisms fungi and higher plants plants planty kingdom fungi fungi kingdom whitaker got confused where to keep it so he decided to leave them as it is hence mycorrhizae also did not find a place in the classification system so what is mycorrhizae mycorrhizae is also uh mutualistic same association between fungi and roots of higher plants some plants like pineness now what happens in some plants like piners their roots are woolly their roots do not spread deep in the soil their roots lack root cap right so they are not able to trap water and mineral with high efficiency now if the plant is not going to if the roots are not going to absorb water and mineral what the leaves will do how will they perform photosynthesis and like this the plant will die so plants like pioneers they have a big problem they are confused what to do we are having roots but they are of no use because their roots are woolly they do not spread deep in the soil they lack root cap and they cannot perform absorption of water and mineral efficiently in that case these roots of higher plants they make a pact with fungi they make a pact with fungus and they let fungus live inside their body and in return ask them to absorb water and mineral for them so fungi gets the shelter prepared food whatever the leaves will prepare food fungi will enjoy that also it has got us home sweet home in return plants are simply asking perform the roll of root because my root is not capable enough of absorbing water and mineral so fungi is absorbing water and mineral for the plants in return getting the shelter and prepared food thus it is again a mutualistic association and this mutualistic association is known as mycorrhizae so what is mycorrhizae it is a mutualistic association between roots of higher plants and fungi why because benefits your role just a second so in case of fungi so in case of mycorrhizae what is the role of fungi simply the role of fungi is to absorb water and mineral for the plant correct and what is the role of plants the role of plant is to provide shelter and food to fungi and why is it important why plants need fungi why can&#39;t they themselves absorb water and mineral so the simple reason is their roots are inefficient to do so they are woolly they do not spread deep and they lack root cap am i clear so these are two different organisms who also did not find place in whitticus classification system so with this i hope the entire chapter is clear to each and every student what we have done in this chapter we have discussed about first all the classification systems two kingdom three four five six and then we started each kingdom separately you did kingdom monera including rk bacteria kingdom protista kingdom fungi planty will be taught in the next chapter animalia kingdom will be taught you separately and then we also did all those organisms who did not find a place in whitticus classification system like viruses lichens and mycorrhizae hope this entire chapter is absolutely clear focus on ncrt read ncrt for solving all the questions now some questions i have also brought for you all which i right now okay so yes some questions we will also do and then we are going to proceed further finally i hope you all have understood the chapter the entire chapter of biological classification and now to ensure that i have one or two questions which i am going to discuss these questions i have picked up from previously neet exams i hope they are going to help you in revising the concepts which you have studied let&#39;s see the first question which is on your screen who was the founder of five kingdom classification your options are aristotle whitaker copland heckle so i don&#39;t think you need to go for the options you already know the answer that five kingdom classification was proposed by rich whitaker thus the answer of this question becomes b now if i talk about the remaining given options then aristotle he has not given any classification system he is the scientist who actually gave the first scientific approach for classification rather than classify giving a proper kingdom classification third co plan copeland founded the kingdom monarch he actually gave the four kingdom classification hekel and proposed three kingdom classification so according to the question answer becomes two that is b rh whittaker hope you have understood this question moving ahead next heterosystems heterosystem some cyanobacteria are specialized for so you should know that what are heterocyst heterocyst my dear students these are specialized compartment found in some bacteria like nostok or anabena these specialized compartments in the filamentous cyanobacteria helps in nitrogen fixation as these heterocysts create an aerobic condition inside them they lack photosystem too they have thick wall around them there is no exchange of oxygen inside heterosystem conditions are anaerobic so that nitrogenase enzyme inside the heterocyst remains active for the process of nitrogen metabolism therefore these heterocysts in cyanobacteria in some cyanobacteria are responsible for nitrogen fixation hence the answer of this question you all know becomes a that heterocyst in some cyanobacteria are specialized for nitrogen fixation hope you have understood this question and with this with my whole heart i would like to end my session and this chapter by logical classification my dear students if you face any trouble in understanding any of the concept you can mention in the comment section and please do remain connected as the next video soon will be uploaded for the chapter 3 plant kingdom again very very important topic for need point of view thank you all stay happy stay focused keep on working hard thank you so much

hello my dear lovely students so once again welcome back to this amazing platform of physics valla where i ayushi agarwal your botany expert is going to teach you the second chapter of class 11th that is biological classification i hope you all have seen the first video of living world and today we are going to start with the second chapter very important again from the point of view of need so let&amp;#39;s not waste time and directly jump into the topic now this chapter is basically a kind of continuation of the first chapter itself living world how in living world you were studying about taxonomy you were studying about what is classification what is identification etc in this chapter you are going to study that what is there in classification what scientists did actually after classification in what groups are those organism divided so in this chapter we are going to study the different classification groups of organisms first thing second question comes in the mind that why the hell are we studying so much what is the need of biological classification why are we made to study so beta this is very very important chapter why because it is very important to know that what is the biodiversity around you there are 17 to 18 lakh species which have been discovered so far and is it not our responsibility to know that what organisms are present around us therefore biological classification becomes very important in order to understand the vast biodiversity on earth why again question comes my why when you are saying that it is important to know the organisms present around us but we don&amp;#39;t find it important then why are we made to study this biological classification what is the point of classifying organisms but sure it is equivalently important for you as well because once you know that what are the organisms present around you once you know the importance of those organisms then only you can exploit you can extract benefits out of them either in the form of food shelter or clothing yes or no like for example there is a tree now you know that the tree eels pulp which you can use for making rubber how you know that tree is going to give you a pulp which you can use for making rubber you only came to know when some person when some scientist studied on that organism classified that organism identified that organism then only you came to know the benefit of that tree and then only you can use you can prepare the rubber out of that plant so that is why once you study the organisms present around you then only you can extract benefit out of them either in the form of food or in the form of shelter or in the form of clothing hence now i hope you must have realized the importance of classification that to extract benefit from the organisms either in the form of food shelter or clothing clear to everyone so these are the two needs of biological classification now owing to the needs of biological classification many scientists tried to group organisms the first scientific approach was done by scientist aristotle aristotle he proposed the first scientific approach of classification aristotle my dear students divided organisms into two categories the simple two categories as plants and animals right further on the basis of size he classified plants also into three sub-categories herbs shrubs and trees so he further classified plants into three categories on the basis of size smallest ones as herbs the medium ones as shrubs and the tall ones as trees whereas aristotle divided animals also into two broad groups on the basis of the presence or absence of rbcs rbcs are the red blood cells the two broad groups are enama and anima enima means beta those organisms whose color of the blood is red due to the presence of rbcs so rbcs if is found in the blood cells then those organism according to aristotle belong to enima whereas er means without so those organisms in whose blood rbcs are missing they were grouped under anima so ernaimer means without rbcs this was the simple classification proposed by aristotle the he just gave a layman kind of classification he just gave the first scientific approach of classification however the first formal classification system first proper classification system was given by scientists linears so linus gave the first formal classification system he actually used the term kingdom for the first time and he proposed two kingdom classification the two kingdoms proposed by lenious my dear students are kingdom planty and kingdom animalia so who gave the first formal classification system the first formal classification system your answer should be lineas which is that classification two three four five your answer will be two what are those kingdom animalia and planty now my dear students he actually did this by studying certain features let&amp;#39;s see what are those features so features which were used by linus the most important feature on the basis of which his whole classification system is based is cell wall if cell wall is found in the cells of the organism then they are kept in the kingdom planty and if cells are not found then they are kept in the kingdom animalia first and foremost feature apart from this he also considered many more features like for example ability to eat if one is able to eat then that organism is kept in the kingdom animalia if not able to eat like trees then it was kept in the kingdom planty another feature ability to move if one is able to move then that organism belonged to kingdom animalia and if one is unable to move then that organism was kept in the kingdom planty sedentary non-motile clear apart from this he also considered one feature called response to stimuli response to stimuli let&amp;#39;s write first now you will think ma&amp;#39;am in the last chapter itself you told that consciousness is the behavior it is the defining feature of all living organisms and plants and animals both are living so they both will show response to stimuli they both are conscious type of organisms then how is it creating a difference why lineas chose response to stimuli as one of the feature of classification actually linear said response is given by both plants as well as animals but if the response is slow then slow response givers will be kept in the kingdom plenty and if the response is quick then those organisms will be kept in the kingdom animalia right yes or no now i hope this feature also makes sense clear one more feature which he considered was the presence or absence of contractile vacuole beta contractile vacuoles are found in the cells which are responsible for maintaining the water balance that is osmo regulation so contractile vacuoles are responsible for maintaining osmoregulation according to lineas if contractile vacuole are present in the cells of an organism then that organism belongs to kingdom plant animalia and if contractile vacuoles are absent then that organism belongs to kingdom plenty so my dear students this was the simple classification system of lineas and according to his classification system he kept organisms like protozoans chordates and non-chordates under kingdom animalia and organisms like bacteria fungi algae bryophytes pteridophytes gymnosperms and angiosperms in the kingdom planty do you find this classification system good do you find it perfect then your answer will be no why i hope you all can see the demerits of this classification system by your own self how let me point out one by one number one bacteria beta bacteria are made up of prokaryotic cells and remaining are eukaryotic so how can eukaryotic and prokaryotic be kept in the same kingdom this was his first flaw this was his first demerit second bacterias and many more organisms they are single celled they are unicellular and remaining majority of the them are multicellular so again unicelled multi-celled kept together does not make a good sense so that becomes a second reason for discarding linear classification system third can you see fungi and many of the bacterias as well their mode of nutrition is heterotrophic they cannot prepare their own food but if you see algae bryo teredo gymno they all are autotrophic they all can prepare their own food so how autotroph and uh heterotroph can be kept in the same group this also does not make a better sense so these were certain demerits of this two kingdom classification does now this classification system was replaced by ernst heykill&amp;#39;s three kingdom classification ernst hakil was the scientist who proposed the third kingdom as protester so now the three kingdoms are kingdom animalia kingdom plantae and kingdom protesters in kingdom protester my dear students he kept all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms right he removed all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms kept in either plant or animals and kept them together in the kingdom protista so similarly all the protozoans which were initially kept in the kingdom animalia they were removed from there and they were moved to protista clear so what are the three kingdoms now animalia planty protista protista is that group which comprises of all unicellular eukaryotic organism and this kingdom was proposed by scientist heikel clear do you find this also sufficient no it is still unsufficient because yet bacterias prokaryotic organisms are kept in the kingdom plantee therefore three kingdom classification also got discarded and was replaced by four kingdom classification proposed by scientist cope land co plan nebacho four kingdom classification proposed kia and the four class four kingdoms are animalia already you know planty already you know protista already you know and the fourth kingdom established by in which he kept all unicellular prokaryotic organisms in short bacteria so monora comprises of prokaryotic organisms again one trouble is solved bacterias are now removed from kingdom plantae and kept in kingdom monarch good sufficient enough are you happy with four kingdom classification shall we stop no ma&amp;#39;am no four kingdom is still not sufficient why because fungi the heterotrophic organisms are still belonging to kingdom planty which is wrong hence this four kingdom classification was replaced by rh viticus five kingdom classification so arij which whitaker is a scientist who proposed five kingdom classification he removed kingdom or he removed fungi from the kingdom planty and established itself as an independent kingdom so now the five kingdoms are what are the five kingdoms can you name them my dear students will you all try very easy let&amp;#39;s write it animalia planty fungi protista so these are now the five standard kingdoms after rh whitaker classification rh classification after studying certain features out of which the most important is mode of nutrition he studied many features for classification but the most important being mode of nutrition this mode of nutrition is actually the important basis on the basis of which kingdom fungi was established clear apart from mode of nutrition he also considered features like body organization that is tallest organization whether organization is organ type organ system tissue grade etc mode of nutrition i told you it is most important cell type that means whether bodies prokaryotic eukaryotic single celled or multi-celled reproduction methods of reproduction what is organism preferring sexual asexual then presence or absence of nuclear membrane that whether the genetic material is true or it is false false means nucleoid type then phylogeny rh whitaker my dear students also considered evolutionary relationship as one of the important feature of classification rh whitiker also considered phylogeny as one of his feature for classification right so these are the list of the features which was considered by rh whittaker during his classification now we are going to see his classification system in a chart manner right so this chart we are going to typically do it from ncrt and it is very very important direct questions are asked from this chapter if you go and check the questions asked in previous year neet examination there&amp;#39;s so many question asked directly or indirectly from this chart so please guys all my dear students pay attention and be sincere so this is an empty chart which now we are going to fill all the outlines have been done these are the five kingdoms and the list of the features which was considered by rh whitaker subset the first one is cell type so except kingdom monora all other organisms all other members of different kingdom are made up of eukaryotic cell and members of kingdom are made up of are made up of prokaryotic cell and if we talk about the remaining kingdom members then they are made up of eukaryotes cells clear moving ahead second nuclear membrane now my dear students you can see that only kingdom monora is having prokaryotic type of cell organization or cell type therefore prokaryotic cells better they do not have a well-defined genetic material their genetic material is diffused in the cytoplasm and not surrounded by any nuclear membrane such type of genetic material is known as nucleoid or geno4 that means genetic material is diffused in the cytoplasm right but if we talk about the remaining kingdom members so my dear students all are made up of eukaryotic cells and the characteristic feature of eukaryotic cell is presence of well defined genetic material the genetic material where nuclear membrane is present and their genetic material is known as nucleus agreed yes or no yes very good moving ahead third important feature of classification is cell wall cell wall beta presence of cell wall is a feature which is found in different organisms belonging to different kingdom if i talk about animal cells straight away you can write that in animal cells nuclear membrane is absent sorry cell wall is absent purely but in remaining if i talk about kingdom monora then in monarchs the cells are having cell wall however their cell wall is made up of proteins and sugars that is amino acids and sugar in short the cell wall of monaran is made up of murin peptidoglycan right yes or no will you remember this term the other term for peptidoglycan is murin so remember this thing that the cell wall of kingdom monarch is made up of peptidoglycan in protista cell wall may be present may not be present if present then usually it is cellulosic in case of fungi cell wall is present and it is chitinous in nature so the cell wall is present in fungi but it is made up of chitin chitin is also a polysaccharide it is actually a polymer of nag and acetyl glucosamine right coming to plant planty so its cell wall is