Oral Cavity and Digestion

Asalamu Alaikum, how are you all? Wa Alaikum Assalam to all of you Wa Alaikum Assalam Can you hear me? Can you hear me? Alhamdulillah, we are fine Page number is 8. Topic is oral cavity. We will start our lecture on 8 and 9. Acha, oral cavity or more commonly known as buccal cavity is surrounded by the lips, cheeks, a tongue and a palate and includes a space between the palate and tongue. The tongue has rough projections called papilla on the surface of the Okay, the pallet form the root of the oral cavity, different teeth are adapted to handle food in different ways. There are three pair of salivary glands. These glands secrete enzymes having saliva. In the oral cavity, mechanical and chemical detection take place. Some parts are given, ok, of oral cavity and along with that some glands are told. which glands are present in the oral cavity and all glands secretions are collectively called saliva. Now, if you see here, what we will find in the oral cavity? First of all, the outer side is the nasal flawless mouth. This one. Here you get teeth inside. There is some role of all these parts. digestion. The digestion starts from the oral cavity. If you talk about the roof of the oral cavity, its roof forms the palate. The roof of the oral cavity is known as palate. And the palate you get in the starting is known as hard palate. This is the hard palate. It forms the roof of the oral cavity. And this is also the palate that you can see on the end side. This is known as soft palate. So, both hard palate and soft palate are forming a group of oral cavity. This space that you can see is known as nasal cavity. You will read this in the respiration. But we will link it a little bit. When we do swelling here, the blood should not move. For that, we have steps. It is not the nose, it is the mouth. Palate, you will see the palate downward of the nasal cavity. The second name of the oral cavity is buccal cavity. Mouth, teeth will be present in front side. Then here are also cheeks. Cheeks are the formation of oral cavity sides. So cheeks actually form the sides of oral cavity. The front side of the oral cavity is the mouth, the roof is its pallet, the sides are the cheeks and the back side of the oral cavity opens into an opening lawn as far as you can call it the posterior side. which is the posterior side of the oil cavity it opens into palates here a valve is present here in this place where this is soft palate but in nasal passage here a valve is present which is known as uvulva when this uvulva is in its exfoliating process So this Yubalwa that you have, this is... So that during the swelling, your food does not enter the nasal cavity. We will read about the teeth later. We have three types of teeth. Incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Incisors have four in number, canines have two in number. And premolars have four in number. Let's talk about the eel side. Molars have six in number. Total we have sixteen. and on the lower side, and 16 above, 32 above, and each has its own role in digestion. Then we are having the tongue, here is the tongue, if you feel your tongue a little bit, then you see some projections on the tongue, those projections are called papilla. Okay, tongue up. small rough appearance called papilla. Papilla consists of paced buds. Another function of papilla is that when you eat food, due to friction, it is easy to handle food in mouth. This is also the function of papilla because it is rough in nature. it will handle your food properly Uvulva is the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx Uvulva is the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx here the opening is not there but the valve is present the opening and closing will be there because when your food is properly digested in your mouth If the food is going down, then the food should not go into the nasal passage. That is why there is a wall structure here. It closes here. Why does it close here? I will explain you in the following process. Apiglottis will come down here. Apiglottis is actually on the brachial wall. This is apiglottis. This is a little above. Here you have glottis region. Here you have glottis region opening. The opening into this brachia. This is your glottis. So, you can call this a flap like structure on this opening. You also have a flap like structure. So, whenever your foot is going in an esophagus like this, this is the pharynx part. So, what you have here is a tube duct which is known as esophagus. So, when the foot is passing here, the foot is going in the pipe. So, in order to prevent it from entering your windpipe, we have a flap type structure, a valve, a closing, a lid type structure. The way food is going inside, it closes here so that the glottis is covered and the food does not enter the windpipe. Dear, don't ask questions now, I will take your questions at the end. Apart from this, you also have an esophageal sphincter present here. This opening is inside the esophagus. What sphincter is present here? You will see this sphincter everywhere. This is known as esophageal sphincter. Actually it is a brain of circular muscles It is a complete brain of circular muscles So the brain is made of sphincter When food reaches here, the sphincter opens And when food is served, the sphincter closes Okay? Is it clear? Here we have three glands present I will mention the salivary glands here Okay, one is sublingual glands Number one sublingual gland which is present Which is present sublingual. Yes Sublingual gland present in the form of pairs You have the sublingual gland Page number page number 8 9 it is just like a lid just like a flap like a valve page number 9 till we are having sub-mentibular glands What is the location of the submandibular gland? It is located below the jaw. The jaw is present at the bottom of the jaw, the submandibular gland. And one of the glands present here, this is known as the parotid gland. yes in front of ears in front of ears okay I will tell you the location of the sub-mentipular the sub-mentipular is present below the tongue okay I am not sure about the location but it is written below the tongue Parotid gland are present in front of ears Okay In front of ear and all the mandibles are present below the jaw this is their location is it correct? here is the book Rehan I am talking about the book This is oral cavity. These three are the slivary glands. Slivary glands are glands present inside your mouth. Sublingual glands, submandibular glands are present in oral cavity. These three secretions are collectively called saliva. This liquid present inside your mouth is your saliva. and this saliva is also called sublingual, submandibular and submaxillary the second name of submandibular is also called submaxillary the secretions of all three are collectively called saliva which contains enzymes and enzymes actually digest the food Now tell me the questions if there is any topic related to oral cavity then tell me Submaxillary, the second name of sub-mentibular is submaxillary Uvulva is the opening, uvulva is the flap It is a structure like a ball And what this structure does