Overview
This lecture explains the definition, importance, and historical evolution of the Philippine Constitution, highlighting its key features and the significance of constitutional governance in the Philippines.
Definition and Importance of a Constitution
- A constitution is a set of rules that guides a country’s government and outlines citizens' rights.
- It is considered the supreme law; no law or authority can override it.
- The constitution creates government branches and sets powers, responsibilities, and lists citizens' rights.
- Violating the constitution is illegal, even for the president.
- Constitution Day is celebrated every February 2 in the Philippines.
- The constitution maintains law and order, imposes rules, protects rights, and limits government power to prevent abuse.
Timeline and Evolution of the Philippine Constitution
- There have been six constitutions in Philippine history: 1899, 1935, 1943, 1973, 1976 (amendments), and 1987.
- Only the 1935, 1973, and 1987 Constitutions effectively governed the country.
1899 Malolos Constitution
- Known as the first Philippine and Asian republican constitution.
- Features: popular representative government, unicameral legislature (one assembly), separation of church and state, bill of rights, compulsory basic education.
- Not fully implemented due to the Philippine-American War.
1935 Constitution
- Modeled after the American system for the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
- Features: bicameral legislature (Senate and House), president with a four-year term, suffrage for males over 21 (later extended to women).
- First fully implemented constitution, interrupted by Japanese occupation.
1943 Constitution
- Enacted during Japanese occupation in World War II.
- Features: strong executive, unicameral assembly, restricted candidacy to pro-Japan individuals.
- Only valid in Japanese-controlled areas; short-lived.
1973 Constitution
- Established under President Marcos, introducing a parliamentary government with a prime minister.
- Features: unicameral National Assembly, legalization of Marcos' decrees, amendments in 1976 increased presidential power.
- Further concentrated power under Marcos during Martial Law.
1986 Freedom Constitution
- Transitional document after the People Power Revolution and Marcos’ exile.
- Copied 1973 Constitution minus legislative body; President Aquino held both executive and legislative powers.
- Lasted for a year until replaced.
1987 Constitution
- Current and highest law of the Philippines.
- Themes: national sovereignty, democracy, human rights, social justice.
- Established executive, legislative, and judicial branches with separation of powers and checks and balances.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Constitution — The highest set of laws governing a country, defining the powers of government and rights of the people.
- Unicameral — A single legislative or parliamentary chamber.
- Bicameral — A legislative body with two chambers or houses.
- Suffrage — The right to vote in political elections.
- Separation of Powers — Division of government authority among executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
- Checks and Balances — System ensuring no branch of government becomes too powerful.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the salient features of each Philippine constitution for exam preparation.
- Remember the significance of February 2 as Constitution Day.
- Study the structure and relationships among government branches under the 1987 Constitution.