present and which is cellulose sick animals may know cell wall i hope this feature is also clear to all my students moving ahead the next feature which he considered and the most important feature of rh whitaker is mode of nutrition so mode of nutrition is very important feature and the most important feature of classification nutrition may better according to according to rh whitaker monaran shows maximum diversity in term of nutrition in case of monorange majority of the members can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic in autotrophic also they show different categories in heterotrophs also they show different categories that i will teach you when i&amp;#39;ll teach you kingdom monarch separately here you can only write that mode of nutrition can be both autotrophic as well as heterotrophic right and they show maximum diversity coming to protista protest protista also shows diversity in terms of nutrition but less than monora the members of protista can also show both autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition details we will do once i will teach you the kingdoms independently here we are just me fulfilling the chart so no further details further details will be done when i will teach you all the kingdoms independently correct if i talk about fungi fungi because they are heterotrophic because the members of kingdom fungi cannot prepare their own food that is why they were removed from planty and established as an independent kingdom so that is why mode of nutrition becomes a very important feature clear so mode of nutrition is heterotrophic planty clear auto drops animalia clear heterotrophs clear animals cannot prepare their own food they depend upon another sources therefore they are consumers they are heterotrophs they are not producers coming to the last feature of rh whitaker in this chart that is body organization body organization if i talk about kingdom monorail and if i talk about kingdom protester then better they are unicellular organisms that is why we say that their body organization is cellular body organization clear single cell body organization moving ahead to fungi fungi shows lose body tissue type of body organization loose tissue body organization so fungi shows loose tissue body organization planty proper tissue body organization and they can also form organ like roots stems leaves these all other organs of plants so body organization exhibited by plant ranges from tissue to organ level so maybe tissue or maybe organ type of body organization animals animals method you know they show organ and organ system type of body organization the highest range of body organization is exhibited by animals so you can simply write tissue organ or organ system organ or organ system type of body organization hope this chart is clear to all and every student please learn this chart and questions will be on your tips apart from these features one more important feature which whittaker considered was phylogeny he also traced evolutionary history in order to group organism remember that clear moving ahead but hope the five kingdom classification is clear now when we come in modern era in today&amp;#39;s world in today&amp;#39;s era after whittaker came one more scientist by the name carl voos karl who&amp;#39;s bitter he was studying he&amp;#39;s a microbiologist he was studying on the members of kingdom monitor he was studying on bacterias he found two broad deviations in kingdom monira he found two broad groups in kingdom monera showing great differences one group of bacteria was exhibiting one type of property and another group of bacteria in the same kingdom was showing some different property therefore kalvus thought that when in the same kingdom monitor two such groups are developing then why not to separate these two groups and establish them as independent kingdoms hence karl wu&amp;#39;s divided kingdom monarch into two new kingdoms as kingdom archive bacteria and kingdom eu bacteria hence from five now we became six kingdoms the six kingdoms are kingdom archaeobacteria kingdom eu bacteria protista planty fungi and animalia clear so what kal wuz did khal wuz divided kingdom monera on the basis of certain features which i will tell you divided kingdom monitor into two new sub-kingdoms as kingdom rk bacteria and kingdom you bacteria does now how many kingdoms are there six kingdoms are there those six kingdoms are rk bacteria you bacteria protista then fungi planty and animalia yes or no apart from creating six kingdoms called he also developed one more category of classification above kingdom he created one more category of classification by the name domain till now we know that kingdom is the topmost category of classification yes but carl who&amp;#39;s created one more category above kingdom called domain and he placed these six kingdoms into three domain thus his classification system is known as three domain six kingdom six kingdoms you can see now let&amp;#39;s see what are those three domains the three domains are domain archive in which he kept kingdom archebacteria domain prokaryo which includes kingdom eu bacteria and domain eukarya in which he included the remaining kingdoms consisting of eukaryotic cells that is protista fungi plantae and animalia so therefore his kingdom classification is known as three domain six kingdom six kingdom you understood three domains are over here domain archive domain prokarya and domain eukarya correct will you remember out of three domains in two domains there are organisms with prokaryotic organization and in one domain there is organisms with eukaryotic organization will you remember this let me write it for you so out of out of three domains you know the name two domain members are prokaryotic you know the two domains number one and number two and one domain that is domain u carrier here the members are eukaryotic in nature clear to everybody right now the question comes on what grounds he did what actually he observed in kingdom mourner that he thought to divide kingdom honorary into two new kingdoms so the first and foremost thing which he observed was the gene sequencing of 16s rrna he was actually studying the ribosomes of bacteria the ribosomes of bacteria are 70s type right 70s ribosomes they are made up of two subunits the larger 50 and smaller 30 the smaller subunit that is 30s beta this is made up of one of the type of rrna called 16s rrname he was this fellow carl boos was trying to understand the gene sequencing the arrangement of nucleotides in 16s rrna and he was surprised to find that in the same kingdom there were two different results of 16s rrna gene sequencing one group of organisms in kingdom monarch was showing one result of gene sequencing and there was another group of organisms in the kingdom monitor which was showing some different result carl wu said that if such basic thing cannot be similar in the same kingdom then these members are not fit to be kept in the same kingdom and hence on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequencing kalvu&amp;#39;s separated kingdom monira into two new kingdoms why because members of kingdom bacteria were showing some different result and members of you bacteria were showing some different result of 16s rrna gene sequencing clear yes or no yes okay very good very good now let&amp;#39;s proceed further here again one more chart is there charts always makes the study more interesting and easy right so now here i am going to show that what are the features which carl who&amp;#39;s considered apart from 16s rrna gene sequencing in order to establish three domain six kingdom classification so here i am showing the three domains as domain archive domain pro carrier and domain eukarya in which the six kingdoms are divided and these are the list of features which carl wuz considered in order to propose his classification first and the very important feature you know 16s rrna gene sequencing so when he did 16s rrna gene sequencing when he tried to understand the nucleotide arrangement in the 16s rrna he found different results what are those different results we are not concerned you should simply know that the result of 16s rrna gene sequencing was different in the kingdom monera hence he divided kingdom monarch into two new kingdoms right clear moving ahead nature of nucleus apart from 16s rrna my dear students karl voos was also studying on the structure of nucleus he found that in members of rk bacteria in members of rk bacteria histone protein is present in their dna which usually is not present in prokaryotic cells so this is an exclusive feature of rk bacteria that histone proteins dna is nucleoid type no nuclear membrane is present around rk bacteria but his stone proteins were found found however the nature of the genetic material is nucleoid in prokaryotes genetic material is nucleoid but no histones here histones are found so can you see this similarity of rk bacteria with eukarya domain another feature which he considered was the structure of plasma membrane my dear students whether it is a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell the only structure similarity is the plasma membrane plasma membrane is uniformly common in all the type of cell and it is represented by lipid by layer with unbranched side chain so whether it is prokaryotes or eukaryotes the structure of plasma membrane is same which is lipid bilayer you know if you don&amp;#39;t know then this also we will cover in our chapter cell so till then just stay tuned so this is how the lipid bilayer is and this type of plasma membrane is found in prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes with unbranched side chain but if i talk about rk bacteria if i talk about the domain archive and kingdom archaeobacteria then karl vuz found that their plasma membrane is represented by lipid mono layer plus branched side chain isn&amp;#39;t it a different factor isn&amp;#39;t it quite different and that is why this fellow carl voos decided to separate members of kingdom archive members of archaeobacteria from the members of eu bacteria clear coming to the next feature cell wall composition normally you have seen the five kingdom chart we have written that in kingdom monarch the cell wall is made up of murin it is made up of peptidoglycan yes or no so here cell wall is peptidoglycan commonly called as murin but in case of rk bacteria if they were true bacteria if they belong to kingdom monitor then their cell wall should also be made up of murin but no the composition of cell wall in rk bacteria is not muran rather it is called as pseudomurine i will tell you what is the difference between murine and pseudomuri later but here you should know that the cell wall of rk bacteria is made up of pseudomurine whereas the cell wall of prokarya is made up of murine eukaryotes depending upon the kingdom cell wall may be chitina cell wall may be cellulosic hemicellulosic etc so cell wall here you can write may be chitinos maybe cellulosic hemicellulosic etc clear so there&amp;#39;s so many differences that khal whose decided to divide kingdom monarch into two sub kingdoms asking the monera as kingdom eu bacteria and kingdom rk bacteria so this is the latest classification system of karl wu&amp;#39;s sixth kingdom and three domain i hope all the classification systems are clear to each and every one of you yes or no if yes then just give a thumbs up in your comment section right okay so this is all about the classification system now we are actually entering into the main part of the chapter where i am going to teach you each kingdom independently first starting with kingdom mourner kingdom monitor means first we are going to talk about the general features of both the sub kingdoms archebacteria and eu bacteria and then i will tell you their unique properties clear so first we&amp;#39;re going to start with this kingdom and first we&amp;#39;re going to start with the general features am i clear or not so we are going to start now with the first kingdom that is kingdom monitor first we are going to discuss about their general features and then we are going to talk further first of all beta the first and the foremost important line regarding the regarding this kingdom you should know that bacterias are the sole members of this kingdom this kingdom was proposed by monera which uh this kingdom was proposed by co plant who kept all unicellular prokaryotic organisms into this later on it later on it was separated by carl voos but initially all the unicellular prokaryotic organisms were kept in this kingdom and bacteria are the soul members i don&amp;#39;t remember the year in which neet has asked question on this line that dash is the sole member of kingdom monitor and so and so options were given and the correct answer was bacteria so bacteria are the sole members of kingdom monora first and foremost important line but bacterias they are cosmopolitan cosmopolitan means the ones which are found everywhere on this board on the fan lights everywhere soil everywhere you will find number of bacteria so bacterias are cosmopolitan that means they are found everywhere now if i talk about the cellular structure of the bacterias if i talk about the cellular structure of the members of kingdom monarch then bachcho their genetic material is naked type their genetic material is not well defined not well defined means that genetic material is represented for example this i&amp;#39;m drawing a small bacteria right this is these are the outer membranes of the bacteria right for example i called as plasma membrane now the plasma membrane inside encloses the fluid which is called a cytoplasm within the cytoplasm the genetic material is present directly diffused it is not separated by any nuclear membrane no histone proteins are found in their genetic material plus the genetic material is represented by double stranded circular single chromosome and such genetic material is known as nucleoid or geno4 right so what is genetic material genetic material in monarch is represented by double stranded circular single naked naked means no histones plus no nuclear membrane right along with this feature bacterial cytoplasm also do not have any compartmentalization compartmentalization means that there are no membrane bound cell organelles like er golgi mitochondria etc they only have non-membrane bound organelles like ribosomes so next important feature which you should know is that they lack membrane-bound organelles however however non-membrane bound organelles like ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm and the nature of ribosomes is 70 s clear yes or no very good moving ahead now macho these bacterias these whole soul members of kingdom monarch their bodies just represented by one cell and that cell is also prokaryotic in nature correct so their body organization is very simple however if we talk in terms of their functional aspects and we talk that how do they live their life then their life living pattern is not that simple so we can say that the simple bacterias are simple in organization but exhibit complex behavior like their mode of nutrition respiration reproduction is not as simple as their structure this line i have taken directly from ncrt very very important line it can come either in the form of correct and correct true false match following etc so please mark this line as important that bacterias they possess simple organization body organization but exhibit complex behavior clear very good now due to the absence of certain proteins like tubulin protein the cytoplasm of bacteria do not show any movement there are no cytoplasmic streaming taking place in the bacterial cytoplasm bacterial cytoplasm is still so we can say that bacterias the members of monera do not exhibit cyclosis cyclosis means cytoplasmic movement there is no cytoplasmic movement taking place in the cytoplasm of bacteria right they lack proteins like tubulin so no microtubules no cytoske skeleton structure also found in their moving ahead now on the basis of shapes if you study the structures and the shapes of bacteria then bacterias can be of four distinct shapes they can be either comma shaped called as vibrio like vibrio cholerae which causes cholera second they may be rod shaped called bacillus like bacillus anthracis so vibrio spiral shaped like spirochetes called as spirochetes and some may be spherical in shape called cocaine just a second spirochetes and some may be spherical in shape called cocai like streptococcus bacteria right so on the basis of shape bacteria can be of how many type students four types so we can classify bacteria on the basis of their morphological appearance thus bacterias are also known as morphological species more for species because we are classifying them on the basis of shape they can be of four types bacillus vibrio then your spirochetes and cocaine right yes or no very good moving ahead some bacterias may be motile and some bacterias may not be motile depending upon the presence or absence of flagella remember if flagella is found then bacterias are motile if back if flagella is not found then they are called as non-motile these flagellas are the extensions of the plasma membrane and they are made up of flagellin protein apart from flagella bacterias may also possess some more extensions either in the form of pili or in the form of fimbre pillai are better made up of pellen proteins they are helping in alloying the exchange of genetic material between the two bacterias through conjugation i will tell you what is conjugation but till now understand that bacteria may give rise to extensions like flagella that is responsible for motility made up of flatulent protein pili made up of pellen protein helps in exchange of genetic material and fimbre made up of fibrin protein and responsible for the attachment of the bacteria to the substratum so this fimbre is responsible for the attachment of bacteria to the substratum clear so this is also one of the important general feature which you should know so now you know water pili you know what are fimbre these are just the extensions of which are found in the prokaryotic cell and exhibiting some unique features in bacteria apart from their main genetic material the main genetic material which is known as nucleoid geno4 i told you apart from that apart from main genetic material bacterias the members of monera also possess some extra chromosomal genetic material some extra chromosomal self-replicating circular dna called plasmid self-replicating circular dna called plasmids this is a this is a unique feature of prokaryotic cells only plasmids are absent in eukaryotic cells so what are plasmids they are extra chromosomal self-replicating genetic material found in the cytoplasm of bacteria clear this is also important general feature which you should know now moving ahead moving ahead so these all other general features which you should know regarding the members of kingdom monitor now we are moving ahead towards their diversity towards their functions towards their activities what they perform and the first one which i am going to discuss is their mode of respiration that how bacteria respire beta bacteria shows diversity in terms of mode of respiration they can be four broad categories of bacteria on the basis of their mode of respiration which i have divided as obligate aerobes obligate anaerobes facultative aerobees and facultative anaerobes right so all the four types of respiration now i am going to tell you starting with obligate aerobes bacho obligate means strict compulsory so obligate means strict aerob means oxygen so those bacteria who compulsorily require oxygen for respiration are called as obligate aerobic bacteria on the other hand obligate anaerobe name itself suggest obligate means strict anaerobes means without oxygen so those organisms who do not require oxygen who respire in complete absence of oxygen are called as obligate and aerobic bacteria shall we write it yes come on obligate aerobes bacteria who require bacteria who compulsorily require oxygen for respiration anaerobes bacteria who do not require oxygen for respiration are called as obligate and aerobes clear next set facultative arrows facultative anaerobes facultative means not strict alternative so facultative aerobes means those bacteria who normally do