is, when you are swallowing food, it closes the flap so that your food enters the nasal cavity. When food enters your mouth, when you eat food, then only these glands are triggered. Okay, Aptic Lotus again you have a flag. which covers the glottis, i.e. the airway of your breath, when you are eating, so that the food does not accidentally enter your glottis. Yes? If someone has a question, please ask me again. I have explained the glands. It is known as... You don't have the taste of meat. Similarly, it is umami. I don't know the pronunciation of it. Papilla is a taste of raw appearance and savoury taste. Papilla is a type of gum that has some projections due to which you can say you can handle the food properly it doesn't slip in your mouth due to these rough appearance due to these papillae yes yes it is written that you have taste buds in your book what are you asking? ok let's move on Why not? Infarct means not outside, it means inside. Look internally with your ears. Ishita send me personally. Send me personally, I can't see from here. Papillary art of projection. If you feel your tongue, you will see a rough appearance there. that rough appearance is called papilla ok, take the SS of it in fact, it will not be removed next you have the process of swallowing yes, Hamida what happened There is no larynx function in this. I will tell you when larynx function comes. It will come in respiratory system. Please do it. Next topic is mechanical and chemical digestion. Page number 9 is mechanical and chemical digestion. So first of all, let's discuss mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is a physical division of a mass of food into smaller pieces. See, we have to digest food, so we simply said that all the complex molecules like carbohydrate, protein, lipid, fats, etc. So these are converted into smaller units. That's what we said. But in reality, with the digestion of carbohydrates, your food is also physically breaking. If you are taking a big bowl of food, then in your mouth, in your teeth, in your teeth, with the help of saliva, the physical movement of your mouth, through that, your food is also converted into small pieces. So, this mechanical digestion is performed through the movement of your mouth. Mechanical means there is movement of your oral cavity. You can say use of mouth and teeth. through chewing of food destroys the cellulose of starch covering and increases the efficiency of the digestive process okay as you chew the food all the starch covering gets finished and food taken into the mouth is chewed and masticated masticated means grinding of food converting into smaller pieces this is what mastication means by teeth so here in your mouth the teeth Teeth and mouth movement is the mechanism of digestion. Mastication breaks large food particles into smaller ones which have much larger surface area for the action of digestive enzymes. So, simply you can say that you have cutting and grinding of food through teeth and mouth movement. and through proper movement through mastication, a food becomes a big molecule. it is converted into small molecules the carbohydrate part in your food or if you talk about starch then obviously there is a covering of it So when he... Food will move properly in your mouth, movement will be performed here and there, so all the covering of the starch will be removed. Because of which digestive enzymes will work on it easily and after working it will be converted into its subunits. Okay, next is chemical digestion. Now, chemical digestion also means that I will use the enzymes here and questions at the end. Okay? Absolutely. Digestion starts from the mouth. Alright. Chemical indigestion in the oral cavity is minor. In oral cavity, no so many enzymes are secreted. You cannot say maximum detection here. There is very little detection through enzymes. Here only two enzymes are released. And which are those two enzymes? We have here slivary amylase and a specific type of slivary amylase which is known as thylene Spelling is wrong, thylene Here it is different, thylene And the second enzyme you have here is lingual lipase So we have two enzymes here that you know what lipase does and what amylase does. What do both do? Lipase breaks down lipid and amylase starts or It means that lipids and starch will start to digest in the mouth. Lipids and fats start to digest in the mouth. and amylase is a digested starch so we have enzymes here Their substrate is different. The amylase is digesting starch and lipid. If we give the same name to both, then we get confused. We don't know who is digesting the amylase and who is digesting it. Slavery amylase is also different. Slavery amylase will work in different ways in every region. the specific type of slivary amylase which is working in your mouth in your oral cavity that is thylene okay you have thylene lingual lingual means tongue someone was asking me lingual okay yes styling lingual means related to your tongue okay all right my part of the sour contains the digestive enzymes for the slavery amylase which is thailand slavery amylase is chemical identical to pancreatic amylase okay The myelase in the pancreas, both are chemically the same. Both work the same. We have given the name of the saliva because it is present in the mouth and why we have given the name of the pancreatic because it is present in your pancreas. Okay. You have the name of the saliva amylase. Okay. The name of the saliva amylase is tylen. That is present in your mouth. Alright. It breaks the povalent bond between glucose molecule and starch in other polysaccharide to produce maltose, maltotriose. Okay. Okay, these maltose, maltotriose are their subunits. Okay. Subunits Means starch will be converted into what? In maltose and maltotriose Maltotriose is a trisecretide And these are three secrete units And isomaltose is a disacretide similar to maltose Lingual lipase Now one more lipase Lingual lipase which we have mentioned Which will digest fat and lipids It hydrolyses triglyceride ester bonds to form diglycerides and monoglycerols Now the triglycerides Lipase which is working with you Lipase converts triglycerides into triglycerides One is in diglycerides In triglycerides And along with that in monoglycerides So, 1 di and 2 mono are dry glycerides. This means that dry glycerides are involved in all units. But if you see, your digestion is not complete. You still have di glycerides. Now, the bolus will be formed. These are enzymes. What is the use of enzymes? Break the bonding. No, it is not completed yet. We have not started the swallowing yet, we have started the digestion. As a result of chemical and mechanical digestion, an oval mass bolus is formed which is to be swallowed. Now inside your mouth. After the mechanical and after the chemical digestion. First the grinding, chewing, mastication, then this enzyme, this enzyme. What did they do? They digested starch, dried glycerin in mono and in dye. After all this mechanical and chemical digestion, the food you had in solid form, now you have an oval shaped structure that is known as bolus. Now you will not talk about food further. Now you will