so i'm going to start this session talking about the elbow specifically obviously we're talking about both joints here the elbow and the wrist it sort of depends how you define the wrist actually as to whether it's one joint we're going to treat this one today now what we're going to do first of all is we're going to address this little joint here of course we know it's an elbow but do we also know that that elbow is a hinge joint let's make that absolutely critically clear this is a uni planar moves through one plane this is a uniplanar hinge joint okay so it's quite a restrictive movement and i also want to stress that we have three articulating bones so bone number one is we have the humerus that's this long bone up here okay basically the upper arm bone we have the second bone which is on the uh thumb side of the forearm here this is the radius so remember that the radius is on the thumb side of your forearm this is actually looking at the back of the body just make sure you're clear about that and then of course what that leaves is we have this bone here which is on the pinky side of the forearm and that bone number three is the ulna so we are talking about three articulating bones and it's really really important to stress this now the other thing to say here of course is because it's a hinge joint effectively this joint can both go through flexion and extension so let's be clear with flexion of the elbow which of course we would be talking about the elbow essentially moving in this direction here flexion at the elbow what we need to stress here is that our prime mover our prime mover for flexion at the elbow is going to be the bicep brachii so just to be clear on this one what we would find here double i of course we'll find here is that the muscle that's on the front of the arm would effectively connect down onto the radius and when it pulls upwards it flexes the elbow like this so think about your bicep curl think about for example um drawing your arm back for a from maybe a hook punch in boxing or something like that we've got the prime mover as the bicep bracket now of course a muscle needs to lengthen and allow that to happen it needs to work as the antagonist so of course our tricep brachii for elbow flexion acts as the antagonist so it's really important so we've got here we've got pm prime mover or antagonist and here i think that was my color we've got our antagonist muscle here for flexion of the elbow now of course if the elbow comes back in this way effectively goes through extension that extension of course is a different model we'll look at some examples in a second of course so here's our extension this is now the straightening of the elbow well we find here that the prime mover now becomes let me see if i can find the right color now becomes the tricep brachy so for elbow extension the tricep brachii is the prime mover and the antagonist of course switches to be the bicep bracha and i just want to sort of reiterate here the crucial nature of this antagonism you might think it's not doing anything if that muscle does anything else whatsoever in contractile format there is no possibility of the movement that we're describing so it is essential that the tricep relaxes and does not um generate a force or pull a applied force to the ulna because that allows the bicep bracket to pull on the radius and cause that flexion and vice versa with extensions so we sort of see it as nothing happening but actually it's a really really important phase now i just want to reiterate the point here can i just stress to you that the bicep the bicep brachii if i just put the bb this inserts onto the radius now this becomes really important when we look at things like levers whereas the tricep brachii this inserts onto the ulna so make sure you've got that clear because i'm going to come back to that when we get into topic especially on levers now a couple of examples first of all i've got my football throw in here of course what we've got now is we've got elbow flexion has occurred here right let me just get rid of that don't want that in the way how has that happened well that has happened through the bicep brachii which inserts here on the radius and effectively it's pulling in that direction and it has flex the elbow when this person now throws the ball maybe they move their arms into that position with the ball up here look what's going to happen there is that the tricep brackey is going to pull it's pulling there onto the ulna it's going to pull in this direction and of course it's going to cause extension of that elbow to to propel the ball forward and to launch the ball perhaps into the penalty area or whatever it happens to be so that's a really important point and i also want to address what we've got here is our sort of our pressure push-up example okay so if we consider a slightly different case now if we consider the downwards action so let's look at the downwards action now this is where our knowledge of types of contractions will become useful now i don't know yet whether you've studied types of contractions whether you've done that tutorial or not it might be one that you've got coming up or what you've covered recently so the way this works is slightly differently obviously as we move down here the elbow is going into a flexed state of okay as we're lowering downwards lowering right would you agree with that i think you would now generally speaking we would then assume that the prime mover of that motion of course would be for elbow flexion would be the bicep brachii right however in this particular case the tricep bracket on the back of the arm there it's inserting down on the only just on the point of the elbow what this is doing is it's under tension so this is the tricep it's under tension it is lengthening okay not shortening and it is the prime mover in other words a muscle can be the prime mover for the opposite movement pattern if it's going through a lengthening under tension contraction now we happen to call that an isotonic eccentric contraction now again if you haven't studied that that is something you're going to come to if you have obviously you know what i'm talking about already but here the tricep brachii is the prime mover for elbow flexion because it is acting as a break and lengthening under tension effectively to stop this person's head from sort of colliding with the floor right so they don't just collapse under their own weight now we also want to have a look at the wrist so just a bit of a reminder first of all in terms of the wrist let's make sure we've got our articulating bones well we know that this forearm bone on the pinky side we know that is the on that we just looked at that moment ago we know for example that this forearm bone which is on the thumb side we know this is the radius now do we know that these bones collectively if i just sort of put this one in here these bones collectively these are referred to as the carpals so articulating bones are our radius particularly our radius and our carpals and our radius our ulnar carpals now these joints are what we would refer to as condyloid joints condyloid joints okay condylar joints so not hinge but condyloid really important that we stress that point and i want to stress specifically that this different color this joint here is a condyloid and we'd refer this it refer to this as the radiocarpal and this this joint here which would refer to as the metacarpophalangeal um uh joint these are these joints here are both condyloid okay so no matter which way we look at it these are condolent joints now i want to talk about two movements of the wrist first of all flexion flexion of the wrist is when the wrist moves in this direction effectively the fingers of the hands go closer to the inside of the wrist which muscles bring this about well we've got our prime mover and we've got our antagonist so our prime mover for wrist flexion very conveniently are the wrist flexors that's kind of helpful right and if you want to be aware of what they're called they're called the flex or digitorum the superficialis and the palmyras longus i'm not going to write them down but you can you can go and study that if you want to they've got individual specific names but we're going to refer to them as a reflexes and the antagonist very handily called are the wrist extensors the wrist extensors of course if we switch this and we start to look at not flexion james what are you writing we start to look at um extension we effectively get the reverse pattern right so our wrist extensors become the prime mover no surprise there and of course our wrist flexes and this by the way this would be sort of bringing some of your fingers towards the outer part of your wrist it's that really sort of hard thing to strain your wrist back it's think about the preparation phase of a quick bowling action for example but for extension the wrist flexors become the antagonist they allow the movement to happen okay so that's the way i'd like to sort of stress that here i thought i had an image down there but i don't anyway i hope that's useful for you and allows you better understanding of the album list thank you