not require oxygen who normally are anaerobic but if provided with oxygen then they will also start respiring in aerobic conditions so what are facultative aerobes write it see bacteria who normally do not require oxygen they are anaerobic however can also respire aerobically right on the other hand contradictory to this is facultative anaerobes facultative anaerobes are those bacteria who normally require oxygen but can also respire in the absence of it correct shall we write it chalo let&amp;#39;s do it so bacteria who normally require oxygen however can also respire and aerobically they are called as facultative anaerobic organisms clear to everyone are all the four types of mode of new uh respiration clear once again obligate aerobe strict aerobic obligate anaerobe no oxygen strict no oxygen facultative aerobic which require no oxygen usually but can also respire aerobically facultative anaerobe who are naturally aerobic but can also respire anaerobic if conditions are provided clear so this is one of the mode of diversity in bacteria apart from respiration next important function exhibited by bacteria is nutrition so moving ahead to nutrition part bacteria as i told you beta they exhibit maximum diversity in terms of mode of nutrition this question was asked in 2011 you can go and check the paper in 2011 this question was asked that which kingdom exhibits maximum diversity in terms of nutrition so your answer will be monitor bacteria shall i write this point very important highlight it maximum diversity in terms of nutrition chaat can you remember the chart can you recall that there you wrote that bacterias can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic they can prepare their own food and some bacteria cannot prepare their own food now autotrophic can be of two types photolithoautotroph or chemolido autotrophs photolitho autotrophs my dear students are those group of bacteria who utilizes sun energy to prepare their food photo means sunlight autotroph means can prepare their own food so those group of bacteria those group of bacteria who prepares food in the presence of light right and uses electron donor as an any inorganic compound like water or hydrogen sulfide and uses inorganic carbon source as well as electron donor right for example purple and green sulfur bacteria very important you should remember this example purple green sulfur bacteria purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria these bacterias they can prepare their own food by utilizing light as a source of energy and carbon source electron source are some inorganic compound like co2 and water or hydrogen sulfide clear moving ahead chemolithe autotrophs these are also those group of bacterias which can prepare their own food but utilizes chemical as a source of energy chemo chemo means chemical so those group of bacteria prepare their own food by utilizing chemical energy like for example you see in case of nitrifying bacteria like nitrosomonas nitrosococcus they use the energy developed by the oxidation of ammonium and nitrites that you study in nitrogen metabolism so nitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria like nitrosomonas nitrosococcus nitrocystus nitrobacter beta they generate energy by oxidizing ammonia to nitrite and nitrite further to nitrate and while doing this whatever energy is produced such bacterias utilize it for preparing their own food and therefore these kind of bacteria who can prepare their own food by utilizing chemical as a source of energy are known as chemolido autotrophs clear yes or no so on the basis of nutrition there are two types of bacteria photo lead autotroph on the basis of autotrophic mode of nutrition there are two types of bacteria photo lead autotroph bacteria who can prepare their own food by utilizing light as a source of energy chemolitho bacteria who can prepare their own food by utilizing chemical as a source of energy right now next category is of heterotrophic bacterias who do not prepare their own food majority of bacteria are heterotroph and in heterotroph also there is one category of decomposers so majority of the bacteria are decomposer type of heterotroph right let&amp;#39;s write it heterotroph bacteria who [Music] do not prepare their own food they basically consumers now heterotrophs make sorry categories some bacteria may be parasitic some bacteria may be symbiotic some bacteria may be saprophytic but majority of them are decomposers which feed on dead and decaying organic waste so okay yeah so if i talk that which is the maximum type of nutrition exhibited by bacteria heterotroph and in heterotroph if i ask you which is the maximum type of nutrition exhibited by bacteria then our answer will be decomposer please note it down mark it as important question will come from this section as well right so this is all about nutrition which you have to do now you have studied two aspects of bacteria one is their respiration another is nutrition third important aspect in the bacteria is their mode of reproduction yes or no so when it comes to reproduction bacho then bacteria shows only a sexual mode of reproduction bacterias divide by fission method there is no true sexual reproduction taking place in bacteria bacterias only divide by fission method which is an asexual method bacterias may in bacterias there is no zygote formation there is no meiosis there is no alternation of generation that means there is no switch from haploid to deployed and deployed to haploid this simply there is a parent bacteria it divides produces daughter bacteria these daughter bacteria again mature again divide new daughter bacteria simply fission simply asexual reproduction no confusion no complexity simple fast reproduction clear let&amp;#39;s do it so reproduction bacteria reproduces asexually by fission method where there is a parent bacteria having not so well defined genetic material invaginations occurs in the form of mesosomes they grow finally reach to the center genetic material duplicates and ultimately the bacteria divides into two equal sized daughter cells receiving the same amount of material right this is fission now coming back however bacteria do not show true sexual reproduction true sexual reproduction means what true true sexual reproduction means alternation of generation as there is no alternation of generation there is no zygote formation there is no meiosis there is no change from haploid to deployed or deployed to haploid thus they do not show any true sexual reproduction let&amp;#39;s write no true sexual reproduction means no alternation of generation that means there is no such kind of activity that means there is no zygote formation or meiosis therefore we can say bacteria reproduces very quickly because asexual method of reproduction is very simple fast and quick process am i clear with this will you all remember all the three functional aspect of bacteria respiration nutrition and reproduction respiration four types take nutrition three categories reproduction only asexual no true sexual no true sexual means no alternation of generation no alternation of generation means no switch between haploid deployed deployed haploid as they lack zygote formation and meiosis right thumbs up for everybody yes or no very good very very good impressive proceeding further so this is the general study now we are going to study the organisms of this kingdom which are further divided into two new kingdoms rkbacteria and eu bacteria so first i&amp;#39;m going to teach you about rk bacteria and then we will proceed further to you bacteria rk bacteria you know they were separated from the kingdom monarch by carl voos on the basis of certain features those features were 16s rrna gene sequencing structure of plasma membrane cell wall composition and the nature of genetic material because they contained histone proteins correct now rk bacteria beta they are one of the primitive most organisms on this earth these organisms can survive in any extreme environmental conditions let&amp;#39;s write this point very very important go and check the paper of 2012-13 you will find questions on this right so rk bacteria are the group of organisms who can survive under extreme environmental conditions they can survive under extreme environmental conditions why question is why they can survive so we have two reasons for this number one i&amp;#39;m writing here our space constraint is there the cell wall nature and number two is their cell membrane you remember we discussed that the cell membrane is made up of lipid mono layer so this lipid mono layer does not allow the external environmental condition to impact the internal environmental conditions number one second cell wall is made up of pseudome yes yes or no yes so now let me tell you what is pseudomurid focus pseudo murine betta first to understand what is pseudomurine you should also know what is murine so murine is actually the type of chemical found in the cell wall of bacteria which is made up of proteins and sugar there are four different types of amino acids making peptidoglycan and two different types of complex sugars nag and nam anisetyl muramic acid and n-acetyl glucosamine however in rk bacteria this nam is replaced by nat nat stands for anesthetic tallow salmon murronic as said does due to this replacement only nam replaced by nat due to this one change only the composition of cell wall in rk bacteria is known as pseudomurine and this pseudomurine again make this archaic bacteria resistant towards the external environmental conditions clear shall i write it yes ma&amp;#39;am you should write it okay so if i want to write it i should have a space okay okay so space constraint is there i will write somewhere here so cell wall structure if i talk about the cell wall structure is pseudo murine where nam is replaced by nat n-acetyl muramic acid is replaced by an acetyl talosamine muronic acid this gives cell wall a resistance nature clear now archaeobacterium idea students can be divided into three categories as methanogens halophils and thermoacidophils all the three types of archaebacteria can survive in extreme environmental conditions as if i talk about methanogens then first feature on the basis of which we are going to classify them is their habit and habitat but methanogens as the name suggests they are found in the regions rich in methane because they themselves are methane producers correct methanogens genes means producer methanol is methane therefore they can be found in the gut of luminance in rice fields in marshy areas right methanogens these are methane producers thus found in methane rich regions like gut you know what is gut yes gut of ruminants ruminants means cows and buffalos okay moving to halophiles hallow means salt so these are those bacterias which can survive in even extreme salinity salinity which is like in ocean water they can be found where more than 35 percent salinity is there some halophiles are also found in hyper saline lagoons where salinity may reach up to 100 so in that extreme saline water these bacteria can easily survive their osmolarity is matched up with the ocean water right if i throw you in the ocean water you will not be able to survive due to exosmosis our osmolarity does not match with the ocean water but halo files their osmolarity is matching with the osmos osmolarity of the ocean water hence they can survive in that extreme environmental conditions as well so halophiles are those who can survive in extreme saline conditions they can they can survive in extreme saline conditions where salinity is more than 35 percent sometimes even hundred percent right coming to the third type thermo acidophilus name itself suggest thermo means temperature acido means low ph so these are those rk bacteria who can survive in extreme high temperature of up to 80 to 100 degree celsius and ph as less than 2 right so these bacteria can survive in high temperature which is about 80 to 100 degree and low ph like maybe two or even less than two right so these are the three types of rk bacteria which are found in extreme environmental conditions due to their cell wall nature and plasma membrane nature moving ahead next is on the terms of nutrition but methanogens they are chemoautotrophs they can prepare their own food by utilizing chemical as the source of energy halophiles purely heterotrophs cannot prepare thermoacidophils are also chemoautotrophs next mode of respiration methanogens strict anaerobes obligate anaerobes remaining to their facultative anaerobes means normally require oxygen but even if not given they can respire anaerobically so they are facultative and aerobes clear yes or no so these are the three types of archaeobacteria and their classification system which you should know and remember whatsoever question will be asked in need will be only from this section if you remember this much if you see this video learn this from the video read the ncrt i guarantee you that all the questions will be easily solved right proceeding further organisms of monera organisms of monarch now we are going to talk about those bacteria which are true bacteria and there are different groups in true bacteria out of which two we are going to discuss as microplasma and cyanobacteria few information we are going to discuss about mycoplasma and few information we are going to discuss about cyanobacteria are you all ready guys absolutely yes ma&amp;#39;am ma&amp;#39;am is also ready so why to waste time start with mycoplasma mycoplasma is the smallest bacteria known with an average size of 0.3 microns it is also known as pplo plural pneumonia like organism correct now microplasma do not have cell wall it does not it lacks cell wall hence do not have a well-defined shape right charlo lichtenstein microplasma number one smallest bacteria smallest sized organism number two also known as pplo number three lags cell wall therefore no defined shape no defined shape means showing pleomorphy so they show pleomorphism right because they lack cell wall therefore they are also known as bacterias with their coats off coats means clothes they know what they do not have cell wall now so that is why microplasmas are also known as bacterias with their coats off so also known as bacterias with their coats off right so these are certain points which which you should know for microplasma coming to the next true bacteria and coming to the next organism of monora you bacteria cyanobacteria very very important this you need to do in little bit of detail cyanobacteria also first of all known as also known as blue green algae they are the only bacteria to show proper oxygenic photosynthesis photolithe autotrophs they prepare food they show photosynthesis but during photosynthesis they do not release oxygen as a by-product however cyanobacteria performs oxygenic photosynthesis performs oxygenic photosynthesis as they have pigments similar to higher plants they have chlorophyll a this is a unique feature in bacteria otherwise normally photolitho autotrophs they trap light with the help of other pigments like bacterial chlorophyll but they do not have chlorophyll a presence of chlorophyll a is only reported in one type of bacteria that is cyanobacteria so they possess chlorophyll a for trapping light apart from chlorophyll a cyanobacterias also have some additional pigments called phycobilins so they also have some additional pigments called phycobilin right now they have [Music] proper cell wall unlike that of microplasma cell wall cell wall is present in cyanobacteria and that cell wall is four layered so cyanobacteria possess multiple layered cell wall four layered cell wall cyanobacterias but so they are purely aquatic they are non-motile [Applause] they are free-floating right i hope all these features which i have written so far you are able to understand that cyanobacteria commonly known as blue green algae they perform oxygenic photosynthesis as they have chlorophyll a for trapping light along with chlorophyll a they have some additional pigments called phycobillions then they are they are having proper four layered cell wall followed by their aquatic in nature they lack flagella hence they are non-motile plus they simply float on the surface of water they cannot swim because they do not have flagella so cyanobacteria they simply float on the surface of water hence they are free floating all these points clear so we are going to now start the next kingdom after monarch is protista you know that the term protester this kingdom protester was discovered by ernst haekel this kingdom was coined by ernst heykill yes or no we did it this fellow ernst hakel coined the term protista and he separated all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms which were initially placed either in kingdom plantae or in kingdom animalia they separated from there and kept in this new kingdom protista so all the members of kingdom protester are unicellular eukaryotic in nature clear right now you are coming after studying kingdom protester bacho after kingdom monarch and in kingdom monarch you have seen that organisms are made up of prokaryotic cell which lacks well-defined nucleus which does not have membrane-bound organelles in its cytoplasm but now we are starting with those those kingdoms which are made up of eukaryotic cells thus in protista onwards or from protista onwards the cells will possess well-defined genetic material well-defined genetic material means the genetic material which is present in the nucleoplasm as the genetic material is separated from the nuclear membrane it is separated with the help of nuclear membrane plus the genetic material have histones for packaging yes or no so we can say that in pro carry in eukaryotes the genetic material is true nucleus type right the second point it was discovered by ernst hayekel right now they possess well-defined nucleus well-defined nucleus means when the genetic material is surrounded by nuclear membrane is surrounded by nuclear membrane and possesses stones for packaging now cytoplasm shows compartmentalization from protester from kingdom protester onwards due to the presence of membrane-bound cell organelles like er golgi body etc mitochondria etc they also have ribosomes for protein synthesis but now the cytoplasmic ribosomes found in protista are ats type so you can mention over here they possess 80s type of cytoplasmic ribosomes in monarch you see you you have seen that the ribosome nature was 70 s but now here the nature of ribosome changes from 70 to 80 s clear yes very good now majority of the members of kingdom protester bear bitter they are aquatic in nature they may be fresh water or they may be marine but majority of them are aquatic so you should know this question may come on this line that protestants the member of kingdom protista are majorly found aware so your answer should be they&amp;#39;re majorly aquatic in nature in aquatic they may be marine or they may be fresh water right very good now since kingdom protista is made up of eukaryotic cells and there is one more peculiar feature of eukaryotic cell that is presence of protein called tubulin which is responsible for providing cytoskeleton structure of the cell as well as the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells also shows cytoplasmic streaming called cyclosis no more cytoplasm is constant rather it shows circular movement called cyclosis so you should know that members of kingdom protista their cytoplasm shows movement called cyclosis clear next point now coming to the very important aspect of any organism of anybody&amp;#39;s life is reproduction so when i talk about reproduction and protester then protista can reproduce by both the methods sexually as well as asexually asexually they will reproduce maybe by fission method or fragmentation method but when it comes to sexual reproduction then protista shows proper sexual reproduction involving gamete formation fusion to form zygote there is a switch between haploid and deployed generations which is called as proper alternation of generation so you have to remember that members of kingdom protista they show both the type of reproduction that is asexual and sexual sexual reproduction means what involving both gamete formation and zygote formation when gametes and zygotes are formed this lead to alternation of generation