talk about bolus. From here, the process of swallowing will take place. What happened in the oral cavity just now is digestion. Now after digestion, your bolus will go ahead. Swallowing will be digested to the monocleus right. Yes, that's it. That means there is no complete digestion now. Now you can say that there is no incomplete digestion. This bolus is not fully digested, it is semi-digested, some parts have been digested, that means very large compounds have been converted into small ones, but completely your digestion is not complete. This is the end of the video. Bolas is a food, no bolas is a form of food that which you have all these oral cavity and the depletion is performed after that the food Now you will have a form that is bolus. Yes, now bolus will be swallowed. Now your food will come in the form of a semi-liquid. Now the process of swallowing comes to you. Swallowing and peristalsis. Svaluing means the food in the form of bolus What is that? and then you have to digest it so that it can go to other parts of GIT and get digestion there I told you that we have three main sides of digestion One is oral cavity digestion First of all, where is digestion happening? In the oral cavity The main sides of digestion will work well with enzymes So this was the main side of digestion So here you saw the enzymes Now, after this... After swallowing, the next digestion will be done in the stomach. From there, some enzymes will be secreted. But before that, it is necessary to swallow. No, lysozome is not here. Now, only saliva is present here. Different enzymes are present in that saliva. We have read this in this. Okay, the process of swallowing is that we are dividing them into three main phases. following and body cells is penis You have the first phase. Where will you start spelling? Oral. Oral means related to your mouth. We have oral phase. Second phase is The second one is your Pharyngeal phase means you will swallow the pharynx Pharyngeal phase, you can see the spelling E, A, E can be some word You have phase 3 of the spelling What is that? Esophageal phase You will move from esophagus to downward of stomach E, O, E, S, O ESO Thank you. In simple Urdu, we can say swallowing is to swallow. The food in the mouth is in the form of bolus. Now we have to swallow it so that it goes to the rest of the GIT regions and their enzymes are secreted there and it is properly digested. The first is the oral phase. One thing you have to remember is that the process of swallowing is voluntary in the beginning. After that, the process becomes involuntary and you don't have the will to perform. For example, the oral phase is voluntary and you perform it as per your will. But the pharyngeal phase and the esophageal phase are both involuntary and you don't have the will to perform. Here you can decide whether you want to swallow or not. After that, if the oral pressure goes down, then it will go further and you can't do anything in it. In the starting, the swallowing process is voluntary and then it becomes involuntary. So what will happen in the beginning? Your food will be moist because saliva is present in your mouth. Then the food bolus will be formed. We had discussed this in the discussion. Now the tongue pushes the bolus to the back of the throat. It starts with the lip closure. This is the tongue region. You move the tongue. And after moving the tongue, the bolus, which is present here, oval shaped, what happens to your back movement? It moves downward and your lips become closed. So here I have to show you the movement of the tongue. Let's do tongue movement. This will happen in the oral phase. And you have lip closure. Is it possible that you don't close your lips and you swallow food? Is it possible? You have to check it. After this, you have the second phase, the pharyngeal phase. No, it can't be. Flap, Hassan there was no flap closed, which flap are you talking about? Okay, that esophagus, okay, okay, I think you are talking about the uvula. Okay, okay, yes, that is sphincter, right? Say sphincter, that is esophageal sphincter, okay, now there is something else before that. How will you feel if you close your teeth and open your lips? You don't eat like this. Teeth and lips are closed. Okay? Okay. Second is pharyngeal phase. What happens in this? Pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth. I told you that pharynx is on the back side of your mouth. Posterior means back. Mouth is on the anterior side. And pharynx is on the posterior side of your oral cavity. Okay? Pharyngeal phase starts with the stimulation of tactile receptors in the pharynx. Pharynx has tactile receptors present which will stimulate. As soon as the bolus reaches there, the receptors will activate. After activation, the reflexes will start, the movement will start. Soft palate lifts to close nasal cavity, nasal airways. Polus moves over back tongue and the tongue blocks the oral cavity to prevent the food going to the oral cavity epiglottis is pushed backward over larynx larynx and vocal cord contract covering the entry of trachea to protect airways respiration temporarily uh temporary arrested upper esophageal sphincters open to allow the abyss may push even submitting for point dimension okay uh upward move and when it will move upward, the uvula will be straight like this and this way the nasal passage will be closed. First of all, the tongue will move upward, your soft tongue will move upward, the opening will come from here to the nasal cavity, uvula, flap etc. and here this nasal opening will be closed. First of all, so that the forward movement is not in the nasal cavity. Then the downward movement is also backward. It will also move downwards. Because of this, the apneic dot is in the horizontal position. Like this. and it is looking oblique and not straight. Then what will happen is that the epicortis will move downward so that the larynx which is the opening of the glottis, the vent pipe, if it moves like this then the vent pipe will close. So that the food will not come here. Along with this, the third point is that the esophageal sphincter will open so that the food you have swallowed will enter downward in the esophagus. Remember the movement of tongue. If tongue moves upward, soft palate will move upward. By moving upward, opening of nasal cavity will be closed. Repeat the same process for the other side. Move the nose upward, so that the soft palate moves upward. The soft palate moves upward, so that the nasal passage closes. Opening of nasal passage, nasal cavity. closes so that pool do not enter into the nasal cavity. First thing. Second, what will the tongue do? Moves backward, which will cause epiglottis. The end of soft parrot is called as Uvulva. Yes, Uvulva actually closes the nasal passage. If you don't have mention of Uvulva in your book, then skip it. You just talk about soft parrot. is put over the larynx and due to this opening into trachea closes so that the cord doesn't go in your trachea See, if we move downward, it closes like this. In case of trachea, it is the same thing that happens while eating food, which often starts with puffing, you