between haploid and deployed stages from haploid to deployed after fusion and again from deployed to haploid after meiosis so this this is called as alternation of generation and it is a peculiar feature of sexual reproduction clear yes or no very good now moving to the next point next general feature of this kingdom protester bacho the members of kingdom protester the boundaries of kingdom protesters we say are not well defined the boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined why because the organisms which are captain kingdom protista they may be moved to other kingdoms as well if i talk about chlamydomonas if i talk about chlorella still their position is in doubtful that whether they should be kept in protester as they can also be kept in kingdom plenty no doubt we keep them in kingdom protest only but yes some may say that they can be also captain kingdom plantae right so some organisms of kingdom protista which are kept in kingdom protista can also be moved to other kingdoms hence we can say that the boundaries of this kingdom are not properly marketed right read it boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined as organisms which belong to protista are more relevant to other groups other than protista clear yes or no for example chlamydomonas and chlorella okay so these are certain general features related to kingdom protista now we are going to study the classification of protista like that of monera also shows diversity in terms of nutrition and on the basis of nutrition itself we can divide kingdom protista into three broad groups that is producer protestants consumer protestants and protozoans in producer protestants we have kept those protestants who can prepare their own food and they are diatoms dinoflagellates and euglenoids in consumer protestant we have kept those protestants who cannot prepare their own food and feed on dead and decaying organic waste and under this category we have kept slime molds clear last protozoans macho it is that category of protestants which are considered as primitive relative of animals because they do not prepare their own food either the members are parasitic or they are saprophytic or in short they are depending upon some other sources of food they cannot prepare their own food and under protozoan we have four sub categories as flagellated protozoans ciliated protozoans amoeboid protozoans and sporozones one by one all this classification we have to do in detail without wasting time my dear students let&amp;#39;s start first with producer protestant and in producer protestants first we are going to talk about diatoms so are you all ready for diatoms yes very good ahead so they belong to group called chrysophytes diatoms and diatoms and desmits together they belong to group called chrysophyta so first we are going to study chrysophyta under kingdom protista which includes diatoms and desmits this group includes diatoms and desmits these are producer protestant that means these organism can prepare their own food they are autotrophic in nature now if they are autotrophic in nature that means they can trap light and prepare their food for trapping light but so they need photosynthetic pigments that means the members of chrysophyta have photosynthetic pigments because of which they can trap light and produce food now you should know what are those photosynthetic pigments so the photosynthetic pigments which are found in chrysophytes are i&amp;#39;m writing it over here chlorophyll a chlorophyll c xanthophyll they have a special type of xanthophyll called fucoxanthin this fucosa anthem where my dear students is actually a brown colored a golden brown colored pigment right so this fucosanthen this presence of fucozanthin in the members of chrysophyta impart them slight golden brown color hence they are also known as golden brown algae clear so diatoms and decimates they are photosynthetic protestants they belong to chrysophyta they have photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a chlorophyll c xanthophylls one special type of xanthophyll found in them is fucozanthin which is brown in color hence these organisms may also appear brown in color clear very good now my dear students if they can prepare the food then someday will come when the food will become in excess yes or no so will they throw their excess food out of the body or will they store it yes they are going to store when papa brings in your papa brings excess amount of money and then you utilize the amount which you require remaining do you throw no you keep it in your bank for further use you reserve your extra money similarly these organisms can prepare their food but but when it becomes excess they store it in the form of leukocene oil also called as chrysol laminarin clear let&amp;#39;s write this point the reserve food material in them is leucocene in bracket you can write chrysol laminarin right clear now question comes from where are they present so as i told you majority of the protestants they are aquatic so diatoms and decimates they are also aquatic and majorly they are free floating organisms found on the surface of water they are free floating that means they lack flagella they are non-motile organisms see so now they are microscopic because they are unicellular you know that float passively they are free floating why why do they float passively in water current because they lack flagella clear next point told you they are photosynthetic in nature they can prepare their own food now you know why can they prepare their own food there they have their own pigments excess food is also getting stored moving ahead towards their body structure now if i talk about the body organization of dye atoms then it has been observed that the body organization of diatoms is like biscuit box it is like a tin box you know biscuit box or tin box which is having two halves there&amp;#39;s one upper half and there is one lower half and always remember if you want to close that box then the diameter of the lid should be more than the diameter of the dabba yes or no the box the lid diameter should be more than the diameter of your actual box that means the upper half diameter is always more than the lower half so that both fits properly into each other similarly in diatoms also body is in diatoms body organization body is similar to soap box like or tin box like or biscuit box like soap box like how as it is divided into two halves there is one upper half which is known as epitheca what do we call upper half as you call upper half as epitheca and then there is a lower half called hypotheca and remember the diameter of epitheca is going to be more than hypotheca so that the body fits into each other well i hope you have understood this now i am going to show you with the help of a simple diagram okay so let me remove some points from here or okay right now i&amp;#39;ll just draw it over here yes see so this is how the body of diatom is can you see this it is like a box it&amp;#39;s like a soapbox 10 box biscuit box having how many halves two half this is the upper half which is called as epitheca and this is the lower half which is called as hypotheca can you see the upper half epitheca is having more diameter as compared to lower half that is hypotheca correct now inside this it encloses the fluid which is cytoplasm it&amp;#39;s all cytoplasm there&amp;#39;s a large central vacuole inside which is present the nucleus right and all other cell organelles are also present in the cytoplasm along with ats ribosome because it is represented by eukaryotic cell yes or no i hope the structure of diatom is clear to each and every one of you now next and very important point from the point of view of need but so the cell wall is present in diatoms the cell wall of diatom is rich in silica silica is an indestructible chemical may die but their cell wall due to their indestructible cell wall they will not undergo decomposition now for example this is my ocean they&amp;#39;re chiefly found in ocean water they are also called as chief producers in ocean now they are free floating diatoms so diatoms are floating over here they will die once they will die their body will stop floating and will get deposit at the seabed they are going to form heaps of diatoms on the seabed now they cannot be decomposed because of because of the presence of indestructible chemical called silica in their cell wall as a result diatoms gets keep on depositing on the sea bed forming heaps of diatoms and these heaps of diatoms is known as diatomaceous earth or kissinger right so these are diatomaceous earth this diatomaceous earth is of great economic importance why it is slightly gritty in appearance and it can be used in making syrups toothpaste nail paints in fact varnishes the paints which you use in your home so all these uses diatomaceous earth yes or no let me repeat once again due to the presence of their walls are embedded with silica silica is an indestructible chemical as a result the wall of diatoms also become indestructible once they die they settle down at the seabed forms their heaps they pile up they are called as does diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat accumulation over billions of years referred to as diatomaceous earth yes or no very good now moving ahead now these diatomaceous earth they are gritty in appearance and they are having so many economical benefits like for example they can be used as i told you in nail paints it can be used in varnishes it can be used it can be used in making toothpaste your syrups and etc clear now one more important point diatoms are also called as chief producers in the ocean diatoms are simply free floating organisms on the surface of water so they are maximally exposed to light they&amp;#39;re on the surface now they&amp;#39;re maximally exposed to light hence they trap as much as amount of light possible and perform maximum photosynthesis therefore known as chief producers in the ocean clear yes or no so these are the points which you have to remember for dye atoms under the heading chrysophyta i hope this thing is clear to all my dear students one more time i am going to show you the body organization the structure of diatoms and then we will move to dinoflagellates that is the second producer protestants so how is the body let&amp;#39;s revise and then let&amp;#39;s proceed further how is the body the body is soap box like represented by two halves the upper half which is known as epitheca and the lower half which is known as hypo thicker the diameter of epithequer is more than the diameter of hypotheca so that they both fit into each other well clear inside is the cytoplasm large central vacuole in which there&amp;#39;s a nucleus present apart from this they have all the membrane-bound organelles here and there all ribosomes and etc clear they are non-motile they do not have flagella that is why they are free floating right now let&amp;#39;s talk about their reproduction also little bit i&amp;#39;m going to tell you about their reproduction normally protista can reproduce by both sexual as well as asexual method however when the conditions are favorable these protestants prefer what asexual method of reproduction so diatoms under favorable conditions undergo fission remember this point write it diatoms reproduces asexually by fission method reproduces asexually by fission method under favorable conditions however when the condition becomes unfavorable then diatoms switches their mood from asexual to sexual clear right however when the condition becomes unfavorable the mode of reproduction changes from asexual to sexual so just remember this thing the diatoms prefer asexual mode of reproduction over sexual clear now moving ahead towards the next group of protista producer protester dinoflagellates dinoflagellates are included under the group pyrophyta clear so they are included under the group pyro fighter like diet diet like diatoms and decimates are included in the chrysler fighter so dinoflagellates are included under pyro fighter please remember not given in ncrt but important for you cello so now let&amp;#39;s start discussing about the dinoflagellates dinoflagellates beta they are also unicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic protestants dinoflagellates similar to that of diatoms they can also photosynthesize and they can also prepare their own food so they are photosynthetic protestants again why what is the reason that they can also prepare their own food same reason presence of photosynthetic pigments so my dear lovely students dinoflagellate first of all they&amp;#39;re aquatic they prefer to live in marine water so they are mostly marine and they are photosynthetic in nature why photosynthetic due to the presence of photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll a chlorophyll c xanthophylls they may also have beta different type of xanthophyll some may have fucosanthin some may have another type of xanthophylls like peridone so they may have xanthophyll-like fucosanthin or peridyne my dear students fucozan thin is a brown colored pigment so dinoflagellates having fucozane thin in high amount will also appear to be golden brown in color and peridine is the photosynthetic it is a pigment it&amp;#39;s a photosynthetic pigment which is red in color so a dinoflagellate having peridone will appear in which color red in color remember this thing very good now you know they have photosynthetic pigment they can prepare their own food so if they can prepare their own food a day will come excess food is happening will they throw out no they are also going to store and dinoflagellates my dear students store food in the form of carbohydrates or oils carbohydrate or oils clear very good now unlike that of diatoms dinoflagellates are motile organisms they do not float rather they swim on the water surface why do they swim because they have flagella with them they are flagellated and how many flagellars do they have they have two flagella placed perpendicular to each other i&amp;#39;ll show you with the help of a diagram clear so now i&amp;#39;m going to show you a a dinoflagellate a simple representation of a unicellular photosynthetic protestant over here try to understand try to see so yes this i&amp;#39;m just drawing trying to draw a simple dinoflagellate over here some diagrams are given in your ncrt as well now you can see i&amp;#39;m i&amp;#39;m drawing two openings yes or no yes very good right so this is how dinoflagellate outer appearance will be now the cell plate is represented with is actually stiff cellulosic cell plate is present in them which is called as thicker or liquor so the cell wall which is in dinoflagellates is stiff in nature due to the presence of cellulosic plates and such stiff cellulosic plates are known as thicker or laurica so let me write the name so this is how these are the suppose these are the stiff cellulosic plates right and due to the presence of my dear students these stiff cellulosic plates it seems to be like as if dinoflagellate is wearing an armor it has protected its body from the outside conditions the stiff cellulosic plates gives an appearance of what armor around dinoflagellates therefore dinoflagellates are also known as armored organism you know what is armor armor is the one which old time knights the soldiers used to wear all those made up of metals and ulna so that they can be protected from the swords and other weapons of the enemy so similarly dinoflagellates it seems they&amp;#39;re wearing an armor of stiff cellulosic plates to protect them from the outside environmental conditions right so this is how the dinoflagellate will appear now you can say two grooves can you see two groups one is transverse and another is longitudinal so this is one groove and this is another groove and in each groove are placed one flagella i told you these are flagellated organisms how many flagella two both the flagellas are placed perpendicular to each other each in one groove one in longitudinal groove another in transverse groove so what are these these are the flagella the locomotory organ beta they undergo whirling movement flagella and its position is going to swirl right and it is going to help in the movement of dinoflagellate such movement is called as whirling movement because the flagellas are swirling in their position and this is helping in the movement of dinoa flagellate clear very good moving ahead so most of them have two flagellas one is in the longitudinal groove and second is in the transverse groove or furrow clear between the wall plates you can see it very clearly in the diagram now moving ahead so i hope all these points are clear the structure of dinoflagellate flagella whirling movement let me write it over here dinoflagellates shows which type of movement they show whirling movement clear now moving ahead coming to the point peridone remember i told you the dinoflagellates may also have a red colored pigment called peridine so the dinoflagellates which are having peridone they will appear to be of which color they will appear to be red in color so next point is related to that there are some dinoflagellates some red colored dinoflagellates like goniolex and gymnodinium which are responsible for causing red tides how they rapidly reproduce by asexual method they undergo fission they increase their number on the surface of water and when tides come then those tides appear red in color due to large number of these red colored dinoflagellate i am repeating it once again pay attention that red dinoflagellates like goniolux and gymnodinium due to their rapid multiplication by fission method they rapidly increase their number on the ocean water up ocean water surface is having large number of red colored dinoflagellates so when tides are going to come those tights will also appear red in color and such tides are known as red tides right very good so very often right red dinoflagellates like example goniolux and gymnodinum is also one of the example undergo rapid multiplication and that makes the c appear red not c appear red basically red c is caused by cyanobacteria trichodesmium eritrium here you just remember c will appear red but specifically the denotion is with respect to the tides it is going to cause the red tide clear if the question comes that which organism causes red c then your answer should be cyanobacteria trichodesmium erythrium if question comes which organism causes red tide then your answer should be goniolux and gymnodinium please highlight whatever i have said right now pin this video for this line very important neet is going to ask this question clear moving ahead now the one example which i have mentioned goniolux apart from causing red tide it also produces a toxin called saxy toxin but so it is a neurotoxin right if it is in taken by the fishes then it causes paralytic shellfish poisoning it affects the vertebrate organisms the stocks in this neurotoxin affects the vertebrate organism and causes psp in fishes let&amp;#39;s see toxins released by such large numbers which large numbers goniolex goniolex is a red colored dinoflagellate which also produces a toxin called which toxin sexy toxin will you remember the name yes it is which kind of toxins are neurotoxin and it affects the functioning of vertebrate organism and it causes paralytic shellfish poisoning clear very good in fishes so it causes death of animals such as fishes and which is that disease which is caused in those fishes it is psp paralytic shell selfish poisoning so which is the toxin released by goniolux quickly saxxytoxin which kind of toxin is this neurotoxin it affects vertebrate organism and it may kill some marine organisms like large fishes and those fishes may die due to psp clear okay so very good this is all about dinoflagellates i hope diatoms and dinoflagellates both are clear to all my lovely students moving ahead towards the next photosynthetic protestant that is euglena euglenoids euglenoids the most common example in euglenoid is euglena viridis right now let&amp;#39;s try to understand about euglenas euglenas they are richly found in fresh water and that fresh water should be stagnant so first and foremost line is that these are the organisms which are found in fresh water stagnant fresh water clear number one point second if i talk about their body organization then their body is somewhat like conical in shape how conical the upper part is broad and you as you go down the body starts tapering so it&amp;#39;s like an inverted triangle upper part is broad as you go down the lower part becomes narrow euglena&amp;#39;s better they lack cell wall and their outermost boundary is represented by proteinaceous covering called pellicle so instead of cell wall they have a protein-rich layer called flex pellicle now due to cell wall is not there so constant shape is not maintained hence their body organization is flexible clear now shall i draw the diagram of euglena how the body is it&amp;#39;s like inverted triangle see so this is how euglena is you can see the upper part is broad and as we go down it becomes tapering this outermost boundary is pelican it&amp;#39;s a eukaryotic single cell eukaryotic organism so inside it it will have all well membrane bound cell organelles and nucleus everything so it is going to have a big nucleus in nucleus means genetic material along with the nuclear membrane then they have all the cell organelles here i&amp;#39;m going to show you some chloroplast why because these are photosynthetic protestants and being photosynthetic protestant they should have chloroplast in them so this is chloroplast now my dear lovely students the photosynthetic pigments found in euglena are similar to that of higher plants their chloroplasts have pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b along with xanthophylls so whatever the pigments are found in euglena is similar to is similar to what is similar to higher plants as they have chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b along with xenthophylls and carotenoids right so next point is okay have i written yes the pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in higher plants hence whatever photosynthesis takes place it takes place with the help of these pigments similarly beta they are also photosynthetic they will also prepare their own food and a time will come they will try to store it so if they store it they store it in the form of paramylon bodies clear now they&amp;#39;re found in water so they also need some contractile vacuoles for maintaining the osmo regulation so they also have contractile vacuole for maintaining osmoregulation apart from this my dear students euglena are also motile organisms they are motile due to the presence of flagella how many flagella two flagella they&amp;#39;re eukaryotic organisms so their flagella arise from basal bodies so there are basal bodies right first basal bodies are produced and from those basal body arises flagella how many flagella two one shot and another long so there are two unequal size hetero conti flagella one is long flagella that you see outside and second is short flagella rising from the basal body that soon merges with the longer flagella chotavala is going to soon merge with the longer flagella so there how many flatulas two a short one and a long one soon the shorter one merges with the longer one and what you see outside is only one flatula clear yes or no does euglena also shows flagellar movement this flagella is going to swirl in order to allow the movement of euglena right yes or no the point of meeting where the two flagellas meet this point of meeting is known as para flagellar region now my dear students flagella has one sorry this euglena has one special property that is it shows mixotropic mode of nutrition it shows what it shows mixo trophic mode of nutrition what is mixotropic mode of nutrition that means euglena can act as both autotrophic and heterotrophic depending upon the conditions provided for example if light is present then these euglenas are going to trap light and prepare their own food but when they are deprived of light then they change their mode of nutrition from autotrophic to heterotrophic and they start predating they become predators they start prepared predating on other small organisms that means their mode of nutrition is mixo-trophic why because in the presence of light they trap light prepare their own food however if light is not there in that case they change their mode of nutrition from auto to hetero they become predator they start feeding on other small organisms near to them i hope euglena is also clear so these are the points which you have to remember for your neat examination with respect to all the three photosynthetic protestants we are completed with diatoms dinoflagellates as well as euglena so photosynthetic protestants are done moving ahead to next group and that next group is consumer protestants that includes slime molds so far we have completed with the photosynthetic protestants which includes diatoms dinoflagellates and euglenoids now we are heading towards the next group of pro next group of protesters on the basis of mode of nutrition that is slime molds slime balls my dear students are consumer protest who are not able to prepare their own food rather they depend upon some other organisms they feed on dead and decaying organic matter they are saprophytic protestants as they feed on dead and decaying organic matter they feed on the body moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing the organic material clear if i talk about the body organization of slime molds then slime moles the vegetative body of slime mold is represented by a mass of multi-nucleate cell wall less structure called plasmodium so this is the plasmodium which is the body of slime molds it is the vegetative body cell wall-less body of slime mold which is multi-nucleate and it is produced when the conditions are favorable so during favorable conditions under suitable conditions slime moles they form an aggregation called plasmodium and this plasmodium size may grow up two feets long so the main body of slime mold is what plasmodium now when conditions become unfavorable like maybe water availability light availability nutrient availability something is not perfect in that case condition will switch from favorable to unfavorable in that scenario this plasmodium will produce a fruiting body this plasmodium will produce a fruiting body bearing a swollen structure on the tip so this is the fruiting body bearing a swollen structure on the tip so read it during unfavorable conditions plasmodium produces a fruiting body bearing a swollen structure on the tip now here division takes place inside the swollen tip to produce large number of spores so after division number of spores are produced a time cup a time comes when this structure when this swollen structure it ruptures the swollen structure is going to rupture to release the spores outside remember betta the vegetative body is wall less it is not having cell wall but the spores which are produced after the rupture of the structure on the fruiting body these spores are resistant highly resistant because of the presence of cell wall around them and now whenever the favorable conditions comes first of all these spores which are released they are dispersed through air current and whenever they get a favorable condition they germinate and they grow into a new slime mold clear so next statement says the spores they possess true walls next which are extremely resistant and can survive for many years they&amp;#39;re dispersed through air current now you can see in slime mold one very common thing this plasmodium is wall less without cell wall right so this cell wall-less feature of plasmodium is similar to animal-like organisms fruiting body fruiting body is a fungi like feature and presence of cell wall around the spore is a plant-like feature so can we say that slime molds are the connecting link they are showing some features related to animal related to fungi and related to plant so slime molds are connecting link in protista which shows some features similar to animals similar to plant and similar to fungi hope this small concept of slime old is clear to everybody and questions will surely come come only from the section which i have told so focus on them revise them learn them moving ahead with the last group of protesters which is protozoans protozoans are bacho considered as primitive relatives of animals why why are they considered as primitive relative animals because their mode of nutrition is heterotrophic their mode of nutrition is heterotrophic they may either be predator or parasitic or saprophytic but they cannot prepare their own food hence they are considered as the primitive relatives of animals protozoans can further be divided into four as amiboi protozoans ciliated protozoans flagellated protozoans and sporozoans clear so there are how many types of protozoans four amiboid flagellated ciliated and sporozones correct now let&amp;#39;s talk about these different types of protozoans first feature on the basis of which we are going to study them is their habit and habitat army boy protozoans better they may be aquatic maybe terrestrial they may be found on moist soil they may be parasitic as well so if i talk about the habit and habitat of amiboy protozoans so they may be found growing on land on moist soil on wood as parasites etc so amiboid protozoans you can write that they grow either on land or water may be found on moist soil etc if i talk about ciliated protozoans then they are usually equated some forms may also be terrestrial but usually they are equated then mode of nutrition may be predation maybe parasitism if i talk about flagellated flagellated also may be aquatic or some forms may be terrestrial they may be parasitic terrestrial if i talk about sporo zones then my dear students sporozones are exclusively all endoparasites they all are endoparasites that means they grow inside the host body clear because of which they lack locomotory organ they don&amp;#39;t have any locomotory organ thus the second feature on the basis of which we are going to study protozoan is locomotory organ amiboid protozoans as the name suggests they have pseudopodia for locomotion if i talk about ciliated then they have celery locomotion flagellated flagella for locomotion sporozones being endoparasites they do not have any locomotory organ clear next some special and exclusive feature which is found in respective groups only in case of amiiboy protozoan students some marine forms have been reported which have silica surfaces silica shells so this become a feature special feature of amoeboid protozoans marine forms may possess silica shells coming to ciliated celiated may one very good example is paramecium it is a ciliated protozoan which is also called a slipper like animal now in paramecium you must have observed they have a specific opening for the ingestion of food called gullit so ciliated protozoans are those group of protozoans which have a specific opening for ingestion as well as ejection so they have distinct openings for ejection and ingestion they have a special opening called gullet for ingestion of food for ingestion of food talking about flagellated protozoans beta they show rare sexual reproduction and they prefer to live either as commensals symbionts or parasites so their rare sexual reproduction and prefers to live as commensals or parasites or symbionts etc special feature in case of sporozoans is that if you talk about sporozoins one very good example of sporozoin which i can recall is plasmodium it causes a very dangerous disease called malaria in all sporozones it has been observed my dear student that infectious if i talk about the life cycle of different sporozones then it is observed that in the throughout their life cycle some of the other stages do come which are infectious and infectious stage of the life cycle is actually responsible for causing the disease so we can write that infectious pore like stage infectious pore like stage appears in their life cycle right example for amivoid you can remember the example of entamoeba for ciliated you can remember paramecium for flagellated but you can remember trypanosoma which causes african sleeping sickness and for sporozones i have already told you plasmodium so with this your entire protista kingdom is over hope you have understood this well so far we have completed monarch kingdom including rk bacteria and protista so we have completed with kingdom mourner as well as kingdom protester now students we are jumping into the third kingdom which is kingdom fungi are you all excited not drained out now very good no should be no one should be drained out it&amp;#39;s very very interesting very very important keep up your spirits high keep yourself motivated throughout the lecture so now we are starting with the third kingdom which is kingdom fungi but so you know kingdom fungi was studied was coined by rh whitaker on the basis of the mode of nutrition rich whitaker observed that members of fungi are kept in kingdom planting fungi are heterotrophic they cannot prepare their own food then why are they kept in the kingdom planty where all other organisms are photosynthetic so he rh removed all the members of fungi and established themselves as an independent kingdom so first you should know this write this learn this that kingdom fungi was established by orange whiteticker or whittaker however you pronounce on the basis of mode of nutrition yes or no guys yes very good now this is the first and foremost thing we should which you should know regarding kingdom fungi now proceeding further now you have to see see other general features of this kingdom first of all you you know that this is a group of eukaryotic mainly multicellular heterotrophic organisms so first point itself says it&amp;#39;s a group of multicellular exception may prevail one or two but majority of them are multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms that means these are those organisms who cannot prepare their own food they depend upon dead and decaying organic matter they may be saprophytic in terms of nutrition clear moving ahead second point cell wall fungi they have cell wall but the cell wall is not made up of cellulose rather it is made up of another polysaccharide called chitin and chitin is chemically it is a polymer of sugar nag nag stands for n-acetyl glucosamine very important point so usually fungal cell wall is kittenous exception is there but when i will teach you the classification of fungi there i will tell you that which fungi specifically the lower most fungi oh my cities their cell wall is cellulosic however if the question comes in general that the cell wall of fungi is then your answer should be kitiness what is chitin chitin is chemically it&amp;#39;s a polymer of nag nag is n acetyl glucosa [Music] clear to everybody very good moving ahead third point majority of them are terrestrial uh yes majority of the fungi they are terrestrial few of them primitive fungi may be aquatic otherwise these fungi are either they are growing on dung or they are growing on skin or they are growing on tree bark etc so majority of the fungi my dear students they are terrestrial some primitive fungi may be aquatic clear fungi my dear students prefer to grow in warm and humid climate they grow well in warm and humid climate that is why mummy used to keep food in refrigerator mommy keeps food in refrigerator why does not she keep the food open for throughout the night why she keep it in the refrigerator the only reason is outside the refrigerator the condition may become warm and humid and it will lead to the contamination of your food fungus may start growing that just to avoid that thing mummy keeps the entire leftover food in the refrigerator where temperature is cool and not humid rather it is dry thus such conditions will not allow the growth of fungus so where fungus grows fungus grows well in warm and humid conditions clear okay now coming back to the first point itself i have written that they are multicellular do you know any example do you know any exception example of multicellular fungi is everything albugo uh penicillium etc whatever you can think of they all are multicellular but can you give me any one example of exception in multicellular fungi yes very good absolutely correct exception is east yeast is a unicellular fungus and it is commonly used in making bread and beer you know that this yeast can be used in making bread dough that is why it is known as baker&amp;#39;s east and it is it is also used in making beer it is also used in brewing industries as ferment for because it helps in fermentation hence east is also known as brewers east here somewhere i have written yes east is a unicellular fungi which is used in making bread and beer because it is used in making bread hence east is also known as baker&amp;#39;s east and because it is used in brewing industries for making beer hence it is also known as brewers east will you remember very very important this line is also going to come in class 12th so please remember over here and then revise in class 12. going back to the original page i hope all the first three general features is clear related to fungi moving ahead as i told you fungi comprises of eukaryotic organisms so eukaryotic means those organisms who have a well defined genetic material they have true nucleus in their cytoplasm do you all agree raise your hand yes correct and apart from true nucleus fungi also contains their cytoplasm is compartmentalized due to the presence of membrane-bound organelles like golgi bodies like endoplasmic reticulum like mitochondria but plastids are not found why plastids are absent because fungi are heterotrophic they do not need plastids they cannot perform photosynthesis so question will come which cell organelle is absent in fungi your answer should be plastids now there is one cell organelle called golgi bodies you all know structurally golgi body is represented by number of flat and sac like interconnected structures called cisterna there are multiple cisternas yes or no in one golgi body however in fungi golgi body are unisysternal that means in fungi golgi bodies are only represented by one sister they are not packets of cisterna in fungi golgi bodies are unicisternal will you remember this yes or no yes give me a thumbs up very good so they are unisa sternal clear fourth point go through it once again read it by your own yes moving ahead now coming to the body structure if i talk about the body then the body of fungi is phallus like talus means undifferentiated body not having true root stems or leaves rather their body is made up of group of haploid cells so if suppose if suppose this is a body of fungus for example this is a body of fungus so this body is made up of number of cells now it&amp;#39;s a multicellular body so these multi-cell bodies each cell the ploidy of each cell is in made up of number of cells employee of each cell is n and when the body is represented by group of haploid cells then that body is called phthalus like undifferentiated no true root stems and leaves clear so what is palace like body which is made up of haploid cells right and their body is represented it&amp;#39;s tallest like clear now when the body is tallest-like so the life cycle pattern will be haplontic that means the zygote whenever they will show sexual reproduction when the zygote will be produced that zygote will undergo immediate reduction division so heplantic life cycle is exhibited by fungi which is also known as zygotic meiosis because as soon as zygote will be produced it will undergo reduction division to again produce haploid group of cells clear so body is talus like life cycle is hepalontic hepalontic also known as zygotic meiosis why because the zygote as soon as it is produced it undergoes reduction division proceeding further now we are talking about the body of fungi so let&amp;#39;s continue so the body of fungi is talus like and it is represented by thin thread like structures called hypha it is represented by thin thread like structures called hypha so single unit the basic unit in the body of fungi is high fee which is a thin thread like filamentous structure number of hyphae they intermingle number of high hyphae they intermingle to form a loose tissue kind of body organization called mycelium so the body of fungi is represented by network of hyphae mesh of hyphae called mycelium clear or not very good there is one exception there is one fungi which do not form mycelium can you guess