are not able to breathe at all, that happens, sometimes it happens in rare cases, like you are not able to pronounce the name, but sometimes when you start to cough, you become in a state of passing, that one, okay. Okay, so what happens next? Pharyngeal phase and yes, chocking. Last point is that the esophageal sphincter opens from there. The esophageal sphincter will open. As soon as the food reaches there, it is in a knock-knock condition. It will open and the food enters the esophagus. Now where will the food go? He goes to Esophagus and Last you have third phase is esophageal phase. Now what will happen in this? You will have proper, I forgot to tell you one more thing. That is phase 3, esophageal. You have phase. The esophageal phase is left here. Now you have proper peristalsis starts. Peristalsis. because of which the foot is pushed downward peristalsis is a wave like contraction can you say peristalsis is a characteristic feature of your g.i.t this is a characteristic feature of your g.i.t you see this peristaltic movement in g.i.t But what you... In GIT, there is no peristaltic movement in the oral cavity. Peristalsis starts from the esophagus region and then goes to the entire GIT tract. Each tract performs peristaltic movement in its own way, but there is no peristaltic movement in the oral cavity. You have to remember this thing. Yes, good thoughts, all. Every GIT tract has a unique peristaltic movement. That means the peristaltic movement in the esophagus is of a different kind. It does not relate to the peristaltic movement of your stomach. And the peristaltic movement of every region is performed in that region. For example, if there is a peristaltic movement in the esophagus, then it is in the esophagus at that time. Then when the food moves in the stomach from there Then again you will have the initial movement of esophagus which is the starting region of stomach. From there again you will have the peristaltic movement. And at the end, the starting region of small intestine will be finished. From there again the peristaltic movement will start. My voice is fine. Is there any issue in the device or the net on your side? Yes, Kabir, tell me what is the confusion? Now, your topic ends here. We will start the peristaltic one tomorrow. What is the confusion? Yes, one by one means that the peristaltic movement in the esophagus will start from the starting point of the esophagus. From the starting point, the stomach and cardiac region are finished. In the cardiac region, your own peristaltic movement will start. And that ends with the first part of the small intestine. There again, your own start happens in the small intestine. Yes, the main characteristic feature of GRT is that it is specialized. Each region has its own peristaltic movement. It is not that the peristaltic movement that started in esophagus goes to the end. Each region shows its own peristaltic movement. We call it wave-like. This is what we understand. If you talk about waves, for example, if you talk about water waves, if a wave is created at one place, then the wave moves forward step by step. It doesn't happen that the wave spreads in the water. So, wave-like means that one after the other will move in this way. I hope it is clear. Now tell me some questions. Muscles are involved in cheek. Part of oral cavity is the jaw. So, muscles are involved. There are many reasons for anti-peristalsis. It is written in book that larynx move back to original position. But larynx is not involved in this process. Larynx is part of wind pipe. We will talk about the respiratory system here, the reason is that it is closely linked to your region. So the movement of the larynx contracts, due to which the epiglottis closes the opening of this windpipe. If you are confused about this, then you can use this soft pellet to move your skin. There are many reasons for this. Acidic spicy food can be a reason for anti-prenstalsis. Apart from this, you can also have overeating. If you see, you helped me, then I saw that again. In your book, it is written soft palate lift. Lift means to move upward. If you move upward, you can say horizontal. This is how the palate is downward. It goes down like this. Your palate is down. When it lifts upward, it is a little like this. So, you will get straight and horizontal position. So, we close it like this. Tell me your question. I think I have more questions. So, the function of the stomach and intestine is not performed in the esophageal phase. Why not? It happens in all. What is the contraction of the wave? If you throw a stone in the water, you see a wave. The place where the stone was first created, the wave will move forward just like this. This is called peristalsis movement. First it goes to esophageal phase, then to stomach, small intestine, large intestine. It is like a wave. It is a wave that is initiated once and then moves forward. Vocal cords are in the larynx. There is cartilage there. You have a little bit of cartilage coming out. Vocal cord is actually the part from where you speak, your voice comes out. No, no, every phase will have its own distance. Yes, Alia, Alia or whatever, I don't know the pronunciation. Does digestion happen at the same time or every bite is different? There is no relation with bite, digestion is happening at the same time of food in your mouth. There is a larynx on the menial trachea. There is a larynx above the trachea, there is a contraction in the larynx, and the apiglottis is closed due to which the food does not enter the trachea or the windpipe. Now I will clear the line with the book. The apiglottis is pushed backward over the larynx. There is an apiglottis above the larynx. Larynx and vocal folds They contract covering the entry of trachea to protect air wings. They contract, their contractions are horizontal. Due to which, the food that you have does not enter into the trachea. Clear? Okay, I will see. When you are eating food, when you are swallowing, then for a while, the process of respiration stops. That is what is mentioned in your book, Temporary Arrested. Enterograde means to move forward. My children, my class is also about to start. Shazib, there is no explanation in the book. It is your choice. If you want to give an explanation of the glands, then give it from here. If you don't want to give, then there is no issue. It's up to you. I had to explain my work, clear the concept. How many things you take, how many you don't take, it depends on you. Okay. Oral cavity does not have any such damage. Okay. But if you don't eat food, then you will suffer yourself what can be the homework for today? the homework can be to read the next process I forgot who was saying anti-parastalsis means opposite movement Now your food is in your mouth, in your stomach, I don't even know where I am. Okay, dear, this is enough. I will take the remaining questions tomorrow. Before starting, please tell me. And after that, we will start the next one. Because my next class is about to start. Okay, I will take all the questions tomorrow. Okay? Not all, just a little. Allah Hafiz, Allah Hafiz Bacho, Allah Hafiz. Okay, Allah Hafiz.