giving you five seconds ten seconds can you guess a can you guess a fungi whose body will not be represented by mycelium and along with the reason not only the answer i want the reason as well yes very good the answer is on the board itself east east my dear student it is a unicellular organism being a unicellular organism how will it produce high fee hyphae itself is a multi-cell structure so east is the only one it&amp;#39;s a unicellular fungi whose body is not made up of hyphae or mycelium then what body organization will be called for higher for east it will be called a pseudo hyphy tk hyphae term we can use because it is a member of fungi but not true hyphy so pseudo hyphy or you can simply say it is a unicellular fungi if you want to call it in terms of hyphae then pseudo hyphae am i clear or not let&amp;#39;s write it so body is represented by thin thread like hyphy and number of hyphae intermingles to form mycelium exception east why because it is unicellular am i clear very good now talking about the body of fungi itself let&amp;#39;s talk about high fees now these high fees in detail hyphae my dear students may be septate or aseptaid clear now what is septate what is aseptaid ma&amp;#39;am what all of this let&amp;#39;s see so i&amp;#39;m drawing two high fees in some of the fungi rather if i say in higher fungi in advanced fungi the hyphae the mycelium is made up of septate septates means septa means cross walls divisions partitions so such high fee which are partitioned with the help of walls then such high fee are known as septate high fee however in case of lower or primitive fungi the high fees in their body they are not separate it is continuous like a hollow tube so such high fee where no partitions no cross walls are present they are known as aceptate hyphae presence of aseptic hyphae is a feature of lower or primitive fungi correct whereas presence of septate hyphae is a feature of higher or advanced fungi now these septate hyphae may be either uninucleate like this that means in each segment there is one nucleus or they may be bi nucleate clear they were uni or bind nuclear depending upon the condition i will tell you that condition but aceptate hyphae they are senocitic they are multinucleate because all the nucleus will appear together they are not separated by walls now so this separate hyphae seems to be xenocitic multinucleate clear and this septic hyphae can be either uni or by nucleate yes or no so we can say that high fees can be either aceptate that means no partitions as a result condition becomes multinucleate observed in lower fungi that means partitions are found one more thing my dear students but you can see i have made the partitions but i have made discontinuous partitions can you see see some openings are there see openings are there in the in middle remember partitions are never continuous they are discontinuous some openings are there why just to maintain the continuity of cytoplasmic flow within the hyphae correct so just to make the continuity of the flow of cytoplasm so partitions are there but they are discontinuous to allow the flow of cytoplasmic material remember this thing now the septic hyphae may be either monokaryotic means uninucleate or can be dikaryotic that means binucleate so yes they can be either monokaryotic or dicariotic dikaryotic means binucleate di means two karyo means nucleus monocarrion mono means one karyo means nucleus monokaryotic septate hyphae means vegetative hyphae the fifi which has still not undergone reproduction whereas binucleate or dicariotic hyphae represents reproductive hyphae why because the exchange of genetic material has took place the nucleus can you see exchange of genetic material has took place in between each segment of the high fee this marks reproduction so hyphy having dikariotic condition is reproductive hyphae hyphae having uni nucleate condition represents vegetative hyphae so monokaryotic means you can also call it as vegetative hyphae and dicariotic you can also called it as yes or no clear so what i have told you let me sum up for you very quickly so the body of fungi is talus like undifferentiated it is represented by thin thread like pipe-like structures called hyphae hyphae they mesh they form network-like structure called mycelium in case of lower fungi the high fees are continuous then there are no partitions hence the condition becomes multinucleate but in advance fungi in higher fungi these high fees they are having partitions septas however those septas are discontinuous for maintaining the flow of cytoplasm now since their septate condition may be monokaryotic or dikariotic monokaryotic represents vegetative hyphae and dicariotic represents reproductive hyphae as it has undergone reproduction exchange of genetic material has taken place clear very good now moving ahead so this is how the body of fungi appears to be hyphy and all i hope all the features which i have written so far is clear to each and every student moving ahead towards the next property of fungi very very important that is reproduction so fungi being a lower so not well developed kind of organism can reproduce by all the three methods that is vegetative sexual and asexual vegetatively it reproduces by fragmentation method asexually also fungi can reproduce by producing different types of spores and sexually it also reproduces by forming gametes and zygote here we are more concerned fragmentation is very simple when a part of a fungi detaches from the body gets the favorable condition can develop into a new organism so this type of reproduction is vegetative is fragmentation let&amp;#39;s talk about asexual and sexual reproduction first i&amp;#39;m going to tell you about asexual reproduction that how fungi reproduces asexually by sporulation method and then we will discuss sexual reproduction as well clear shall we move ahead yes very good so first of all we are going to talk about asexual reproduction in fungi which is done with the help of sporulation method fungi produces different types of spores asexually such spores are called as mitospores why because these birds are produced after mitosis clear that is why these spores are known as mito sports remember this point asexual spores can also be known as mitospores why because these spores are produced after mitosis now there are different groups of fungi each group produces its own kind of asexual spore one by one i am going to tell you about all those types of spores first is zeus four my dear students zoo spores zoo itself means something related to motility so zoo spores are the thin walled motile spores produced in lower fungi like umai cities during favorable conditions so zoo spores are thin walled spores motile means plano spore motility is plano non-motility is a plano so their motile spores means plano spores produced during favorable condition observed in case of lower fungi like um icts right now these motility is due to the presence of flagella now zeus poor may have either one flagella right or they may be motile due to the presence of two flagella so multi or zoo spores they may be due to one flagella or maybe two flagellars may be present if there are two flagellas then they both the flagellas may be present at the head of the zoo&amp;#39;s pore and if two flagellas not present on the head then they may present literally as well once again i am repeating the first asexual spore which now i am telling you which is observed in lower most group of fungi oh my cities is zeus force boats are thin walled mitospores plano spores produced during favorable conditions they are plano due to the presence of flagella number of flagella may be one or two if there are two flagella then both the flagellas may be present at the head of the zeus pore or they may be present laterally clear these spores beta they are produced within a covering first of all suppose this is a fungi right this fungi is going to produce a stock like structure on that stock like structure a swollen tip is going to appear inside which these zoo spores will be produced the tip is going to burst releasing the motile zoo spores and whenever they will get the favorable condition they will start germinating into a new fungi because these spores are produced within a covering that is why they are known as endogenous spores [Music] so these are endogenous spores why because they are produced within a covering clear moving ahead towards the next asexual or mitospor which is this sees my god it&amp;#39;s killing me the temperature is too low okay so moving ahead sporangiospores sporangiospores are basically they are also asexual or mitospores which are observed in case of another group of lower fungi zygomycitis so first of all they are also thin walled produced during favorable conditions third there but they are non-motile they are a plan of sports they are also endogenous supports my dear students they are also produced within a covering and next they are observed in case of zygomycitis clear moving ahead third type of asexual spore is gunidia kunidi are also asexual spores which are observed in case of higher fungi like ascomycitis and deuteromycitis so first of all comedia let me draw conidia over here yes these are also asexual mitospores they are also non-motile a spores sports they are also thin walled why because they are produced during favorable conditions observed in case of higher groups of fungi like ascomycitis and deuteromycitis but they are exogenously produced unlike that of zeus pores and sporangio spores conedia are exogenously produced on the stock called kunidio 4. i&amp;#39;ll show you how so there are stock which is produced in case of ascomycitis and deuteromycitis called kunidio4 right on these stocks are present some bottle shaped structures and on these bottle ship structures comes in chains spores called kunidia so can you see these are the chains of spores called conidia which are born on the stock called that means they are produced exposed they are not produced within our covering such spores are exogenously produced so remember this thing canadia are the asexual spores produced in case of asco and deuteromycetes during favorable conditions exogenously they are also non-motile born on a stock called kunidio iv clear so these are the list of asexual sports there is one more asexual sport called clemido spores clamadospose are the only thick walled spores non-motile spores which are produced during unfavorable conditions the three which i told you so far zeus poor sporangio sports and comedia all three are produced during favorable condition hence they are thin walled but if i talk about chlamydospores then clamato spores my dear students they are thick walled spores produced during unfavorable condition in case of fungi right so this much you have to do for asexual reproduction in fungi what you have to remember fungi can reproduce asexually by sporulation method it produces different types of spores depending upon the group of fungi can be zeus poor can be canadian can be sporangio sports or clemidospores one note point basidiomycitis is the only group of fungi that do not reproduce asexually it only reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation method what have i said have you heard it properly shall i repeat listen to me besito my cities is the only group of fungi which does not produces which does not produces asexually it only shows either sexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction through fragmentation correct okay very nice proceeding further now let&amp;#39;s discuss about the sexual reproduction in fungi so fungi can also reproduce sexually by the method of formation of gamete and their fusion to form zygote so if i talk about sexual reproduction so first i will divide this into two because in lower fungi like oh my cities and zygomay cities there is one specific method of sexual reproduction going on and in higher fungi like asco and basidio remember deuteromycetes do not exhibit sexual reproduction tick so in case of lower fungi lower punjab includes oh my cities and zygomay cities whereas hire fungi to show sexual reproduction includes ascomycitis and deuteromycitis sorry basidiomycitis not deuteron because deuteromycetis the members of deuteromycetes their sexual reproduction is yet not reported now in case of lower fungi that is oh my cities and zygomay sexual reproduction is very easy it is done in three steps first is plasmogamy second is karyogamy and third is meiosis what is this plasmogamy means fusion of the protoplasm so suppose if i talk about um icts who my cities they have produced their spores now spores first of all they will come in contact suppose these are the two sexual spores of umai cities or zygomay cities there are two gametes spores means gametes over here miospores or you can say gametes so two gametes of uberzygomycitis have come in contact so what will happen initially their protoplasm is going to fuse that fusion of the protoplasm is known as plasmogamy as soon as fusion of the protoplasm takes place instantly that two nuclei their two independent nuclei will also fuse fusion of nuclei is known as karyogamy correct now as soon as this fusion of the two nuclei takes place soon after plasmogamy and karyogamy simultaneously a deployed zygote will be produced and this deployed zygote i told you life cycle of fungi is heplantic zygotic meiosis so this zygote will instantly undergo meiosis to release some haploid spores so these are the gametes gamete one gamete two these are the miospores right so this three stage simple sexual reproduction is observed in case of lower fungi plasmogamy directly karyogamy and then meiosis to produce haploid spores but what happens in case of higher fungi that is asco and basidio there is one intermediate stage between plasmogamy and karyogamine what happens their gametes their gametangia when they come in contact plasmogamy takes place but sometimes initially instantly karyogamy does not take place the two gametes they will fuse what happens plasmogamy takes place fusion of protoplasm takes place but as seen in case of lower fungi the lower fungi both plasmogamy and karyogamy is taking place simultaneously however in higher fungi it is not taking place simultaneously there is a dikariotic stage there is a n plus n condition appears called dicariotic stage di means two nuclei so instant after plasmogamy due to no nuclear fusion a partial stage comes called dikariotic stage this dikariotic stage is short-lived in case of ascomycitis whereas it is long-lived in case of basidiomycitis now after dikaryotic stage then comes your karyogamy where the fusion of the nucleus takes place to produce a deployed zygote and now this zygote will undergo meiosis to produce haploid miospores correct so what is the difference between sexual reproduction of lower fungi and higher fungi lower fungi reproduction is done in three steps plasmo cario meiosis but in case of higher fungi there is one more additional step in between plasmogamy and by the name dikariotic stage it is actually a partial n plus n it&amp;#39;s a partial n plus n condition that arises temporarily it is short-lived in case of asco and long-lived in case of basidio then comes karyogamy zygote is produced and then that zygote undergoes meiosis to yield haploid spores clear so this is how sexual reproduction takes place in case of fungi now after meiosis meosports are released you have to remember some names of the meospores produced in different groups of fungi let&amp;#39;s discuss them so sexual spores or miospores use for ascospor basidio spore and zygospores whose sports beta as the name suggests these are the miospores which are produced in group of fungi umai cities umai cities lower fungi gametes formed plasmogamy karyogamy zygote meiosis spores spores will be called as ooh spores so whose spores are the sports produced there&amp;#39;s a meosports in oh my cities correct next asco sports asco&amp;#39;s sports name suggests these are the mio sports produced in asco my cities you have to remember some more things in case of asco and basidio sports but the ascospores are endogenously produced spores suppose this is a fungi fungi forms a fruiting body ascomycitis forms a fruiting body called asco carp with a swollen tip called ascus inside the ascos gametes used to form zygote and now the zygote will undergo reduction division inside this ascus reduction division takes place to produce haploid myospores which are called as asco spores so since asco are produced within a covering these are endogenous pores clear observed in ascom icts coming to third type of sexual spore which is observed in case of basidiomycitis remember basidiomycitis reproduces sexually by forming basidio spores my dear students basidio spores are [Music] exogenously produced how suppose this is a basidiomycitis it also produces a fruiting body thick this fruiting body is called as basidio carp now this basidio car on the tip will have a club shaped structure like this not a spherical not like this not like a sack like structure knot rather it will have a club-shaped structure called basidium on these basidium will be some steric matas some bottle shape structures called steric matter where these sexual spores will be produced in chains so these are basidio spores correct so what are the serious spores basidio spores are exogenously produced spores on the basidium on the fruiting body basidio carb in basidio my cities these are miosports because they are produced after meiosis they are produced after reduction division clear so will you remember these points yes thumbs up very good last is zygosports as the name suggests these are produced in group of zygomycitis so remember this thing these are produced in zygomay cities clear so these are the names these are the list of neosports produced in different groups of fungi lower fungi sexual reproduction three stages higher fungi sexual reproduction in four stages i hope the sexual reproduction asexual everything all the general features related to fungi is clear in each and every student now moving ahead to the next topic and very important topic of fungi that is classification i am using these terms oh my city zygomaticities ascorbicido have i told you no now i&amp;#39;m going to tell you that why am i using all these terms come so scientists studying fungi divided fungi into broad five groups on the basis of morphology of their mycelium where whether this hyphae is septate or aceptate then mode of spore formation which type of neospore which type of mitospore type of fruiting body if they are having and etc so all on those features the fungi is divided into some groups those groups are phycomycitis which is of lower fungi it includes oomy cities and zygomay cities they both are lower fungi followed by ascomycitis basidiomycitis and deuteromycitis deuteromycitis beta it is just an additional group of fungi where all those fungi higher fungi are kept whose nature of sexual reproduction is still unknown but if their sexual life cycle is discovered then the members from deuteromycetes are majorly either moved to ascomycetis and sometimes they&amp;#39;re also moved to basidiomycitis majorly to ascomycitis because the other features of deuteromycetes are very much similar to ascomycitis so what i have said i am writing it over in the notepoints the members of deuteromycetes are those whose so members of deuteromycetes are those whose sexual life cycle is yet not decoded but as soon as it gets decoded the member of deuteromycetes is then moved once it is discovered then the member of deuteromycetes is moved either to asco or to basidio but majorly to asco why because members of deuteromycetes they show more similarity with ascomycitis [Music] so these are the five classifications of fungi on the basis of morphology of mycelium mode of spore formation fruiting body habit and habitat etc now i am going to teach you all these five groups of classification in a very simple in a very very simple manner with the help of a chart right my dear students if you remember this chart then all your problems will be sold no trouble will come to you so please try to remember the chart which i am drawing which i am making it right now your all the points related to the classification of fungi will come on your tips so let&amp;#39;s start