The tongue has rough projections called papilla on the surface of the Okay, the pallet form the root of the oral cavity, different teeth are adapted to handle food in different ways. There are three pair of salivary glands. These glands secrete enzymes having saliva.

In the oral cavity, mechanical and chemical detection take place. Some parts are given, ok, of oral cavity and along with that some glands are told. which glands are present in the oral cavity and all glands secretions are collectively called saliva.

Now, if you see here, what we will find in the oral cavity? First of all, the outer side is the nasal flawless mouth. This one.

Here you get teeth inside. There is some role of all these parts. digestion.

The digestion starts from the oral cavity. If you talk about the roof of the oral cavity, its roof forms the palate. The roof of the oral cavity is known as palate.

And the palate you get in the starting is known as hard palate. This is the hard palate. It forms the roof of the oral cavity.

And this is also the palate that you can see on the end side. This is known as soft palate. So, both hard palate and soft palate are forming a group of oral cavity.

This space that you can see is known as nasal cavity. You will read this in the respiration. But we will link it a little bit.

When we do swelling here, the blood should not move. For that, we have steps. It is not the nose, it is the mouth. Palate, you will see the palate downward of the nasal cavity. The second name of the oral cavity is buccal cavity.

Mouth, teeth will be present in front side. Then here are also cheeks. Cheeks are the formation of oral cavity sides.

So cheeks actually form the sides of oral cavity. The front side of the oral cavity is the mouth, the roof is its pallet, the sides are the cheeks and the back side of the oral cavity opens into an opening lawn as far as you can call it the posterior side. which is the posterior side of the oil cavity it opens into palates here a valve is present here in this place where this is soft palate but in nasal passage here a valve is present which is known as uvulva when this uvulva is in its exfoliating process So this Yubalwa that you have, this is... So that during the swelling, your food does not enter the nasal cavity. We will read about the teeth later.

We have three types of teeth. Incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Incisors have four in number, canines have two in number. And premolars have four in number. Let's talk about the eel side.

Molars have six in number. Total we have sixteen. and on the lower side, and 16 above, 32 above, and each has its own role in digestion. Then we are having the tongue, here is the tongue, if you feel your tongue a little bit, then you see some projections on the tongue, those projections are called papilla.

Okay, tongue up. small rough appearance called papilla. Papilla consists of paced buds. Another function of papilla is that when you eat food, due to friction, it is easy to handle food in mouth. This is also the function of papilla because it is rough in nature.

it will handle your food properly Uvulva is the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx Uvulva is the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx here the opening is not there but the valve is present the opening and closing will be there because when your food is properly digested in your mouth If the food is going down, then the food should not go into the nasal passage. That is why there is a wall structure here. It closes here. Why does it close here?

I will explain you in the following process. Apiglottis will come down here. Apiglottis is actually on the brachial wall.

This is apiglottis. This is a little above. Here you have glottis region.

Here you have glottis region opening. The opening into this brachia. This is your glottis.

So, you can call this a flap like structure on this opening. You also have a flap like structure. So, whenever your foot is going in an esophagus like this, this is the pharynx part.

So, what you have here is a tube duct which is known as esophagus. So, when the foot is passing here, the foot is going in the pipe. So, in order to prevent it from entering your windpipe, we have a flap type structure, a valve, a closing, a lid type structure. The way food is going inside, it closes here so that the glottis is covered and the food does not enter the windpipe. Dear, don't ask questions now, I will take your questions at the end.

Apart from this, you also have an esophageal sphincter present here. This opening is inside the esophagus. What sphincter is present here?

You will see this sphincter everywhere. This is known as esophageal sphincter. Actually it is a brain of circular muscles It is a complete brain of circular muscles So the brain is made of sphincter When food reaches here, the sphincter opens And when food is served, the sphincter closes Okay? Is it clear?

Here we have three glands present I will mention the salivary glands here Okay, one is sublingual glands Number one sublingual gland which is present Which is present sublingual. Yes Sublingual gland present in the form of pairs You have the sublingual gland Page number page number 8 9 it is just like a lid just like a flap like a valve page number 9 till we are having sub-mentibular glands What is the location of the submandibular gland? It is located below the jaw.

The jaw is present at the bottom of the jaw, the submandibular gland. And one of the glands present here, this is known as the parotid gland. yes in front of ears in front of ears okay I will tell you the location of the sub-mentipular the sub-mentipular is present below the tongue okay I am not sure about the location but it is written below the tongue Parotid gland are present in front of ears Okay In front of ear and all the mandibles are present below the jaw this is their location is it correct? here is the book Rehan I am talking about the book This is oral cavity. These three are the slivary glands.

Slivary glands are glands present inside your mouth. Sublingual glands, submandibular glands are present in oral cavity. These three secretions are collectively called saliva.

This liquid present inside your mouth is your saliva. and this saliva is also called sublingual, submandibular and submaxillary the second name of submandibular is also called submaxillary the secretions of all three are collectively called saliva which contains enzymes and enzymes actually digest the food Now tell me the questions if there is any topic related to oral cavity then tell me Submaxillary, the second name of sub-mentibular is submaxillary Uvulva is the opening, uvulva is the flap It is a structure like a ball And what this structure does is, when you are swallowing food, it closes the flap so that your food enters the nasal cavity. When food enters your mouth, when you eat food, then only these glands are triggered. Okay, Aptic Lotus again you have a flag.

which covers the glottis, i.e. the airway of your breath, when you are eating, so that the food does not accidentally enter your glottis. Yes? If someone has a question, please ask me again.

I have explained the glands. It is known as... You don't have the taste of meat. Similarly, it is umami. I don't know the pronunciation of it.

Papilla is a taste of raw appearance and savoury taste. Papilla is a type of gum that has some projections due to which you can say you can handle the food properly it doesn't slip in your mouth due to these rough appearance due to these papillae yes yes it is written that you have taste buds in your book what are you asking? ok let's move on Why not? Infarct means not outside, it means inside. Look internally with your ears.

Ishita send me personally. Send me personally, I can't see from here. Papillary art of projection.

If you feel your tongue, you will see a rough appearance there. that rough appearance is called papilla ok, take the SS of it in fact, it will not be removed next you have the process of swallowing yes, Hamida what happened There is no larynx function in this. I will tell you when larynx function comes.

It will come in respiratory system. Please do it. Next topic is mechanical and chemical digestion.

Page number 9 is mechanical and chemical digestion. So first of all, let's discuss mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion is a physical division of a mass of food into smaller pieces.

See, we have to digest food, so we simply said that all the complex molecules like carbohydrate, protein, lipid, fats, etc. So these are converted into smaller units. That's what we said.

But in reality, with the digestion of carbohydrates, your food is also physically breaking. If you are taking a big bowl of food, then in your mouth, in your teeth, in your teeth, with the help of saliva, the physical movement of your mouth, through that, your food is also converted into small pieces. So, this mechanical digestion is performed through the movement of your mouth.

Mechanical means there is movement of your oral cavity. You can say use of mouth and teeth. through chewing of food destroys the cellulose of starch covering and increases the efficiency of the digestive process okay as you chew the food all the starch covering gets finished and food taken into the mouth is chewed and masticated masticated means grinding of food converting into smaller pieces this is what mastication means by teeth so here in your mouth the teeth Teeth and mouth movement is the mechanism of digestion.

Mastication breaks large food particles into smaller ones which have much larger surface area for the action of digestive enzymes. So, simply you can say that you have cutting and grinding of food through teeth and mouth movement. and through proper movement through mastication, a food becomes a big molecule.

it is converted into small molecules the carbohydrate part in your food or if you talk about starch then obviously there is a covering of it So when he... Food will move properly in your mouth, movement will be performed here and there, so all the covering of the starch will be removed. Because of which digestive enzymes will work on it easily and after working it will be converted into its subunits.

Okay, next is chemical digestion. Now, chemical digestion also means that I will use the enzymes here and questions at the end. Okay? Absolutely.

Digestion starts from the mouth. Alright. Chemical indigestion in the oral cavity is minor. In oral cavity, no so many enzymes are secreted.

You cannot say maximum detection here. There is very little detection through enzymes. Here only two enzymes are released. And which are those two enzymes? We have here slivary amylase and a specific type of slivary amylase which is known as thylene Spelling is wrong, thylene Here it is different, thylene And the second enzyme you have here is lingual lipase So we have two enzymes here that you know what lipase does and what amylase does.

What do both do? Lipase breaks down lipid and amylase starts or It means that lipids and starch will start to digest in the mouth. Lipids and fats start to digest in the mouth.

and amylase is a digested starch so we have enzymes here Their substrate is different. The amylase is digesting starch and lipid. If we give the same name to both, then we get confused. We don't know who is digesting the amylase and who is digesting it.

Slavery amylase is also different. Slavery amylase will work in different ways in every region. the specific type of slivary amylase which is working in your mouth in your oral cavity that is thylene okay you have thylene lingual lingual means tongue someone was asking me lingual okay yes styling lingual means related to your tongue okay all right my part of the sour contains the digestive enzymes for the slavery amylase which is thailand slavery amylase is chemical identical to pancreatic amylase okay The myelase in the pancreas, both are chemically the same. Both work the same. We have given the name of the saliva because it is present in the mouth and why we have given the name of the pancreatic because it is present in your pancreas.

Okay. You have the name of the saliva amylase. Okay.

The name of the saliva amylase is tylen. That is present in your mouth. Alright. It breaks the povalent bond between glucose molecule and starch in other polysaccharide to produce maltose, maltotriose.

Okay. Okay, these maltose, maltotriose are their subunits. Okay. Subunits Means starch will be converted into what? In maltose and maltotriose Maltotriose is a trisecretide And these are three secrete units And isomaltose is a disacretide similar to maltose Lingual lipase Now one more lipase Lingual lipase which we have mentioned Which will digest fat and lipids It hydrolyses triglyceride ester bonds to form diglycerides and monoglycerols Now the triglycerides Lipase which is working with you Lipase converts triglycerides into triglycerides One is in diglycerides In triglycerides And along with that in monoglycerides So, 1 di and 2 mono are dry glycerides.

This means that dry glycerides are involved in all units. But if you see, your digestion is not complete. You still have di glycerides.

Now, the bolus will be formed. These are enzymes. What is the use of enzymes? Break the bonding. No, it is not completed yet.

We have not started the swallowing yet, we have started the digestion. As a result of chemical and mechanical digestion, an oval mass bolus is formed which is to be swallowed. Now inside your mouth.

After the mechanical and after the chemical digestion. First the grinding, chewing, mastication, then this enzyme, this enzyme. What did they do? They digested starch, dried glycerin in mono and in dye. After all this mechanical and chemical digestion, the food you had in solid form, now you have an oval shaped structure that is known as bolus.

Now you will not talk about food further. Now you will talk about bolus. From here, the process of swallowing will take place.

What happened in the oral cavity just now is digestion. Now after digestion, your bolus will go ahead. Swallowing will be digested to the monocleus right. Yes, that's it.

That means there is no complete digestion now. Now you can say that there is no incomplete digestion. This bolus is not fully digested, it is semi-digested, some parts have been digested, that means very large compounds have been converted into small ones, but completely your digestion is not complete. This is the end of the video.