yes or no come on so the first feature on the basis of which we are going to divide them is on the basis of the habit and habitat except oh my cities all other fungi groups are terrestrial oh my cities my dear students they are aquatic otherwise they are all terrestrial tick second feature cell wall cell wall i told you now cell wall is titanous but there is one exception oh my cities my dear their cell wall is cellulosic and in all remaining it is titans yes or no tell me clear shall i move ahead very good next point third mode of nature of mycelium structure of mycelium in case of lower fungi you remember mycelium is hyphae is aceptate unbranched and xenocitic so indonesia you can write hyphae is aceptate unbranched and multinucleate any doubts we have done in the starting of fungi classification in all these three higher fungi hyphae is septate and branched now in case of asco and basidio my dear they may be either uni nucleate or by nucleate if the members of ascomycitis and bacidiomycitis have yet not undergone sexual reproduction then their high fees will be ud nucleate otherwise they will be binucleate so the high fees septate branched and either monokaryotic or dikaryotic but what in case of deuteromycitis deuteromycitis hyphae are septet and branched but will they ever become dicariotic no why because deuteromycetes do not show sexual reproduction there will be no exchange of genetic material does in case of deuteromycetes their hyphae will be septate branched and monokaryotic yes or no clear very good moving ahead nature of spore there are two types of spore mio and mito so first we&amp;#39;re going to discuss about their miter spores asexual spores you know everything we have done you just have to mention what you have learned previously into this chart so mito sports oh my cities zoo spores zygomycitis sporangios ascomycitis exogenously produced conedia basidiomycitis yes come on very good basidiomycitis do not show asexual reproduction so no spores but reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation method and deuteromycetes similar to ascomycitis reproduces asexually by kunidia clear next miosports oh my cities whose spores zygomycitis zygospores ascomycitis ascospores born on fruiting body called asco carp basidiomycitis basidio spores deuteromycitis no sexual reproduction no miospores correct yes or no can you remember this whole chart yes can you correlate with whatever i have taught previously in this chart yes or no yes very good now last is examples which you have to learn examples my dear students only learn from ncrt no hair and their examples so in case of um icts you can remember examples like albugo candida which causes white rust in crucifers very good apart from albugo you can also remember example like saproligna correct yes or no very good now moving ahead zygomycitis example bread mold rhizopus mucor mucido which goes which grows on cow dung it&amp;#39;s a coprophylus fungus so many examples one or two i will mention over here remaining you can learn from your ncrt east penicillium neurospora clavice neurospora is called as drosophila of plant kingdom because it is used extensively in genetic engineering clavicep causes ergotism because they&amp;#39;ve got in rye penicillium you know first antibiotic yeast unicellular fungi which is used in making bread and beer basidiomycitis example the edible one mushroom some disease causing fungi are like paxenia which causes rust disease astilago which causes smut disease correct deuteromycitis alternaria solani which causes early blight of potato apart from alternaria solani then you have helmentosporium then trichoderma and so on so all these examples you can directly learn from the ncrt and please please focus on the notes plus ncrt that&amp;#39;s it for the classification of fungi hope it is clear to each and every student whole fungi kingdom is finally finally over i hope you all enjoyed till here now all the major kingdoms which we have to cover in this chapter are done the last topics of the chapter which are left are viruses mycorrhizae and lichens so which we are going to do now okay so i hope fungi is clear to everybody now before starting with viruses let me give you some more important information regarding the classification of fungi right now i have explained you the general features of kingdom fungi that how they reproduce what is their organization body structure as well as classification but now i am just going to give you two to three some extra information regarding the various classification of fungi that is also going to be equivalently important from the point of view of neet so as you can see on your board i have written the different classification scheme of fungi on the basis of the morphology of mycelium on the basis of the sporulation type of fruiting body etc you have also seen the chart of classification now according to this fico my cities which is off which can be further divided into two that is the lower functions umai cities and zygomay cities followed by the higher fungi that includes ascomycitis basidiomycitis and deuteromycitis now the lower fungi umai cities is also known as algal fungi why umai cities the other name the general name for umai cities is algal fungi and it is known as algal fungi because of two reasons first of all they are usually aquatic in nature and second their cell wall is cellulosic you know that in fungi cell wall is chitinous but in the members of umai cities it has been seen that the cell wall is cellulosic in nature moving ahead with zygomaticity zygomycitis can also be known as conjugation fungi moving ahead with ascomycitis ascomycitis you have seen that their fruiting body was asco car which where which bear a sack-like ascus on the top where where asco spores are produced so because of that sac like ascus this ascomycitis is also known as sac fungi on similar grounds basidiomycitis is also known as club fungi because the fruiting body basidio carp bears a club shaped structure called basidium so so in relation to that club-shaped basidium basidiomycitis are also known as club fungi moving ahead deuteromycetes my dear students they are also known as fungi imperfecta and the reason for them being called as fungi imperfecta is that they do not show true sexual reproduction the members of deuteromycetes in their life cycle sexual reproduction is yet not reported that is why they are called as fungi imperfecta these additional name of each group of fungi should be known to you questions may be asked from this section as well so now your fungi group is done moving ahead the next two kingdoms are kingdom planty and kingdom animalia kingdom planty you know we are going to do it as a next chapter and kingdom animalia also you study in detail in your zoology so all the five kingdoms three kingdoms i have covered so far fourth kingdom i am going to cover in the next chapter fifth kingdom is done in your zoology so overall the kingdom classification the kingdom details is done but there are some organism like viruses subviral agents mycorrhizae lichens these are also considered as living organisms but could not find a suitable place in any of the five kingdom classification by rh whitaker so now i am going to teach you all those organisms who could not find any position any suitable position for themselves in the five kingdom classification of whitaker along with the reasons i am also going to tell you the reasons that why such inhuman thing has been done to these organism and they could not find a suitable place in their classification system so let&amp;#39;s start with next topic viruses and subviral agents so yes moving ahead with next and very important topic viruses and subviral agent as i told you these are the organisms who did not find a suitable place in whittaker&amp;#39;s five kingdom classification why the question comes why the reason to this question is viruses my dear student they are a cellular organisms these organisms they are not even made up of one cell they are actually exception to cell theory now whitaker classification include all those organisms who follow cell theory whose body is at least made up of one cell or group of cells but when he saw viruses then he observed one thing which was very uh uncommon that viruses are not even made up of one cell so viruses are a cellular organism they do not follow cell theory hence they could not find a suitable place in whitticus five kingdom classification apart from them being acellular there are many more features which are associated with viruses because of which again they could not find a suitable place for themselves viruses are actually my dear students connecting link between living and non-living they show certain features similar to living organisms and certain feature similar to non-living therefore whittaker could not understand that whether viruses are living or not if they are not living then surely they cannot be a part of five kingdom classification and if they are living then again they&amp;#39;re acellular according to cell theory all living organisms are made up of cells and viruses if we consider them as living then why their body is not even made up of one cell so there was a lot of confusion in the mind of whitaker hence he excluded viruses and the subviral agents from his kingdom classification clear very good see so viruses are acellular organisms and their connecting link between living and non-living i will explain you how are they connecting link but before that the term virus was coined by pasture the term virus means venom or poison so the term virus was coined by pasture which means venom or poison they are a cellular organism they are the connecting link between living and non-living why are they connecting link so what are those features that make them similar to living and what are those features which make them similar to non-living let&amp;#39;s discuss so first i&amp;#39;m going to share all those features of viruses similar to living organisms number one presence of genetic material viruses have genetic material either in the form of dna or rna but never both and presence of genetic material is a living property no chair table fan lights ac will have genetic material yes or no because they are non-living and anything which is which is living will definitely have genetic material so in viruses presence of genetic material was reported so write this point the first property of them being similar to living object is presence of genetic material which can be either dna or rna but never both remember this thing if in place of or i write and then the statement becomes wrong clear second feature because of which they are considered as living they can be considered as living they undergo mutation that genetic material may show mutation and mutation is a feature of living objects so second reason they undergo mutation number third reason some viruses have also been observed with enzymes like for example lysozyme right reverse transcriptase enzyme so presence of enzyme has also been reported in viruses which is again a living feature write it that is presence of enzymes for example like lysozyme clear fourth they can also undergo division they can multiply so multiplication increasing their number is again a living feature your table your chair your fan can they reproduce can they increase their number by their own no it would have been so good if they would have also been shown reproduction bought one ac it multiplied and made two acs bought one fan it multiplied overnight made four fans it would have been so good now but unfortunately non-living objects do not reproduce but viruses it has been observed they can multiply and they can increase their number so thus they are one of the feature of living organism can multiply next beta viruses are thought to be living only when they are present inside the host body outside the host body they are inert but when they are present inside the host body then they show living properties thus we can say that viruses are obligate intracellular parasite so remember this thing the living property is only when these viruses are present inside the host body so you can write that viruses are compulsorily obligate intracellular parasites clear i hope all the features are clear to each and every one now these are certain features because of which you can consider them as living but now why do we consider them as non-living let&amp;#39;s see so now i&amp;#39;m going to show you all those features because of which viruses is also considered as non-living and number one reason is they are a cellular their body is not even made up of one cell they are thus exception to cell theory right second outside the host body my dear students viruses can be crystallized their crystals have been reported their body can be crystallized and can be stored in bottles scientist stanley i&amp;#39;ll tell you stanley scientist he crystallized the crystals of virus tmv tobacco mosaic virus so this property of viruses getting converted into crystals is a non-living property now we are living bodies are not like puzzles you cannot dismantle my body and again rejoin to make my body like original one no it is not possible because i am a living object you cannot dismantle my body and reorganize it however in viruses their body are inert outside the host body and can be crystallized so this is again a non-living property write it second point their body crystalline they can be crystallined and the crystals can be stored inside the bottle wherever you want to keep next in viruses no energy storing mechanism no respiratory mechanism has been reported now imagine a living body which is without respiratory system which is without energy storing system can you imagine anybody without energy storing system without respiratory system no but viruses also do not have such property hence they are considered as non-liver so what next feature of viruses being non-living are they lack energy storing system next they also lack respiratory system and all these property make them similar to non-living now you can see that these are the property that are making viruses similar to non-living and these are the properties which are making them similar to living so what to do what to decide therefore scientists called viruses as connecting link between living and non-living objects clear yes or no and this is the reason why viruses did not find any place in viticus five kingdom classification now moving ahead let&amp;#39;s discuss the contribution of various scientists in the field of virology virology is basically the study of virus so let me write it over here study of virus [Music] is known as virology clear now moving ahead first talking about pasture i&amp;#39;ve already told you who is pasture he&amp;#39;s the one who coined the term virus so in front of a pasture we can write that he coined the term virus now second scientist stanley i already used this name stanley also stanley is the one who for the first time crystallized the virus tmv and told that the crystals are largely made up of proteins clear so who is stan lee stanley is the one who crystallized tmv he crystallized tmb tmv is tobacco mosaic virus so he crystallized tmv and said that the crystals are made up of largely made up of proteins clear moving ahead third scientist is ivan ruski ivanovsky was the scientist who said that he was studying on tmv tobacco mosaic virus and said that viruses are even smaller than bacteria because these viruses can easily pass through the filter paper of bacteria so ivanovsky was the scientist who explained about the size of the virus so he was studying on tmv while studying tmv he told that viruses these particles the ones which he was studying tmv virus the ones which was study viruses are even smaller than bacteria why because they can easily pass through bacterial filter paper correct last is scientist badgering bedrink was the scientist who said he actually proposed a statement for virus as contagium vivum fluidum he gave a very cool statement for viruses as contagium vivum fluidum means infectious living fluid according to him according to this fellow according to badgerink if an infected an organism was infected with virus if the fluid from that organism is infected to another healthy person then that healthy person also develops the same symptoms as it was present in an unhealthy body so what he said bedrink i am repeating it once again for viruses he stated a statement contagium vibum fluid fluidum which means infectious living fluid first of all why he proposed this statement for virus because in his experiment he found that when a body when a fluid from infectious person a body who is infected with virus so if the fluid from that body is injected and given to a healthy person then that healthy person will also develop the same symptoms as observed in unhealthy body so healthy body will also become unhealthy why because the extract of the unhealthy body was transferred in the body of healthy person so viruses actually got transferred and gave the symptoms in the healthy body as well that means they are infectious in nature they are infectious living fluid clear so what badgering did this fellow he infected or he injected a fluid from unhealthy to healthy body and observed the same symptoms in it right that is why he proposed the statement contagium vibum fluidum now moving ahead types of viruses now before starting with the types of viruses you should be aware about the structure of viruses now you know that viruses are not even made up of one cell then what is the body of virus made up of so your answer will be that viruses are nuclear protein niche structures their body is made up of nucleic acid and protein structurally virus can be can have three parts envelop capsid which is their body and body enclosing the genetic material so before starting with types of virus yeah here i&amp;#39;ll just use the space so before starting with types of virus first let me tell you about the structure of virus structurally virus my dear students consist of three parts envelope may or may not be present it is not compulsory second is capsid capsule is actually the body of the virus and this capsid is made up of proteins and the body that is capsid inside is present the genetic material which can be either dna or rna right envelope is actually made up of proteins which is contributed by the virus which is contributed by the capsid plus lipids and carbohydrates that come from the host body and presence of envelop is not a compulsory factor envelope may be found in viruses like hiv or herpes but it is not a compulsory factor so structurally virus is made up of three part envelope capsid like for example this is a capsid chick this is a capsid which is made up of proteins okay and each unit of capsid is known as capsulomere so this is capsid and these each unit of capsid is known as capsulmere and this capsid or capsulomeres are actually protein issues and inside it they enclose the genetic material which can be either dna or rna now around this capsid envelope may or may not be present right if envelope is present then it is made up of protein contributed by the virus lipids and carbohydrate contributed by the host clear may be present may not be present so this is how a simple virus will look like so therefore you can say that viruses are nuclear proteinaceous structure why because their main body is made up of protein that encloses the nucleic acid that is your genetic material now moving ahead with the types of viruses so in your course there are two viruses which you have to study one is tobacco mosaic virus and second is bacteriophage virus first let&amp;#39;s start with tmv as the name suggests it is a virus that infects the tobacco plant correct so what is tmb it is a virus that infects tobacco plant structurally it consists of capsid and encloses the genetic material capsid which is made up of capsulometers total number of capsulometers recorded in a tmv is 2130 so structurally tmv is made up of capsid and genetic material capsid is obviously the body the proteinaceous body and the basic unit of capsid is capsulmere how many capsulometers are found in tmb near about 2130 capsulomeres whereas if i talk about the genetic material then do remember in tmv the genetic material is single stranded