Bolas is a food, no bolas is a form of food that which you have all these oral cavity and the depletion is performed after that the food Now you will have a form that is bolus. Yes, now bolus will be swallowed. Now your food will come in the form of a semi-liquid. Now the process of swallowing comes to you. Swallowing and peristalsis.

Svaluing means the food in the form of bolus What is that? and then you have to digest it so that it can go to other parts of GIT and get digestion there I told you that we have three main sides of digestion One is oral cavity digestion First of all, where is digestion happening? In the oral cavity The main sides of digestion will work well with enzymes So this was the main side of digestion So here you saw the enzymes Now, after this... After swallowing, the next digestion will be done in the stomach. From there, some enzymes will be secreted.

But before that, it is necessary to swallow. No, lysozome is not here. Now, only saliva is present here. Different enzymes are present in that saliva. We have read this in this.

Okay, the process of swallowing is that we are dividing them into three main phases. following and body cells is penis You have the first phase. Where will you start spelling?

Oral. Oral means related to your mouth. We have oral phase.

Second phase is The second one is your Pharyngeal phase means you will swallow the pharynx Pharyngeal phase, you can see the spelling E, A, E can be some word You have phase 3 of the spelling What is that? Esophageal phase You will move from esophagus to downward of stomach E, O, E, S, O ESO Thank you. In simple Urdu, we can say swallowing is to swallow.

The food in the mouth is in the form of bolus. Now we have to swallow it so that it goes to the rest of the GIT regions and their enzymes are secreted there and it is properly digested. The first is the oral phase.

One thing you have to remember is that the process of swallowing is voluntary in the beginning. After that, the process becomes involuntary and you don't have the will to perform. For example, the oral phase is voluntary and you perform it as per your will.

But the pharyngeal phase and the esophageal phase are both involuntary and you don't have the will to perform. Here you can decide whether you want to swallow or not. After that, if the oral pressure goes down, then it will go further and you can't do anything in it.

In the starting, the swallowing process is voluntary and then it becomes involuntary. So what will happen in the beginning? Your food will be moist because saliva is present in your mouth. Then the food bolus will be formed.

We had discussed this in the discussion. Now the tongue pushes the bolus to the back of the throat. It starts with the lip closure.

This is the tongue region. You move the tongue. And after moving the tongue, the bolus, which is present here, oval shaped, what happens to your back movement? It moves downward and your lips become closed.

So here I have to show you the movement of the tongue. Let's do tongue movement. This will happen in the oral phase. And you have lip closure. Is it possible that you don't close your lips and you swallow food?

Is it possible? You have to check it. After this, you have the second phase, the pharyngeal phase.

No, it can't be. Flap, Hassan there was no flap closed, which flap are you talking about? Okay, that esophagus, okay, okay, I think you are talking about the uvula. Okay, okay, yes, that is sphincter, right?

Say sphincter, that is esophageal sphincter, okay, now there is something else before that. How will you feel if you close your teeth and open your lips? You don't eat like this.

Teeth and lips are closed. Okay? Okay. Second is pharyngeal phase.

What happens in this? Pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth. I told you that pharynx is on the back side of your mouth. Posterior means back. Mouth is on the anterior side.

And pharynx is on the posterior side of your oral cavity. Okay? Pharyngeal phase starts with the stimulation of tactile receptors in the pharynx.

Pharynx has tactile receptors present which will stimulate. As soon as the bolus reaches there, the receptors will activate. After activation, the reflexes will start, the movement will start.

Soft palate lifts to close nasal cavity, nasal airways. Polus moves over back tongue and the tongue blocks the oral cavity to prevent the food going to the oral cavity epiglottis is pushed backward over larynx larynx and vocal cord contract covering the entry of trachea to protect airways respiration temporarily uh temporary arrested upper esophageal sphincters open to allow the abyss may push even submitting for point dimension okay uh upward move and when it will move upward, the uvula will be straight like this and this way the nasal passage will be closed. First of all, the tongue will move upward, your soft tongue will move upward, the opening will come from here to the nasal cavity, uvula, flap etc. and here this nasal opening will be closed. First of all, so that the forward movement is not in the nasal cavity.

Then the downward movement is also backward. It will also move downwards. Because of this, the apneic dot is in the horizontal position.

Like this. and it is looking oblique and not straight. Then what will happen is that the epicortis will move downward so that the larynx which is the opening of the glottis, the vent pipe, if it moves like this then the vent pipe will close. So that the food will not come here.

Along with this, the third point is that the esophageal sphincter will open so that the food you have swallowed will enter downward in the esophagus. Remember the movement of tongue. If tongue moves upward, soft palate will move upward.

By moving upward, opening of nasal cavity will be closed. Repeat the same process for the other side. Move the nose upward, so that the soft palate moves upward.

The soft palate moves upward, so that the nasal passage closes. Opening of nasal passage, nasal cavity. closes so that pool do not enter into the nasal cavity. First thing. Second, what will the tongue do?

Moves backward, which will cause epiglottis. The end of soft parrot is called as Uvulva. Yes, Uvulva actually closes the nasal passage. If you don't have mention of Uvulva in your book, then skip it. You just talk about soft parrot.

is put over the larynx and due to this opening into trachea closes so that the cord doesn't go in your trachea See, if we move downward, it closes like this. In case of trachea, it is the same thing that happens while eating food, which often starts with puffing, you are not able to breathe at all, that happens, sometimes it happens in rare cases, like you are not able to pronounce the name, but sometimes when you start to cough, you become in a state of passing, that one, okay. Okay, so what happens next? Pharyngeal phase and yes, chocking. Last point is that the esophageal sphincter opens from there.