rna no dna is found in tmv and rna whether it is single stranded yes so genetic material in case of our tmv is single stranded rna single stranded rna is made up of 6400 nucleotides so capsomeres are 2130 whereas number of nucleotides in rna is six thousand and four hundred clear so yes now moving ahead okay if i talk about the size of tmv then approximately the length and the breadth if i talk about this length and the diameter of tmv is about 3 000 angus strom is the length and the diameter is about 180 angle strong so this is the standard size of tmv clear yes or no so this is how you can draw the body of a tmv suppose this is a body that is capsid which is made up of number of capsulometers correct how many capsule meters 2130 apart from this then close the genetic material the genetic material which is single stranded rna having 6400 [Applause] nucleotides clear and their length and diameter is about 3000 and 180 3000 angle storm and 180 angstrom length and diameter [Music] correct so this much you have to do for tmv moving ahead two words [Music] the next set of viruses which are bacteriophage my dear students bacteriophage are the viruses the name itself suggests the virus which attack bacteria bacteria killing viruses are bacteriophages right now structurally their body is represented by a polygonal head a neck region and a tail region so struck first i&amp;#39;m going to draw the bacteriophage and then we&amp;#39;re going to study so what is bacteriophage it is a virus that attacks bacteria bacteria killing virus now i&amp;#39;m going to draw the structure it is having a distinct polygonal head right this head is made up of or this head contains enzymes like lysozyme as well as they have genetic material which is double stranded dna so they have genetic material which is double stranded dna very important question comes from this section tmv has single stranded rna whereas bacteriophage has double stranded dna where it is present it is present in their polygonal head region right now head and neck region are connected with the help of collar wait okay so now there&amp;#39;s a short collar followed by a neck region and then there is a long tail so this is a long tail which ends with six tail plates three on one side and three on another side so these are six tail plates this is how the bacteriophage appears to be there&amp;#39;s a head collar a small collar just like your body there&amp;#39;s a head there&amp;#39;s a collar neck tail region and then there are six tail plates three on one side three on another these tail plates my dear student they help bacteriophage to get attached on the surface of bacteria so tail plates are responsible for helping in the attachment of bacteriophage on the substratum which is usually the bacteria the head also contains enzyme like lysozyme right so this is how bacteriophage appears to be question will be asked directly on the genetic material and roll off tail plates and what is bacteriophage i hope types of viruses is also clear this much you have to do for viruses what are we supposed to learn for viruses first of all why are they considered as connecting link why did not they get any position in whitticus five kingdom classification third types of viruses structure of viruses correct and contribution of different scientists now moving ahead towards the end part of the chapter by discussing the subviral agents there are three subviral agents reported these are those viral agents which are even smaller than viruses we say that viruses are the even smaller than bacteria yes or no you have seen in the contribution of scientists that viruses are those which can even pass through the filter paper of bacteria that means viruses are even smaller than bacteria now some scientists also discovered particles which are even more smaller than viruses and there are three viroids virusoids and prions little bit information you should know regarding all the three number one is viroids so now we are starting with subviral agents number one subviral agent which we are going to discuss is viroids viroids my dear students they were discovered by theo diner this scientist name you have to remember that is why i&amp;#39;m telling you first second point my dear students viroids are only the the body of viroids are only represented by the genetic material they do not have any capsid like that of viruses in viruses the body the structure of viruses was represented by capsid and genetic material correct but in viroids diner reported the presence of low molecular weight rna which is not protected by any proteinaceous capsid so what are viroids viroids are represented by low molecular weight rna but lacks protein code around themselves these are subviral infectious agents infectious agents how because they can cause disease like for example pstd potato spindle tuber disease they are infectious in case of plants right okay so they were discovered by teodiner second point the they&amp;#39;re represented by low molecular weight rna as genetic material third lacks capsid lacks protein coat they are infectious and cause disease like for example pstd which stands for potato spindle tuber disease chrysanthemum disease called chrysanthemum stunt citrus exocortis so there are some disease which are caused by viroids that you should remember pstd stands for potato spindle tuber [Applause] disease apart from this they can also cause chrysanthemum stunt disease cry xanthamum stunt disease clear so this is the little information regarding viroids which you should know i am repeating it once again viroids discovered by diner they are represented by low molecular weight rna that lacks protein coat around itself they are infectious in nature and cause disease like pstd or chrysanthemum stunt right now the next subviral agents are virusoids virusoids are even smaller than viruses you know they&amp;#39;re subviral agent and they do not have any independent existence these virusoids are the subviral agent which are reported inside the body of some other larger viruses correct so what are virusoids virusoids are the subviral agents that are present inside some other larger virus present inside some other larger virus now can you see viruses themselves are so small and virus are even smaller than viruses that for their existence they need a shelter of some other larger virus so these are virusoids third comes prions prions are infectious proteins they are subviral agent and their structure is structurally prions are only protein they lack genetic material clear so you can say that prions are those sub viral agents whose body is represented by infectious proteins correct these are simply infectious proteinaceous structures and they can cause number of disease so write about prions prions are subviral agents which are actually highly infectious in nature represented by only proteins and cause number of disease like for example bovine spongy form encephalopathy second kuru disease third scrappy sheep disease etc guru disease is also known as laughing death disease so bovine spongy form encephalopathy kuru disease also known as laughing death disease scrappy sheep disease these are the names of different diseases which have been reported due to prions and structurally prions are infectious proteinaceous particles they are subviral agents as they are even smaller than virus so there are three subviral agents viroids virusoids and prions i hope all these three are clear now my dear students apart from viruses even mycorrhizae and lichens are also two such organisms which could not find any place in viticus classification however there&amp;#39;s a different reason to it unlike that of viruses my dear students mycorrhizae and lichens are actually composite structures of two different organisms if i talk about first i&amp;#39;ll talk about lichens and then i&amp;#39;ll come to mycorrhiza so first if i talk about lichens lichen is a composite structure which is made up of two different organisms algae and fungi now algaes are the member of planty and fungi itself is a new kingdom so whittaker got confused that where to keep lichens whether in kingdom planty or whether in kingdom fungi so he thought not to keep them into any kingdom let&amp;#39;s keep them independently so lichens are living organisms but as their composite structure of two different organisms belonging to two different kingdoms hence could not find a place in whitaker&amp;#39;s classification system clear so what are lichens let&amp;#39;s discuss lichens first of all they are the composite structures composite unit of two organism basically algae and fungi they are mutually associated lichen is a mutual association of fungi and algae where fungi and algae both are getting equal benefit and that is why they have decided to live together as one unit clear cello so let&amp;#39;s write in that manner so lichens are the mutual association between algae and fungi right the algal partner in lichen yes the algal partner in lichen is known as fico bionde why because the study of algae is phycology whereas fungal partner is known as microbiond why because the study of fungi is known as mycology clear repeating once again pay attention lichens are the mutual association between algae and fungi mutual means the two different organisms have decided to live together as they are equally getting benefited the algal partner is known as phycobiont and the fungal partner is known as mycobiond this algal partner is basically the member of chlorophycy sometimes cyanophysia also so majorly chlorophycy sometimes cyano5c sometimes a bacteria cyanobacteria may also get associated with fungi to form lichens but usually it is the green algae that gets associated with fungi to form lichens moving ahead fungal partner majorly the fungi which contribute in lichen formation are the members of asco my cities but sometimes some members of basido my cities may also contribute in the formation of lichens tikkem now third point this this is the first point second point now the third point in lichen 95 of the lichen body is made up of fungi and five percent of the body is only algae so i have to remember the major partner out of the two organism the major partner is fungi and the minor partner is algae so fungi is contributing also a lot i&amp;#39;ll tell you the functions of each con of each component in lichen and with the comp and with the contribution only you can decide that fungi is a dominant partner as compared to algae so who is the dominant partner in case of lichens the dominant partner is fungi why fungi is dominant partner now i am going to tell you five funchai is a dominant partner students because fungi is contributing a lot in making of lichens now see fungi knows how to absorb water and mineral fungi know how to reproduce fungi know how to make anchorage means attachment to the substratum but does not know how to prepare food right what am i saying listen to me again fungi knows fungi is like a father okay leave everything now listen fungi is like a father in a home see what is the role of the father father goes to the office does the work brings money with that money you can buy the food items you can make a home and everything father can bring the raw material with the help of the money but who is going to use those raw material in order to cook food so that is the role of the mother correct so in lycan also fungi is the father and algae is the mother how fungi goes to the market brings the raw material for the food preparation that is water and mineral second it also makes the home it makes the complete anchorage of the organism third it also help in the reproduction but does not know how to use those raw material for preparing food hence hence algae is required now algae comes in the picture utilizes the water and mineral absorbed by the fungi in order to prepare food so the role of algae is limited in preparation of the food this is the benefit which fungi is getting in return algae is getting the shelter it is getting the raw material for the preparation clear so therefore both these partners have decided to stay together as a composite unit now let&amp;#39;s write so what function is algae doing functions of algae algae simply performing photosynthesis by utilizing the raw material provided by fungi now if the algal partner is the member of cyanophic then apart from photosynthesis it can also perform nitrogen fixation that is an additional role and it only happens when the algal partner is the member of cyano5c but here i am keeping simple and crisp i am considering that this algae is a member of chlorophysy and it is only responsible for performing photosynthesis and preparing food now so this is the role and function of algae now roll off fungi in lichen why it is a major partner why it is dominating because number one it collects the raw material it absorbs water and mineral for photosynthesis second it makes the shelter it prepares the anchorage for the lichen on the substratum third it also helps in reproduction so you yourself can see that the function performed by fungi as compared to algae is more hence fungi is a dominant partner in lichen but still dominant partner doesn&amp;#39;t mean a father is dominating in the home that doesn&amp;#39;t mean that your home can run without your mother if mother goes out even for one day the whole home gets disturbed yes or no so mother is also equivalently important algae is equivalently important in lichen if algae escapes automatically fungi will die due to lack of food and if fungi escapes automatically algae will die in absence of water and mineral so that is why it is a mutual association clear one more last point my dear students lichens are indicators of pollution they are good indicators of air pollution why because lichens do not prefer to grow in sulfur dioxide rich medium so remember this thing lichens are air pollution indicator why because they do not prefer to grow in so2 rich medium do not grow in so2 rich medium clear apart from this lichens have lot many important role some lichens are edible some lichens are used in making perfumes medicines etc but what you have to remember is simple they are pollution indicators what is what is liken made up of what are the role of its each partner that&amp;#39;s it clear now apart from lichens there are one more such organism who could not find a place in whitaker classification and that is mycorrhizae as liken mycorrhizae is also a mutual association between two different living organisms fungi and higher plants plants planty kingdom fungi fungi kingdom whitaker got confused where to keep it so he decided to leave them as it is hence mycorrhizae also did not find a place in the classification system so what is mycorrhizae mycorrhizae is also uh mutualistic same association between fungi and roots of higher plants some plants like pineness now what happens in some plants like piners their roots are woolly their roots do not spread deep in the soil their roots lack root cap right so they are not able to trap water and mineral with high efficiency now if the plant is not going to if the roots are not going to absorb water and mineral what the leaves will do how will they perform photosynthesis and like this the plant will die so plants like pioneers they have a big problem they are confused what to do we are having roots but they are of no use because their roots are woolly they do not spread deep in the soil they lack root cap and they cannot perform absorption of water and mineral efficiently in that case these roots of higher plants they make a pact with fungi they make a pact with fungus and they let fungus live inside their body and in return ask them to absorb water and mineral for them so fungi gets the shelter prepared food whatever the leaves will prepare food fungi will enjoy that also it has got us home sweet home in return plants are simply asking perform the roll of root because my root is not capable enough of absorbing water and mineral so fungi is absorbing water and mineral for the plants in return getting the shelter and prepared food thus it is again a mutualistic association and this mutualistic association is known as mycorrhizae so what is mycorrhizae it is a mutualistic association between roots of higher plants and fungi why because benefits your role just a second so in case of fungi so in case of mycorrhizae what is the role of fungi simply the role of fungi is to absorb water and mineral for the plant correct and what is the role of plants the role of plant is to provide shelter and food to fungi and why is it important why plants need fungi why can&amp;#39;t they themselves absorb water and mineral so the simple reason is their roots are inefficient to do so they are woolly they do not spread deep and they lack root cap am i clear so these are two different organisms who also did not find place in whitticus classification system so with this i hope the entire chapter is clear to each and every student what we have done in this chapter we have discussed about first all the classification systems two kingdom three four five six and then we started each kingdom separately you did kingdom monera including rk bacteria kingdom protista kingdom fungi planty will be taught in the next chapter animalia kingdom will be taught you separately and then we also did all those organisms who did not find a place in whitticus classification system like viruses lichens and mycorrhizae hope this entire chapter is absolutely clear focus on ncrt read ncrt for solving all the questions now some questions i have also brought for you all which i right now okay so yes some questions we will also do and then we are going to proceed further finally i hope you all have understood the chapter the entire chapter of biological classification and now to ensure that i have one or two questions which i am going to discuss these questions i have picked up from previously neet exams i hope they are going to help you in revising the concepts which you have studied let&amp;#39;s see the first question which is on your screen who was the founder of five kingdom classification your options are aristotle whitaker copland heckle so i don&amp;#39;t think you need to go for the options you already know the answer that five kingdom classification was proposed by rich whitaker thus the answer of this question becomes b now if i talk about the remaining given options then aristotle he has not given any classification system he is the scientist who actually gave the first scientific approach for classification rather than classify giving a proper kingdom classification third co plan copeland founded the kingdom monarch he actually gave the four kingdom classification hekel and proposed three kingdom classification so according to the question answer becomes two that is b rh whittaker hope you have understood this question moving ahead next heterosystems heterosystem some cyanobacteria are specialized for so you should know that what are heterocyst heterocyst my dear students these are specialized compartment found in some bacteria like nostok or anabena these specialized compartments in the filamentous cyanobacteria helps in nitrogen fixation as these heterocysts create an aerobic condition inside them they lack photosystem too they have thick wall around them there is no exchange of oxygen inside heterosystem conditions are anaerobic so that nitrogenase enzyme inside the heterocyst remains active for the process of nitrogen metabolism therefore these heterocysts in cyanobacteria in some cyanobacteria are responsible for nitrogen fixation hence the answer of this question you all know becomes a that heterocyst in some cyanobacteria are specialized for nitrogen fixation hope you have understood this question and with this with my whole heart i would like to end my session and this chapter by logical classification my dear students if you face any trouble in understanding any of the concept you can mention in the comment section and please do remain connected as the next video soon will be uploaded for the chapter 3 plant kingdom again very very important topic for need point of view thank you all stay happy stay focused keep on working hard thank you so much

Transcript for:Class 11 - Chapter 2: Biological Classification

Transcript for:
Class 11 - Chapter 2: Biological Classification