The esophageal sphincter will open. As soon as the food reaches there, it is in a knock-knock condition. It will open and the food enters the esophagus. Now where will the food go?

He goes to Esophagus and Last you have third phase is esophageal phase. Now what will happen in this? You will have proper, I forgot to tell you one more thing.

That is phase 3, esophageal. You have phase. The esophageal phase is left here. Now you have proper peristalsis starts.

Peristalsis. because of which the foot is pushed downward peristalsis is a wave like contraction can you say peristalsis is a characteristic feature of your g.i.t this is a characteristic feature of your g.i.t you see this peristaltic movement in g.i.t But what you... In GIT, there is no peristaltic movement in the oral cavity. Peristalsis starts from the esophagus region and then goes to the entire GIT tract. Each tract performs peristaltic movement in its own way, but there is no peristaltic movement in the oral cavity.

You have to remember this thing. Yes, good thoughts, all. Every GIT tract has a unique peristaltic movement.

That means the peristaltic movement in the esophagus is of a different kind. It does not relate to the peristaltic movement of your stomach. And the peristaltic movement of every region is performed in that region. For example, if there is a peristaltic movement in the esophagus, then it is in the esophagus at that time. Then when the food moves in the stomach from there Then again you will have the initial movement of esophagus which is the starting region of stomach.

From there again you will have the peristaltic movement. And at the end, the starting region of small intestine will be finished. From there again the peristaltic movement will start. My voice is fine. Is there any issue in the device or the net on your side?

Yes, Kabir, tell me what is the confusion? Now, your topic ends here. We will start the peristaltic one tomorrow. What is the confusion? Yes, one by one means that the peristaltic movement in the esophagus will start from the starting point of the esophagus.

From the starting point, the stomach and cardiac region are finished. In the cardiac region, your own peristaltic movement will start. And that ends with the first part of the small intestine.

There again, your own start happens in the small intestine. Yes, the main characteristic feature of GRT is that it is specialized. Each region has its own peristaltic movement. It is not that the peristaltic movement that started in esophagus goes to the end.

Each region shows its own peristaltic movement. We call it wave-like. This is what we understand.

If you talk about waves, for example, if you talk about water waves, if a wave is created at one place, then the wave moves forward step by step. It doesn't happen that the wave spreads in the water. So, wave-like means that one after the other will move in this way. I hope it is clear.

Now tell me some questions. Muscles are involved in cheek. Part of oral cavity is the jaw. So, muscles are involved.

There are many reasons for anti-peristalsis. It is written in book that larynx move back to original position. But larynx is not involved in this process. Larynx is part of wind pipe.

We will talk about the respiratory system here, the reason is that it is closely linked to your region. So the movement of the larynx contracts, due to which the epiglottis closes the opening of this windpipe. If you are confused about this, then you can use this soft pellet to move your skin. There are many reasons for this.

Acidic spicy food can be a reason for anti-prenstalsis. Apart from this, you can also have overeating. If you see, you helped me, then I saw that again.

In your book, it is written soft palate lift. Lift means to move upward. If you move upward, you can say horizontal.

This is how the palate is downward. It goes down like this. Your palate is down. When it lifts upward, it is a little like this.

So, you will get straight and horizontal position. So, we close it like this. Tell me your question.

I think I have more questions. So, the function of the stomach and intestine is not performed in the esophageal phase. Why not? It happens in all.

What is the contraction of the wave? If you throw a stone in the water, you see a wave. The place where the stone was first created, the wave will move forward just like this.

This is called peristalsis movement. First it goes to esophageal phase, then to stomach, small intestine, large intestine. It is like a wave. It is a wave that is initiated once and then moves forward.

Vocal cords are in the larynx. There is cartilage there. You have a little bit of cartilage coming out.

Vocal cord is actually the part from where you speak, your voice comes out. No, no, every phase will have its own distance. Yes, Alia, Alia or whatever, I don't know the pronunciation.

Does digestion happen at the same time or every bite is different? There is no relation with bite, digestion is happening at the same time of food in your mouth. There is a larynx on the menial trachea.

There is a larynx above the trachea, there is a contraction in the larynx, and the apiglottis is closed due to which the food does not enter the trachea or the windpipe. Now I will clear the line with the book. The apiglottis is pushed backward over the larynx.

There is an apiglottis above the larynx. Larynx and vocal folds They contract covering the entry of trachea to protect air wings. They contract, their contractions are horizontal.

Due to which, the food that you have does not enter into the trachea. Clear? Okay, I will see.

When you are eating food, when you are swallowing, then for a while, the process of respiration stops. That is what is mentioned in your book, Temporary Arrested. Enterograde means to move forward. My children, my class is also about to start.

Shazib, there is no explanation in the book. It is your choice. If you want to give an explanation of the glands, then give it from here.

If you don't want to give, then there is no issue. It's up to you. I had to explain my work, clear the concept.

How many things you take, how many you don't take, it depends on you. Okay. Oral cavity does not have any such damage.

Okay. But if you don't eat food, then you will suffer yourself what can be the homework for today? the homework can be to read the next process I forgot who was saying anti-parastalsis means opposite movement Now your food is in your mouth, in your stomach, I don't even know where I am. Okay, dear, this is enough.

I will take the remaining questions tomorrow. Before starting, please tell me. And after that, we will start the next one.

Because my next class is about to start. Okay, I will take all the questions tomorrow. Okay? Not all, just a little.

Allah Hafiz, Allah Hafiz Bacho, Allah Hafiz. Okay, Allah Hafiz.

Transcript for:Oral Cavity and Digestion

Transcript for:
Oral Cavity and Digestion